Fixation Elements Research Articles

COMPRESSION ARTHRODESIS OF THE SHOULDER

1. A series of twenty-three compression arthrodeses of the shoulder are reviewed. 2. The review demonstrates compression arthrodesis to be an excellent method of obtaining bony fusion of the shoulder. 3. The consistent success in achieving arthrodesis, in what is to be considered a difficult joint to fuse, is significant in the theory of compression arthrodesis, because the shoulder offers a more perfect example of compression arthrodesis than the knee in that the element of absolute fixation is less obvious.

Psychiatric approaches to expiration of sentence men.

This paper gives the psychiatric findings of 100 expiration of sentence offenders released from the Lorton Reformatory (D. C.) between Apr. 1, 1961 and Mar. 31, 1962. The Bureau of Rehabilitation, engaged the author as consultant in Apr. 1961, to study, evaluate and offer psychotherapy where needed. It was made clear to these men that their participation was entirely on a voluntary basis. Impressions of these men were derived from their classification records. They were then seen by the author in both individual and group meetings before leaving Lorton. The observations of each man in the individual and group meetings before leaving Lorton correlated favorably with the original impression rendered for each, from the classification records. They were all asked to come to see the author after release. The 100 men fell into 6 groups: 1. Sociopathic Personality (33%); 2. Inadequate Personality (20%); 3. Passive-Aggressive Personality (15%); 4. Schizophrenic Reactions in Remission (12%); 5. Mental Deficiency, Acquired (12%); and 6. Chronic Brain Syndromes (3%). All had committed crimes against both person and property. The mental defectives as well as the chronic brain syndromes seemed to have lacked reasoning and judgment, indices of intelligence. The borderline schizophrenics had associated breaks from reality, involving each one's particular delusional system in their acts; the passive-aggressives, resistance; the inadequate, compensation; and the sociopathic, projection. Three significant conclusions were derived. 1. The element of fixation is a major factor in each expiration of sentence offender, before incarceration, during and after; 2. The approach to crime prevention should include consideration of the psychodynamics of the individual expiration of sentence man; and 3. The concept of identity is ever-present in each expiration of sentence man, although distorted, which can and must be utilized in salvaging the individual, reducing further criminal activity on his part and interposing realistic social values in his outlook on life after prison. Many correctional and related authorities feel that this group of men, in general, are difficult to communicate with and relate to, while some feel ambivalent. This paper is an attempt to offer some courses in future efforts to widen the channels of communication and relationship with this group of men along psychiatric lines, including the descriptive, dynamic and eclectic approaches.

Studies on Sensitization. V. Fixation of Diphtheria Antitoxin in Skin of Rabbits Sensitized to Horse Serum

The element of fixation that accompanies sensitization was well demonstrated by Opie,1 who cut out the inflammatory area resulting from subcutaneous injection of the specific protein in a sensitized rabbit, extracted the ground tissue with salt solution, and established the presence of the antigenic substance in the fluid by testing it with the serum of a specifically sensitized rabbit. In this laboratory, the aspect of fixation was studied from another point of view. The question was raised, whether an animal sensitized to horse serum would fix diphtheria antitoxin at the point of injection. Accordingly, the following conditions were experimentally established: (1) 50 MLD of diphtheria toxin injected intracutaneously in rabbits of about 3 kg. weight, cause death in from 2 to 4 days. (2) The same dose of toxin and 50 units antitoxin injected intracutaneously 1 inch apart, result in the survival of the animals.A group of rabbits previously sensitized to horse serum was given the toxin and antitoxin injecti...