Elements Of Compliance Research Articles

Understanding compliance with smoke-free environments: a realist review

Abstract Background Local governments increasingly implement outdoor smoke-free environments to decrease adolescent smoking and denormalize smoking behavior. Recent research indicates that compliance with smoke-free outdoor spaces is often lacking. We examined compliance with outdoor smoke-free environments and examined the mechanisms that affect compliance in different contexts. Methods We performed a realist review, an exploratory approach that synthesizes existing evidence into a program theory that links elements of compliance with outdoor smoke-free environments with specific mechanisms and outcomes. A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO, resulting in 25 relevant English language articles. Preliminary results Our analysis showed that the kind of enforcement (voluntary or enforcement with sanction options etc.) influences smokers’ compliance. Additionally, how implementation of the smoke-free environment was done (with supporting signs, size of the environment, attention for smoking cessation etc.) also influenced smokers’ compliance. For instance, with the implementation of an outdoor smoke-free environment (context), smokers get used to non-smoking. They are reminded they can quit smoking at any time (mechanism), leading to more compliance (outcome). If however, their social environment continues smoking (context), they are more inclined to keep smoking (mechanism), which leads to less compliance (outcome). Conclusions Compliance of smokers with smoke-free outdoor environments is influenced by the type of enforcement and the type of outdoor smoke-free environment. These mechanisms are important to understand so that policymakers may consider smokers’ reactions and are better able to anticipate upon them. Key messages • Type of enforcement and type of implementation influence compliance with smoke-free outdoor environments. • This realist review helps policymakers consider smokers’ reactions while implementing smoke-free environments.

Emerging Evidence Supports Broader Definition of Chairside Behavior Guidance and Familial Compliance.

Behavior management as a set of clinical techniques to induce desirable clinical treatment and subsequent compliance behaviors in children and families varies internationally based on professional training, access to care, health literacy, and societal norms. This report proposes non-typical diagnostic considerations of additional inherent behavioral conditions and familial and social qualifiers that may help predict success both at the chairside and in compliance with home self-care behaviors to reduce caries susceptibility. A review of the medical and dental literature provides ample support for the consideration of changing characteristics of both the patient and the environment. The current recommendations for choice of behavior guidance in direct clinical care, as used in the USA, often fall short of efficacy for a variety of reasons including the provider limitations, the extent and difficulty of treatment, and most recently appreciated, the complexity of negative childhood experiences, subclinical behavioral disorders, and immutable negative determinants of health outside the dental setting affecting interaction with health professionals. These same factors, such as family dysfunction and societal stresses, also impact compliance with out-of-clinic preventive efforts that many oral health care providers rely upon to help mitigate treatment limitations in reaching children. There are also behavioral elements of compliance and attitudes toward health that dentists need to recognize. A broader, more inclusive concept of behavior guidance to include factors beyond those typically associated with a dental patient affecting treatment and compliance with preventive behaviors may be beneficial. Every population and patient will have differing characteristics and require individualized care.

Post-approval changes in Labelling regulations in the United States, European Union and Canada

The review “Post-approval changes in Labelling Regulations in the United States, Europe and Canada” goes into the details and consequences of post-approval changes in labeling regulations for pharmaceutical products. It covers the concept of post-approval changes and outlines the key areas of changes, such as various elements of product lifecycle management, market access, innovation, risk control, and legal compliance for manufacturers in the United States, Europe, and Canada. Apart from that, the abstract discusses the similarities and differences in labeling regulations across the regions in authority, structure, and the affected changes. In summary, the abstract outlines the complexities and effects of post-approval-related changes in labeling regulations concerning the pharmaceutical industry in multiple jurisdictions and the challenges encountered in implementing them. More specifically, the issues include differing regulatory frameworks and varying interpretations; operator compliance, safety evaluation and management; consolidation approaches; and the influence of digitalization and automation as a pivotal and minor player.

Taxation in Namibia: an everyday political practice without deliberation and influence

AbstractTax compliance is a major concern as states try to increase state revenues in order to provide services for their populations. Remarkably, taxation has not figured centrally on the agenda among scholars working on the African voter. This article contributes through studying the social practice of taxes, by asking: how is taxation understood as a political practice? This is studied using focus groups across the private and public sector in Namibia, where the willingness to pay taxes and the relative tax burden is high. This micro-study of citizens’ experiences focuses on the perceived room for political practice in relation to taxes, sense of influence over taxes and whether taxes are thought about in citizenship terms. The article shows that taxes are relegated to a sphere of politics where deliberation and opportunities for accountability are missing, yet ideas of duty are central elements of tax compliance.

A Review of Brazil Approaches to Cooperative Compliance in Light of International Tax Practice and the OECD Concept

Cooperative tax compliance approaches were initiated in the 2000s as an alternative to more efficiently allocate tax administrations’ limited resources to high-risk taxpayers while establishing a more collaborative, transparent, and trust-based relationship with those that are low risk. In 2008 and 2013, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) began to promote ‘enhanced relationship’ approaches for which taxpayers would offer full transparency in exchange for less tax uncertainty. Since then, cooperative tax compliance has gained importance with an increasing number of countries adopting it and, in 2018, with the inauguration of an international and multilateral program, the International Compliance Assurance Programme. Despite that, there is not yet a uniform understanding of the constituting elements of cooperative compliance as countries with completely different approaches from one another all claim to have established cooperative compliance programs. In this article, the author reviews the approaches to cooperative tax compliance existing in Brazil, testing if such approaches conform with international tax practice and the OECD Cooperative Compliance Framework. Cooperative tax compliance, cooperative compliance, enhanced relationship, OECD, corporate governance, internal controls, tax control framework, risk assessment, tax audit, tax assurance, tax certainty, trust-based, tax transparency, the International Compliance Assurance Programme (ICAP), Brazil, ‘projeto Confia’

Tax compliance, public spending and happiness in Europe

PurposeThis study aims to analyze whether tax compliance is the basis for the short-run dynamics of the development of welfare and happiness. The strengthening of tax compliance of corporates and citizens is not only important to achieve the goals assumed by fiscal policy but also is part of the values that can generate a higher level of welfare and happiness in Europe.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a dynamic factor model to offer new indexes that allow to monitor tax compliance, public spending and happiness trajectories and to evaluate their short-run relationships. Next, an analysis of the cyclical characteristics in terms of duration, amplitude and intensity is provided using the Harding and Pagan method (2002).FindingsThe empirical findings show that the European countries were able to reinforce tax compliance during the expansionary periods of the economy, and this has made it possible to increase public spending, and indirectly, happiness. Otherwise, this paper shows that the contractions of public resources during the global crisis, such as the case in the COVID-19, reduced the possibilities of well-being in Europe and made it more difficult to increase public spending and happiness.Research limitations/implicationsThis study tries to analyze the transmission channels and relationships of three very complex variables: tax compliance, public spending and happiness. Incorporating these three variables into this research, with a short-run perspective, the authors have opened a new line of research that enriched the previous analysis. Therefore, the authors’ results should be considered the first step, that this study is going to continue to unravel the complexity of these relationships.Practical implicationsThe design of policies aimed at improving individual, corporate and the well-being of nations needs them to incorporate elements of tax compliance as an objective that has economic and social implications. Individuals and corporates contribute to a fairer and more equitable society through compliance with tax obligations.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that offers evidence on the short-run dynamics of tax revenue, public spending and happiness for a better understanding of their relationships and behavior during the different periods of the economy.

Anti-corruption compliance in labor relations in the lightof digitalization and achieving sustainable development: an economic and legal examination

In the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals by Ukraine and building Industry 4.0 here, which is accompanied by a global digital transformation (digitalization) of all public spheres of activity, such a multifunctional and multidimensional phenomenon as corruption is now a serious threat to all public relations, among which labor relations are no exception. It causes a decrease in the level of labor productivity of active employers due to manifestations of stigma, mobbing, bullying, primarily in relation to employees who expose corruption, etc. The purpose of the study is to clarify the content of one of the main elements of compliance in labor relations – anti-corruption compliance – using a synergetic approach characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics, as well as to highlight the problems of regulating these relations and develop proposals for improving the current anti-corruption legislation in the field of labor in the light of digitalization of Ukraine and achieving sustainable development herein. The object of the study is the labor relations to ensure and support anti-corruption compliance at enterprises and the system of anti-corruption legislation, including in the field of labor, in Ukraine and abroad, which regulates these relations. The main methodological approach to the study of the chosen topic is synergetic, characterized by a combination of labor law and labor economics. The results of the study in the most generalized form justify the lack of certainty and little investigation of the legal and economic nature of such categories as "compliance" and "anti-corruption compliance", which have not yet become generally accepted for the conceptual apparatus of labor economics and, to a greater extent, labor legislation. Based on the theory of labor legislation and labor economics, the article describes anti-corruption compliance in labor relations as a condition of labor and a condition of an employment contract. The problematic issues of the implementation and regulation of labor relations in the field of anti-corruption compliance are identified: a low level of positive perception of the implementation of anti-corruption compliance policy in labor relations by the management of active enterprises; the existence of negative stereotypes in relation to employees who expose corruption; the lack of a clear methodology for measuring the level of digitalization of state processes today, which hinders the study of the impact of digitalization on strengthening the anti-corruption fight. In order to solve these problematic issues, it is proposed to supplement section X "Labor discipline" of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which regulates the internal labor regulations at an enterprise, institution or organization, with norms on new labor rights and obligations of the parties to labor relations that are directly related to combating corruption.

Assuring data quality in investigator-initiated trials in dutch hospitals: Balancing between mentoring and monitoring

ABSTRACT The complexity of regulations governing investigator-initiated trials (IITs) places a great burden on hospitals. Consequently, many hospitals seek to alleviate regulatory pressures by seeking an alternative quality management system (QMS). This paper takes the Netherlands as a case. To investigate how QMSs for IITs are organized in Dutch hospitals, we adopted the theoretical concepts of mentoring and monitoring in a mixed methods study in the period 2014–2018. In clinical practice and international guidelines, monitoring is seen as the standard quality assurance for ongoing trials. However, hospitals have implemented monitoring programs that resemble mentoring. The contrast between these ideal types is less pronounced in practice as both combine elements of compliance and feedback for learning in practice. In a monitoring setting, learning is one-way, from monitor to researcher; whereas mentoring focuses on mutual support and learning. To tackle problems in each system, the authority of the Board of Directors (BoD) and the BoD’s relationship with staff members are crucial. We discuss the challenges that BoD and staff face in keeping an integrated view of the various components of QMSs.

FORMATION OF INCLUSIVE BUSINESS THROUGH THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

In modern conditions, the problem of progressive socio-economic development, which provides a real increase in quality of life as a key indicator of the country's development and its competitiveness in world markets, becomes one of the priorities for the country as a whole and for enterprises in particular. The task for innovative enterprises is to choose such an optimal business model that would allow them to make a profit and at the same time act for the benefit of society while enterprises adhere to the basic principles and directions of corporate social responsibility. Inclusive business models (business models of social entrepreneurship) can act as such a business model for innovative enterprises. The aim of the article was to study the logic of inclusive business formation based on corporate social responsibility and models of social entrepreneurship and to develop the main directions of inclusive development of innovative enterprises. Research has shown that inclusive business empowers people living in poverty by adapting their core business or part of their core business to their needs. The introduction of inclusive business models can help to quickly introduce elements of corporate social responsibility or compliance with social and environmental standards by the company and support the population at the bottom of the social pyramid. The existing inclusive business models are analyzed and classified according to six features: innovation; applicability; inclusion of vulnerable populations; profitability; obtaining social and environmental effects. Because all variants of inclusive business models are innovative for enterprises, it was appropriate to identify the main areas of inclusive development of their innovation activities by four main types of innovations in their areas of use: process, product, technology and complex. To eliminate the possible destructive consequences of innovations, their negative impact on the environment, inaccessibility to remote areas and to enable the inclusion of all segments of the population in the innovation process, we have outlined the range of social responsibility of innovators. Thus, the introduction of inclusive business models will allow all parties involved to benefit from each other. Achieved synergy between the state, business, and the population, will lead to sustainable solutions, innovation, competitive advantage, better reputation, expanding market share, etc. And inclusive business, because of a developed corporate culture based on elements of compliance and corporate social responsibility, will be an effective tool for socio-economic progress both at the state level and at the business level, which can improve the quality of life.

Closed‐loop sustainable product design for circular economy

AbstractIntensifying global consumption stipulates the use of sustainable manufacturing and circular economy concepts to make products while managing available finite resources. Designers must be equipped to design products considering the economic, environmental, and social impacts of the product life cycle. This paper explores product design in relation to sustainability and circularity principles, presents fundamental concepts, sets definitions, and proposes a new methodology to incorporate these two principles. This new methodology synthesizes elements of design for sustainability and circularity. The primary stakeholder categories are updated to explicitly include “society‐at‐large”—a neglected category in typical manufacturer‐focused sustainability evaluations. Sustainability elements based on the total life cycle approach, including triple bottom line, life cycle perspective, 6Rs, and perpetual resource flow, are integrated with the circular design elements of resource conservation, product‐life extension, and circularity compliance to create the novel closed‐loop sustainable product design methodology. The metrics‐based product evaluation framework presented compels designers to integrate sustainability and circularity elements in the designed products. Sustainability concerns of the product life cycle are evaluated for both negative and positive impacts to identify the value created for all primary stakeholders (i.e., manufacturers, users, and society‐at‐large). This methodology promotes a holistic view of the product life cycle, including end‐of‐life activity planning, leading to a perpetual resource flow. Performance influencing parameters available for designers are also examined, including the overlooked “dedicated” and “incidental” process‐induced types, providing a strong basis for future research on product sustainability predictive models.

Tensions between compliance, internal controls and ethics in the domain of project governance

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how the dynamics of compliance, internal controls and ethics can generate tensions in the domain of project governance. Moreover, it investigates the tensions between these constructs and the search for project success from a practice-based perspective.Design/methodology/approachA methodological approach is taken, with a case-based research carried out in a large European multinational company. Data were gathered through 21 interviews, between project managers and other key stakeholders, and documentary data from 64 projects for triangulation and critical analysis.FindingsAs a result, four patterns of tensions were identified: Tension A between compliance and project success, Tension B between internal controls and project success, Tension C between compliance and internal controls and Tension D between compliance and ethics.Research limitations/implicationsSome limitations should be acknowledged. The first, ontological, is inherent in the post-positivist perspective, accepting human subjectivity and the complexity of social reality intrinsic to research applied to the social sciences, respectively implying interpretive bias and incompleteness in the comprehension of the facts. The second limitation comes from the use of a single case study, in which singular contextual characteristics make it difficult to generalise the results.Practical implicationsThis study has implications for practice, as it highlights weaknesses that may occur in organisations owing to tensions between the elements of compliance, internal controls and ethics. This, therefore, implies ways of strengthening the consistency of project governance. The project governance domain and its tensions affect the project-success holistic view in both efficiency and effectiveness, since the elements of internal control and compliance can create tensions that favour one project success perspective to detriment of the others. Understanding the nature of tensions, their implications and the long-term holistic perspective can lead to better decisions by managers.Originality/valueThe results suggest that a formal code of ethics, a project management methodology, internal controls and a well-established training programme are not sufficient, because, in the practical context, the interaction between these elements creates tensions that impact their logical consistency lost when interacting with each other.

ANALISIS LINGUISTIK PRINSIP KERJA SAMA DALAM TUTURAN CERITA HUMOR NAWÂDIR JUHÂ LI AL-ATHFÂL

The purpose of this study was to describe (1) the compliances and deviations of the principle of cooperation in the speech of Arabian humorous story “Nawadir Juha Li Al-Athfal”, (2) the speech context in the story. This research used descriptive methods with qualitative approach. The focus of this study was the speech of compliances and deviations of cooperation principle which was used in Arabian humorous story by using methods and techniques to collect the data. In the provision of data, note and record technique was used, namely selecting the text and recording data that contained speech of compliance and deviation toward the principles of cooperation. The result of this research showed the speech of Arabian humorous story “Nawadir Juha Li Al-Athfal” contained elements of compliance and deviation toward the principles of cooperation with all of four maxims: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.

Access to Antibiotics through Prescription and Non-Prescription Media in Private Pharmacies in Lomé, Togo

Objectives: The present study was conducted to describe and analyze antibiotic demands via prescription and non-prescription media received in private pharmacies in Lome. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 26 private pharmacies in Lome (Togo) from August to October 2013. The study was based on a survey conducted with a standardized questionnaire to collect data representing the daily activity of the pharmacies. Data on prescription documents, non-prescription media, patients’ and prescribers’ identification, and antibiotics requested were collected and analyzed. Key findings: During the study period, 596 antibiotic prescriptions were collected. Various prescription and non-prescription media permitted available antibiotic access in private pharmacies. Seventy-nine percent (79%) of the received orders contained one antibiotic. All categories of health care professionals were found among antibiotic prescribers. Prescribers were not identifiable in 40.2% of all prescription tools received for antibiotics demand. Forty-four percent (44%) of antibiotic orders were supported by a prescription. The study found that many people ordering antibiotic (61%) were not the direct users. Some elements of prescription compliance were mentioned at the rate of 82%, 44.7% and 59% (date, prescribers’ identity and qualification), 3/4 of the prescription material (patients’ identity and sex), more than 87% (accuracy of the dosage), 79.7% (oral route of administration) and less than 1/3 (duration of treatment). The results also indicated that Beta-lactams (41%), quinolones (17%), and 5-nitroimidazoles (15%) were the most prescribed classes of antibiotics. Conclusions: The study revealed that more than half of the antibiotics orders, received in pharmacies were non-compliant. This calls for an awareness of healthcare workers and populations on the rational use of antibiotics. Access to antibiotics should be further controlled (prescription dispensing), community should ban other media of obtaining antibiotics without a prescription and avoid particularly antimicrobial self-medication.

Application of RAMS analysis in road transport

Despite the many advantages, each type of transport, there are many people for the health and life of people. This means that some of the challenges that are not productive have higher energy levels. Substitution of the instrument's characteristics. Management of the fleet of tourist company arders enabling the company to improve and client's operational affairs on the elements of reliability, service compliance, readiness and security (RAMS). The RAMS method used in railway transport has found application in monitoring the maintenance of railway vehicles in maintenance management system and the IRIS Standard. In the article, the authors present the method of assessing the technical maintenance of road vehicles based on the elements used in the RAMS analysis.

A Response Surface Methodology for Mitigating Hot Gasses in Enclosed Car Park

A hot gas rise towards ceiling due to fire buoyancy will cause severe damage to the building structure. The temperature rises need to be controlled as among the elements of compliance in performance-based design. The channel flow between beams has used in this study to mitigate hot gases out of the enclosure by mean of response surface methodology. Fire Dynamic Simulator was employed as a simulation tool while the result was statistically examined using analysis of variance via Minitab application. It was found that the result was linear with predicted R2 (93.25%) and within the permissible R2 (98.13%). The ceiling height has been identified not affect in controlling hot gases while four control parameters which are beam spacing, transversal beam, extraction rate and longitudinal beam with p-values of 0.00, 0.000, 0.023 and 0.000 respectively, have been found to have the significant effect on the smoke temperature control. This study contributes a good input to the fire safety community in providing the initial design of enclosed car park with better condition.

ПОДАТКОВЕ ПЛАНУВАННЯ: ПРАКТИЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article has investigated scientific achievements of scientists, who studied the issue of "tax planning" in the system of tax management at an enterprise. The basic approaches to definition of essence of tax planning in the system of corporate management of an enterprise are established. The article has given its own definition of "tax planning". It has ascertained that one of the important elements of tax compliance at the enterprise is tax planning and has substantiated the necessity of its introduction. The article also has defined the main objectives of tax planning. The necessity of introduction of planning is connected to its ability to prevent delinquencies in the sphere of taxation, define losses the enterprise may incur in payment of taxes, determine optimal ways of enterprise activity and etc. The article has described the main levels of planning - strategic, current, operational, and identifies tasks at each of them. Types of tax planning and their peculiarities are established and investigated. The conclusion about the relevance and necessity of the use of tax planning system by the enterprise for its successful functioning is made. It has proved the expediency of creation of special structural subdivisions and engagement of separate specialists for realization of tax planning functions at the enterprises. The article has defined practical problems of implementation of tax planning in an enterprise to which the one can refer: absence of legislative regulation, confusion of notions of "tax planning" with notions of "tax evasion" and "tax avoidance", implementation of aggressive tax planning in an enterprise, inexperience of governing bodies of economic entities and/or their neglect of tax planning. Ways of solving these problems that have developed in practice include defining tax planning, its system, principles, methods and techniques at the level of law, and improving its organizational, informational and methodological support in the enterprise.

The Tunisian General Labor Union and the Advent of Democracy

The Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT) played a major role in the 2010/11 Tunisian revolution and in the subsequent democratization process. This article seeks to explain why the union was capable of taking on this role in light of the fact that, before the revolution, it cooperated with and was heavily infiltrated by the regime of President Zine El-'Abidine Ben 'Ali. By describing the UGTT's internal struggles during the dictatorship, the article claims that the UGTT demonstrated elements of both resistance and compliance. This duality made it possible for the organization to survive authoritarianism and also be a credible player in the transition to democracy. The article shows, in contrast to the dominant theories within democratization studies, that a regime-affiliated civil society organization can play an important role in the democratization process.

EWTD compliance amongst Anaesthesia trainees in Ireland.

The implications of the EWTD include a limit of 48h working week and 11 consecutive hours rest every 24h. This survey was designed to assess EWTD compliance over designated 1-week and 1-month periods amongst College of Anaesthesetists of Ireland (CAI) trainees and non-training Anaesthesia NCHDs. The two key elements of EWTD compliance were assessed; the compliance to a 48h working week, and a minimizing of shift duration to 24h. Existence of protected training time and teaching time were also assessed. This survey was completed by 191 Anaesthesia NCHDs, including 151 responses from CAI trainees; 75% response rate from CAI trainees. 71% of respondents worked in excess of 48h. 37% of respondents reported to have worked a shift >24h duration. The average hours worked was 66h (range 48.5-103h). Our figures are a contrast to the reported figures in the HSE "Performance Assurance Report". 49% of respondents reported a change in their working patterns to facilitate EWTD compliance. There appears to be a negative impact on training however, with 68% respondents missing departmental teaching sessions and 30% not receiving protected training time. 33% of respondents were not in favour of full EWTD compliance. As work patterns change, it is vital to ensure that training is not compromised. Previous reports have recommended an increase in consultant numbers, which has yet to be achieved. This may provide a solution to allow service provision, NCHD training and EWTD compliance amongst NCHDs.

Evaluasi Terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Publik Melalui Kajian Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat (IKM) pada Unit Referensi Perpustakaan Universitas Gadjah Mada

The problems discussed in this research are the quality of public services has been implemented by the Reference Unit Gadjah Mada University Library and the factors that need to be improve in order to improve the quality of service to the community. The purpose of this research was to determine the quality of public services that have been implemented by the Reference Unit Gadjah Mada University Library. The methods used to collect the data are survey and documentation. Research instrument that serves as a means of collecting data in this survey is a questionnaire filled in or is asked to each respondent, are about 14 elements, they are procedure, elements of services, clarity of service personnel, disciplinary officer, officer responsibilities, the ability of officers, fairness in obtaining service, politeness and friendliness of staff, service costs, the matches between service costs with the rule, the accuracy of the service schedule, environmental comfort, and the environmental safety. Methods of data analysis used in this study are based on the Minister for Administrative Reform No. KEP/25/M.PAN/2/2004 consist General Guidelines for Preparation of Community Satisfaction Index. The respondents were Diploma or Undergraduate Students, Postgraduate Student, Doctoral Programs Student, Lecturers/Researchers, and the public, and up to 150 respondents. Based on the results of a survey of 150 respondents, there are four elements of service that has a value less than 2.51 or not good, that is the procedure of service, speed of service, service costs, and environmental comfort. Elements that have values between 2.51 to 3.25 or have a good value, includes elements of compliance with the provisions of environmental safety and the matches between service costs with the rule. While the element that scored more than 3.26 or very well include elements of service requirements, clarity of service personnel, disciplinary officer, officer responsibilities, the ability of officers, fairness in obtaining service, politeness and friendliness of staff, as well as the accuracy of the service schedule. Based on the analysis of research data, overall, public services are maintained by the Reference Unit Gadjah Mada University Library has a service quality index value 77,225 or quality B, we can say that public service at the Reference Unit Gadjah Mada University Library is Good Enough.

Management bundles for candidaemia: the impact of compliance on clinical outcomes.

ObjectivesThe Mycoses Forum in Japan has developed management bundles for candidaemia to incorporate into bedside practice. The aim of this study was to investigate nationwide compliance with the bundles and their impact on clinical outcomes.MethodsNon-neutropenic patients treated with antifungals for candidaemia were surveyed. Bundles consist of nine items to complete. Data were sent to the central office between July 2011 and April 2012.ResultsSix hundred and eight patients were analysed. The compliance rate for achieving all elements was 6.9%, and it increased to 21.4% when compliance was analysed by the bundle except for oral switch. There was a significant difference in clinical success between patients with and without compliance [92.9% versus 75.8% (P = 0.011)]. Compliance with the bundles, however, failed to be an independent factor associated with favourable outcomes. When step-down oral therapy was excluded from the elements of compliance, compliance with the bundles was revealed to be an independent predictor of clinical success (OR 4.42, 95% CI 2.05–9.52) and mortality (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.13–0.57). Independent individual elements contributing to clinical success were removal of central venous catheters within 24 h, assessment of clinical efficacy on the third to the fifth day and at least 2 weeks of therapy after clearance of candidaemia.ConclusionsCompliance with the bundles for candidaemia had a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes. Promotion of the bundles approach may have the potential to narrow the gap between clinical evidence and bedside practice.