Elements Of Phase Research Articles

Outline for an acceptable nuclear future

Nuclear energy is likely to develop in two phases. Phase I, based on burner reactors, is self-limiting because the reserve of uranium is limited. Phase II, based on breeders, might last for an extremely long time. It is suggested that opposition to Phase I of nuclear energy might be reduced if an acceptable Phase II can be constructed. Elements of an acceptable Phase II might include isolated and collocated energy centers with resident IAEA inspectors: heavier security: professionalization of the nuclear cadre: immortality of the operating entities: and separation of generation and distribution. Though these measures are aimed primarily at increasing the safety and reliability of the nuclear system, it is suggested that the proposed siting plan with IAEA resident inspection, might be more proliferation-resistant than is the current dispersed system.

Structural phase relationships in lecthin-cholate-water systems

In the first part of this paperthe anomalies and discontinuities observed in different physical properties of the lecithin-cholate isotropic phase (light scattering, sodium ion activity, viscosity, conductivity) as well as the results of an enzymatic study are explained in terms of partial aggregation which sets in when the intermicellar solution is “unsaturated” in cholate. It is proposed that this aggregation process in the isotropic phase is exactly the inverse process of the disintegration of the hexagonal phase when the latter is diluted. The mixed micelles had previously been shown to be in the form of a bimolecular discs, both the cylindrical elements of the hexagonal phase and the entities in the aggregation process are stacks of mixed micellar discs, the existence of both of these states being governed by the same delicate hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. The arguments in favour of this are discussed in the second part of the paper where in particular the model proposed for the hexagonal phase is verified by a detailed calculation from X-ray diffraction measurements. The variations of both the water layer between discs in the cylinder and of the intercylinder water volume were shown to be coherent with changes in lecithin concentration and the amount of water present, in agreement with the above mentioned balance. Finally having demonstrated the structural resemblance between these two phases and the mechanism of the passage from one phase to the other, an explanation of the inter-relationship of all phases in the system is attempted.

The effect of Fungizone on experimental adiaspiromycosis of laboratory mice.

In laboratory mice weighing about 25 g, with experimental infection of adiaspiromycosis, total inhibition of development of the parasitic phase of the agent of this mycosis is induced with Fungizone — Squibb in daily intraperitoneal administration of 0.03 mg (dissolved in 0.1 ml of isotonic saline). In autopsies carried out 10th, 20th and 30th day after an intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 ml suspension of the mycelial phase of two Czechoslovak isolates ofEmmonsia crescensEmmons &Jellison 1960, no elements of the parasitic phase — adiaspores were found in the organs of the treated mice. In control groups of the untreated mice, experimental infection developed which was demonstrated by macro- and microscopical controls of organs and by a successful recovery of the agent.

Symmetries in the Paraelectric Phase-Transformations of Ferroelectric Crystals

It has been found that the ferroelectrics are classified into 19 regular and 11 irregular kinds in accordance with their point groups, Bravais lattices, and types of state transition. Upon this new cognizance, a systematic investigation is made into the problem of symmetries in the paraelectric phase-transformations of ferroelectric crystals. It is known that one of the two stable states of ferroelectric crystals is obtained by performing upon the other any of certain operations ( F -operations) belonging to the rotation group. The phase transformation is referred to as being “primitive” and “complex,” respectively, when the symmetry elements of the paraelectric phase comprise those of the ferroelectric phase and the F -operations alone, and when they include some extra symmetry elements in addition. Comments are made upon the significance of primitive and of complex phase transformations. It is expected that phase transformations being neither primitive nor complex are exceptional On the assumption of primitiveness of the phase transformation, the tables are presented which give the point group (or space group) of the paraelectric phase when the kind alone (or both the kind and space group) of the ferroelctric crystal is specified. These tables are also useful for complex phase transformations.

Pathogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in monkeys.

Converse, J. L. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), E. P. Lowe, M. W. Castleberry, G. P. Blundell, and A. R. Besemer. Pathogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in monkeys. J. Bacteriol. 83:871-878. 1962.-Respiratory exposure to arthrospores from the submerged growth of Coccidioides immitis, strain Cash, in liquid medium resulted in similar pathogenesis in monkeys to that of strain Silveira arthrospores harvested from solid medium. Infectivity of 100% was noted with doses of 50 to 10,000 arthrospores. The disease was characterized by loss of appetite and weight, malaise, and extreme respiratory distress accompanied by coughing, with the immediate cause of death being acute coccidioidal pneumonia. The pathological picture was one of extensive, progressive, destructive pulmonary disease in the higher dose levels and few, small, self-contained, fibrous lesions, with little destruction of lung tissue, in the low doses. This was correlated in general with the findings of serial X rays and serological tests. The presence of the parasitic phase (spherule and endospore) of the organism was noted in large numbers within the pulmonary lesions and bronchial exudates and was substantiated by cultural methods. Occasionally, hyphal elements of the saprophytic growth phase were noted around the periphery of residual cavitated areas of the lungs.

Momentum and energy balances for dispersed two-phase flow

The equations of motion and the mechanical energy balances for two-phase flow systems are derived by integration over a volume containing a large number of elements of the dispersed phase.

Cultural and serologic studies on nonfatal histoplasmosis in mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs.

The definitive diagnosis of human histoplasmosis usually depends on the isolation of the etiologic agent Histoplasma capsulatum. However, in mild cases, it is often not possible to isolate the organism from or to demonstrate it in blood, gastric washings, tissue biopsies, sputum, or other available specimens. Accordingly, numerous methods have been employed in attempts to improve the chance of isolation of H. capsulatum from human patients. In addition, considerable research has been conducted on experimentally infected animals to determine the best methods for the demonstration of the etiologic agent. DeMonbreun (1934) and Parsons (1942) first demonstrated that mice could be infected by injection of mycelial or yeastlike forms of the fungus. Subsequently, Tager and Liebow (1942) found that four mice 3 to 4 weeks of age, inoculated intraperitoneally a mycelial suspension, succumbed to the infection 100 to 150 days later. Levy (1945) inoculated 145 6- to 8-week-old mice intravenously a mixture of the yeastlike and mycelial forms of H. capsulatum grown for 7 days on blood agar. Subsequently, positive cultures were obtained from the livers and spleens of all the mice. The size of the inoculum and the nature of the medium used for isolation were not mentioned. Howell (1948) reported brain-heart infusion blood agar to be of value for Received for publication May 11, 1953. The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Mr. J. C. Cory. demonstration of the fungus in the spleens of guinea pigs infected intraperitoneally with graded of the yeastlike phase. However, he did not correlate his cultural results direct microscopic observation of the fungus in the tissues, nor did he mention the actual numbers of organisms used. Kotcher et al (1951) inoculated 42 white mice intraperitoneally a saline suspension of ground elements of the mycelial phase, and showed (a) that H. capsulatum could be recovered by culture more readily than it could be identified by direct microscopic examination of stained tissue impressions, (b) that brain-heart infusion blood agar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded the greatest number of positive cultures, and (c) that the highest percentage of isolations was obtained from spleens cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. None of the earlier investigators inoculated laboratory animals accurately determined numbers of yeastlike cells. Similarly, no experiments have been recorded in which nonfatal histoplasmosis in small laboratory animals was studied the use of serological and cultural methods. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to obtain information on (a) the response of mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs to inoculation graded doses of yeastlike cells, (b) the possible enhancing effect of mucin in producing detectable histoplasmosis, (c) the presence of antibodies in animals inoculated small numbers of yeastlike cells, and (d) the relative efficiencies of cultural and serological