Element Spacing Research Articles

Exploring Non-Linear and Synergistic Effects of Street Environment on the Spirit of Place in Historic Districts: Using Multi-Source Data and XGBoost

The fragmented remodeling of historic districts undermines the spirit of place. Understanding the intricate relationship between the neighborhood environment and the spirit of place is essential for sustainable urban development. Current research predominantly relies on case studies and the concept of place, which are subjective and lack specific analysis of how the neighborhood environment shapes the spirit of place. In this study, we examine Chuancheng Street in Handan City as a case study. Utilizing the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and multi-source data, combined with SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and Partial Dependence Plots (PDP), we analyze the non-linear and synergistic effects of the street environment on the spirit of place in historic districts. The findings reveal that (1) the proportion of enduring sociability (PES) on the street significantly shapes the spirit of place, with cultural space elements being less prioritized in perception; (2) PES, green vision index (GVI), Integration_800 m, and mixed land use (MLU) have pronounced non-linear impacts on the spirit of place, with strong threshold effects, and these factors also demonstrate a synergistic effect; (3) There are notable spatial variations in the spirit of place across different blocks, particularly influenced by the authenticity of cultural heritage. This study provides fundamental insights into the spirit of place in historic neighborhoods, enabling a better understanding of complex urban dynamics and informing future street regeneration from a place perspective.

Inf-sup stabilized Scott–Vogelius pairs on general shape-regular simplicial grids for Navier–Stokes equations

This paper considers the discretization of the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations with the family of inf-sup stabilized Scott–Vogelius pairs recently introduced in [John/Li/Merdon/Rui, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 2024] for the Stokes problem. Therein, the velocity space is obtained by enriching the H1-conforming Lagrange element space with some H(div)-conforming Raviart–Thomas functions, such that the divergence constraint is satisfied exactly. In these methods arbitrary shape-regular simplicial grids can be used.In the present paper two alternatives for discretizing the convective terms are considered. One variant leads to a scheme that still only involves volume integrals, and the other variant employs upwinding known from DG schemes. Both variants ensure the conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum in some suitable sense. In addition, a pressure-robust and convection-robust velocity error estimate is derived, i.e., the velocity error bound does not depend on the pressure and the constant in the error bound for the kinetic energy does not blow up for small viscosity. After condensation of the enrichment unknowns and all non-constant pressure unknowns, the method can be reduced to a Pk−P0-like system for arbitrary velocity polynomial degree k. Numerical studies verify the theoretical findings.

Fostering Local Urban Centers in relation to district train stations as part of the transition from a post-industrial to a sustainable city: a case study of Katowice

The research problem investigates the application of the concept of local urban centers (LUCs) in transforming post-industrial cities into sustainable cities. The subject of the study is Katowice, undergoing a transition towards modern services, while also grappling with an industrial legacy that results in an imbalance of development processes. The idea of LUCs, developed in relation to existing and new district train stations, based on the concept of the 15-minute city, was proposed by the authors within the Katowice development strategy and further tested within the Urban&Business Lab workshops. The research showed, that although in a model approach, service concentration points and public transport nodes should be closely linked, in the existing conditions of Katowice, they almost always deviate from the ideal model. Nevertheless, in each of the cases analyzed, elements of functions and spaces can be observed that have the potential which have the potential to foster LUCs.

A Place of Interaction and Learning at Design College

This research paper investigates the significance and design elements of interactive spaces within educational contexts, with a focus on design colleges. Through a comprehensive exploration of various case studies, including the School of Arts and Sciences at Ahmedabad University and the Centre for Environment Planning & Technology, the paper examines the role of formal and informal interactive spaces in fostering collaboration, creativity, and community engagement. Key factors affecting the success of these spaces, such as compatibility with user needs, achieving balance between social interaction and isolation, transparency, contact with nature, and design elements influencing interactive environments, are analysed. The findings highlight the importance of thoughtful design and planning in creating dynamic learning environments that support diverse modes of interaction and enhance the overall educational experience. Key Words: Architecture, Design colleges, Formal space, Homebase, Informal space, Interactive spaces

“We are all just humans participating”: the role of an embodied approach, virtual space and artistic media in shaping participants’ experience in a co–design process

ABSTRACT Integrating multiple perspectives is key to successful co-design, yet often hampered by communication gaps arising from different epistemological backgrounds and lived experiences. This challenge is amplified when the design problem centres around experiences that are difficult articulate in words, such as those in Parkinson’s disease (PD). To explore alternative strategies for communication between diverse PD stakeholders, Piece of Mind brought together neuroscientists, performing artists and individuals with lived experience to co-create an interdisciplinary performance grounded in scientific and experiential knowledge. Participants met on Zoom over nine months, in which creative, embodied approaches were used to share scientific concepts, facilitate discussion, and identify key issues for the performance. We built on emergent themes through virtual and in-studio collaborations, culminating in a 45-min filmed and live performance. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants regarding their co-design experience and take-aways, to identify elements of process, space and materials contributing to its success. We found that an embodied approach, in virtual space and incorporating multiple artistic media, enabled participants to leave their comfort zones and disciplinary boundaries to engage with one another through curiosity and generosity – and consider how these conditions facilitated disparate starting points to converge towards a common goal.

Finite element approximation of stabilized mixed models in finite strain hyperelasticity involving displacements and stresses and/or pressure—An overview of alternatives

AbstractThis paper presents mixed finite element formulations to approximate the hyperelasticity problem using as unknowns the displacements and either stresses or pressure or both. These mixed formulations require either finite element spaces for the unknowns that satisfy the proper inf‐sup conditions to guarantee stability or to employ stabilized finite element formulations that provide freedom for the choice of the interpolating spaces. The latter approach is followed in this work, using the Variational Multiscale concept to derive these formulations. Regarding the tackling of the geometry, we consider both infinitesimal and finite strain problems, considering for the latter both an updated Lagrangian and a total Lagrangian description of the governing equations. The combination of the different geometrical descriptions and the mixed formulations employed provides a good number of alternatives that are all reviewed in this paper.

AN APPROACH OF MEAN-SETS THEORY FOR NEGATIVELY CURVED CONVEX COMBINATION POLISH METRIC SPACES

The choice of a convenient approach to be used is one important issue when attempting to develop methods or obtain results in the setting of Probability on general metric spaces. In this paper, we extend the mean-sets probabilistic approach formally introduced by Mosina on locally finite graphs, and hence (via Cayley graphs) on finitely generated groups, to the field of Negatively Curved Convex Combination Polish (NCCCP) metric spaces. We construct an appropriated Vertex-Weighted Metric (VWM) graph in the framework of this class of geometrical structures. We define a function called convexification function on the direct product of $ n $ copies of the vertex-set of this graph (for a given fixed integer $ n\geq 2$), using the natural convexification operator of the metric space concerned. This function is then used to construct a weighted mean-set that generalizes the notion of convex combination (CC) mean in the sense of Ter{\'a}n and Molchanov, the mean-set concept according to Mosina and the ordinary notion of $ k $-means ($k\geq 2$) of independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random elements of the metric space. Two numerical examples are given for the cases when the metric space $ X= [0,1]$ and $ X=\mathbf{R}^{2} $. Moreover, an analogue of the Strong Law of Large Numbers (SLLN), the consistency problem and the Chebyshev's inequality for NCCCP spaces are established.

Non-universal Milan factors for QCD jets

Using the dispersive method we perform a two-loop analysis of the leading non-perturbative power correction to the change in jet transverse momentum pT, in the small R limit of a Cambridge-Aachen jet clustering algorithm. We frame the calculation in such a way so as to maintain connection with the universal “Milan factor” that corrects for the naive inclusive treatment of the leading hadronization corrections. We derive an enhancement factor that differs from the universal Milan factor computed for event-shape variables as well as the corresponding enhancement factor previously derived for the kt algorithm. Our calculation directly exploits the soft and triple-collinear limit of the QCD matrix element and phase space, which is relevant for capturing the coefficient of the leading 1/R power correction. As an additional check on our approach, we also independently confirm the known result for the kt algorithm.

Metasurface-based dual-sense circularly polarized antenna for MIMO/full-duplex applications.

This paper introduces a two-element antenna array with dual-sense circular polarization, wideband operation, and high isolation characteristics. The antenna consists of two conventional truncated corner patches and an extra layer of metasurface (MS) located above the radiating patches. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 0.92 λ0 × 0.73 λ0 × 0.05 λ0 and the element spacings are 0.02 λ0 and 0.39 λ0 with respect to edge-to-edge and center-to-center spacings. For validation, measurements on a fabricated antenna prototype are carried out. The measured data demonstrate that the presented MS-based antenna has a wide operating bandwidth of 14.5% with high isolation of better than 26 dB. The excellent performance could be concluded from the results of the investigation, which indicates that the proposed MS-based antenna could be a good candidate for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and full-duplex applications.

Error Approximation of the Second Order Hyperbolic Differential Equationby Using DG Finite Element Method

This article presents a simple efficient and asynchronously correcting a posteriori error approximation for discontinuous finite element solutions of the second-order hyperbolic partial differential problems on triangular meshes. This study considersthe basis functions for error spaces corresponding to some finite element spaces. The discretization error of each triangle is estimated by solving the local error problem. It also shows global super convergence for discontinuous solution on triangular lattice. In this article, the triangular elements are classify into three types: (i) elements with one inflow and two outflow edges are of type I, (ii) elements with two inflows and one outflow edges are of type II and (iii) elements with one inflow edge, one outflow edge, and one edge parallel to the characteristics are of type III. The article investigated higher-dimension discontinuous Galerkin methods for hyperbolic problems on triangular meshes and also studied the effect of finite element spaces on the superconvergence properties of DG solutions on three types of triangular elements and it showed that the DG solution is <i>O(h<sup>p+2</sup>)</i> superconvergent at Legendre points on the outflow edge on triangles having one outflow edge using three polynomial spaces. A posteriori error estimates are tested on a number of linear and nonlinear problems to show their efficiency and accuracy under lattice refinement for smooth and discontinuous solutions.

Coverage, repulsion, and reactivity of hydrogen on High-Entropy alloys

Modeling hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity probability on IrPdPtRhRu(111) high-entropy alloys. Determining hydrogen coverages based on ligand effects and generalized hydrogen–hydrogen repulsion.The rate of H2 formation is highly impacted by the level of hydrogen coverage on the catalyst surface. In search of optimal catalytic properties high-entropy alloys (HEA) are promising candidates that utilize the compositional space of multiple elements. Based on simulations of HEA model (111) surfaces with a range of hydrogen coverages, distributions of binding energies are used to construct a framework that approximates the probability that adsorbed hydrogen may lead to the formation of H2 as a function of applied potential. By optimizing the alloy compositions for the highest activity probability at given potentials the best and most efficient catalyst candidates for HER can be identified. Treating hydrogen–hydrogen repulsion effects and binding energy separately, we find that the repulsion is larger for HEAs than for pure metals. Differing isotherm slopes in the mean adsorption and desorption energies demonstrate a possible hysteresis for hydrogen adsorption on HEAs.

STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC SPACE IMPLEMENTATION IN WONOREJO SEED GARDEN, SURABAYA

Public space is the character and identity of a city. Public Space is a facility that is able to accommodate the interaction of diverse and dynamic urban communities, such as the Wonorejo Nursery which is located in the city of Surabaya. With climate and global warming issues becoming more and more worrisome, sustainable public spaces are very important because they can have a positive impact on urban life as a whole. Therefore, this study aims to examine the principles of sustainable public space that are applied to parks in the city of Surabaya. In this study, the Wonorejo Nursery was chosen as a case study because the Wonorejo Nursery is the largest and busiest park in the East Surabaya area. So the presence of the Wonorejo Nursery has significant implications for the lives of East Surabaya residents. With this significance, the study of the implementation of sustainable public space in this park can provide an overview of the impact of park development on the surrounding environment in terms of sustainability issues. This research is a qualitative research, with a descriptive-analytic type. The results of the analysis show that the Wonorejo nursery implements several elements of sustainable public space, but in some facilities it still requires improvement and development so that it can function optimally.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГОРОДОВ: ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

. Today, cities are centers of economic, social, cultural, and intellectual life, where most of the population lives. At the same time, many global problems (related to the state of the environment, inequality of access to resources, etc.) are most acutely manifested in urban areas. This makes it important to find ways to increase the sustainability of their development. The article examines the signs of a sustainable city and highlights some indicators that allow us to assess the scale of sustainable urban development. The author substantiates the advisability of taking into account spatial characteristics (traditionally remaining outside the scope of most studies) when determining the degree of sustainability of a city. These include: the degree of differentiation of individual elements of urban space, the presence of «problem zones» in it, its connectedness and openness.

Evaluation of Cognition of Rural Public Space Based on Eye Tracking Analysis

Amid the current global trend toward urbanization, there is a growing need for an improved quality of life. While rural public spaces are essential components of community life, their design and planning have traditionally focused on material aspects, neglecting the spiritual well-being of rural residents. This study uses the public spaces of Huixingtou Village in Handan City, Hebei Province, China, as an example to investigate the impact of five key elements within rural public spaces (architecture, streets, greenery, nodes, and landmarks) on individual emotions and perceptions, exploring how these elements contribute to the satisfaction of individuals’ spiritual lives. Initially, we compared the disparities among these elements concerning perceptual dimensions (functionality, technology, and aesthetics) and emotional dimensions (sense of achievement, safety, and well-being). This analysis revealed significant variations in emotional and perceptual dimensions influenced by different rural public space elements. Subsequently, we examined the associations between these elements and objective physiological response data from participants, using eye-tracking technology to delve into the interplay between emotions and perceptions. The results indicate that distinct rural public space elements elicit specific emotional responses, with visual elements and features exerting a pronounced influence on emotional reactions. This in-depth analysis provides comprehensive recommendations for emotional design strategies. Ultimately, this study furnishes emotionally driven design strategies for rural public spaces based on objective data, offering practical guidance for sustainable development and the enhancement of rural public space quality. These findings have significant implications for creating more attractive, inclusive, and sustainable rural spatial environments, addressing the needs of individuals seeking a high and enhanced quality of life.

Place perception and restorative experience of recreationists in the natural environment of rural tourism

IntroductionIn contemporary society, people spend long periods under high stress, and tourism activities have gradually been internalized as a new means of stress release and self-recovery. Studies have found that the high-quality natural environment of rural tourism destinations has a higher restorative effect than other places, and the rural natural environment can provide psychological recovery to visitors on top of offering visual beauty and other experiences.MethodsThis paper starts with the relationship between rural place perception and restorative experience evaluation. Based on theories such as the restorative environments theory, we investigates whether rural natural environmental factors have a restorative effect on recreationists through collecting 300 questionnaires and using SPSS 26.0 structural equation modeling for analysis.ResultsThe study found that there is a positive correlation between rural natural perception, place dependence, and restorative experience, forming a positive feedback loop dynamic system. The analysis suggests that enhancing the perception of the rural natural environment and place attachment can improve the restorative experience of recreationists in rural settings.DiscussionThis research establishes a systematic research framework for the relationship between rural natural perception, place attachment, and restorative experience, to deeply understand the dynamic interaction between them. It reveals the relationship between rural natural perception and restorative experience, suggesting that enriching the perceptual elements in rural natural spaces can meet the diverse needs of recreationists, enhance the sense of dependence and identification with rural spaces, and thus promote the psychological well-being and restorative experience of recreationists. The study also finds that place dependence plays a mediating role between rural natural perception and restorative experience. Place attachment and place identity, as mediating variables, act as bridges and catalysts in the process of rural natural perception affecting restorative experience.

A Wide-Band Low-Profile Antenna for a High-Integration Phased Array System.

In this paper, a wide-band, low-profile antenna is presented for a high-integration phased array system. The proposed antenna, implemented using a tightly coupled array, operates over roughly the X-K frequency band and is performant at 8 GHz-18.5 GHz. The antenna can scan to ±60 degrees in both the E- and H-planes. Compared to previous tightly coupled antennas with smaller element spacing, the antenna in this paper reaches 9.4 mm, which corresponds to 0.58 λ of high frequency, suitable for engineering application conditions in production. The antenna can be soldered to BGA T/R chips in this space. Additionally, to facilitate flexible assembly for large arrays, the antenna is manufactured modularly using four elements and its parasitic radiation is analyzed. Then, a method for repressing parasitic radiation is presented. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and measured in a microwave chamber, exhibiting an excellent pattern and scanning radiation. The measured performance agrees with the full-wave finite array simulations.

Upaya Diplomasi Publik Dalam Mempromosikan Produk Fashion Indonesia di Luar Negeri

Indonesia is one of the countries that has many kinds of cultures, which include dances, musical instruments, ritual traditions and clothing in each region in Indonesia. Public diplomacy is also seen based on a series of efforts to open good communication space and negotiate national elements in the international world. To get the attention of the international community and give a good image to Indonesia, it is necessary to make efforts made by Indonesia, namely by promoting fashion to the international community in order to achieve Indonesia's national interests. Although it is undeniable, a number of fashion product brands in Indonesia still need improvement to compete with foreign brands, because there are still many people who think that the quality of foreign brands is better, but with the creativity of Indonesian designers who are starting to provide ready-to-wear product choices at affordable prices than foreign brands. Human resources and a lot of international markets will have potential in the fashion sector so that special attention is shown by the government. Not only the government but citizens also have the ability to be actors in diplomacy. This study aims to determine public diplomacy efforts in promoting Indonesian fashion products abroad. This research is descriptive research. The data used in this study are secondary data sourced from articles, online journals, books, and internet facilities. This research uses library research data collection techniques and the data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis technique. This research uses the theoretical framework of public diplomacy and creative industries. The results showed that public diplomacy efforts in promoting Indonesian fashion products abroad are by collaborating between the government and the private sector, as well as facilitating and promoting domestic products to the international world.

A comparison study of spatial and temporal schemes for flow and transport problems in fractured media with large parameter contrasts on small length scales

AbstractIn this work, various high-accuracy numerical schemes for transport problems in fractured media are further developed and compared. Specifically, to capture sharp gradients and abrupt changes in time, schemes with low order of accuracy are not always sufficient. To this end, discontinuous Galerkin up to order two, Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin, and finite differences, are formulated. The resulting schemes are solved with sparse direct numerical solvers. Moreover, time discontinuous Galerkin methods of order one and two are solved monolithically and in a decoupled fashion, respectively, employing finite elements in space on locally refined meshes. Our algorithmic developments are substantiated with one regular fracture network and several further configurations in fractured media with large parameter contrasts on small length scales. Therein, the evaluation of the numerical schemes and implementations focuses on three key aspects, namely accuracy, monotonicity, and computational costs.

A Circularly Polarized Non-Resonant Slotted Waveguide Antenna Array for Wide-Angle Scanning.

A compact circularly polarized non-resonant slotted waveguide antenna array is proposed with the aim of achieving wide-angle scanning, circular polarization, and low side-lobe levels. The designed antenna demonstrates a scanning range of +11° to +13° in the frequency domain and a beam scanning range of -45° to +45° in the phase domain. This design exhibits significant advantages for low-cost two-dimensional electronic scanning circularly polarized arrays. It employs a compact element that reduces the aperture area by 50% compared to traditional circular polarization cavities. Additionally, the staggered array method is employed to achieve an element spacing of 0.57λ within the azimuth plane. Isolation gaps were introduced into the array to enhance the circular polarization performance of non-resonant arrays. The Taylor synthesis method was employed to reduce the side-lobe levels. A prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured. The results indicate superior radiation efficiency, favorable VSWR levels, and an axis ratio maintenance below 3 dB across the scanning range. The proposed antenna and methodology effectively broaden the beam scanning angle of circularly polarized slotted waveguide array antennas.

Manoeuvring urban spaces in-between public and private: female agency in early-twentieth-century Gothenburg

ABSTRACT This article analyses female agency in early twentieth-century Gothenburg. It argues that female urban practices were a major catalyst for the transformation of urban space in the port city, which has traditionally been attributed to male-dominated activities in trade, industry and urban politics. Drawing on women’s personal memories and on insights offered by theoretical studies that consider gender and mobility as constitutive elements of urban space, the article focuses on women’s mobile practices in the rapidly changing industrial port city: on female migration, on how women navigated the labour market, and on their perception as home-makers. In doing so, it places particular emphasis on how women acted in the blurred boundaries between ‘public’ and ‘private’ spaces and thereby on one of the major ordering principles of urban life.