Sentence Elements Research Articles

Linguistic problems of translating Indonesian popular lyrics of cover songs into English

Translation results can be influenced by linguistic aspects. The objective of this study is to investigate several kinds of linguistic problems in the translation of Indonesian popular lyrics’ cover-songs from Indonesian into English. This study applies descriptive qualitative research. This research uses the document to collect data. The document used is cover songs from several popular singers and bands such as Andmesh Kamaleng, Anneth, Budi Doremi, Nineball, and Christian Bautista. There are seven popular lyrics’ cover songs that have been analyzed. The result analysis shows that translation songs activities cannot be separated from linguistic problems as in morphological, syntactical, phonological, and semantic. Morphologically, the problem is in the difference of the grammatical system related to singular and plural nouns. In phonological, the problem is in the differences between Indonesian and English syllables. As a result, the differences cause a different pronunciation and produce a different number of syllables. Syntactically, the problem is in constructing sentence elements. In a sentence, both in Indonesian and English at least will need a subject and a predicate orderly. Semantically, the problem is related to the meaning contained in a word or sentence, but equivalence may occur in translating to achieve an adequate degree of equivalence. When translating a song, a translator must pay close attention to the many components that contribute to the creation of a full product song. These components include song lyrics or text, as well as musical elements like melody and rhythm. In its formulation, the song lyric is a language that is not isolated from the musical principles such as the song's rhythm, melody, and harmony. In song translation, the sense and facts of the source texts are often changed. Therefore, the translator is faced with a choice of whether or not to translate such a lyric.

One type of condensation of the temporal clause in the Serbian language

The paper discusses the syntactic-semantic and contextual features of a nonpredicate formal structure as an exponent of the basic temporal clause. It is a type of condensation of an extensive (developed) dependent sentence form that has no features of either nominalization or verbid processes of summarizing sentence formal structures, i.e. their propositions. It is a form of reduction, as a special type of condensation process in which certain elements of the basic sentence are omitted ? as a rule, the predicate constituent or its verb elements as carriers of grammatical data, so it is represented by the primary noun NN, which is in neither derivational nor semantic connection with the verb, and, in this case, in the syntactic connection with the formant KAO. This structure is identical in its formal characteristics to the comparative syntagm, which can develop into a comparative clause with a factual (KAO STO) or counterfactual (KAO DA) conjunction, but differs significantly from it, since it is realized under different lexical and grammatical conditions ? the formant KAO is not an exponent of a complex comparative conjunction, but corresponds to the temporal conjunction KADA (more often) or DOK (much less often). By applying the substitution metalanguage test on typical examples, as well as on the corpus of original linguistic material, the conditions are defined: lexical, syntactic-semantic and contextual, under which the structure KAO NN represents an exponent of the basic developed temporal clause (for example: AS a child, he was mischievous [? WHEN he was a child, he was mischievous]). The analysis showed that the following are responsible for the temporal meaning of this structure: (1) the semantics of the noun NN (nouns denoting the age / period of life, or professional or temporary social status of the animate entity are considered); (2) the relationship between the noun in the structure KAO NN (NN1) and the noun (NN2) in the function of the subject of the matrix sentence / subject of the developed temporal clause, which are identical, and although in appearance NN1 and NN2 are two different nouns, they have the same referent), as well as (3) the identity of the case form of both nouns (most often it is the nominative case in the structure KAO NN1, i.e. as the part of the predicate of temporal clause, and as the subject NN2 in the sentence and in the clause); (4) temporal framework: in terms of relative time, only the relationship of simultaneity (complete or partial) is considered, and in terms of absolute time, the sphere of the past is dominant and rarely and only under certain lexical conditions, the sphere of the future, but the sphere of the present is excluded (both referential and non-referential); (5) positioning: although all three possible positions are available to this structure, preposition in relation to the matrix sentence predominates, and in certain cases it is obligatory.

INTERFERENSI MORFOLOGI DAN SINTAKSIS BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM BERBICARA BAHASA ARAB KOMUNITAS AL-KINDY UIN MALANG

This research is based on the problem of morphological and syntactical first language interference which is often overlooked in second language learning. Interference problems result in misunderstanding the meaning of words or sentences spoken by students towards the second language used. This study attempts to analyze the Indonesian morphological and syntactical interference in speaking Arabic of Al-Kindy community UIN Malang, explaining the factors and implications of interference in learning speaking Arabic. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach, and the data are collected through observation by analyzing subject audio documentation data (listening technique- note-taking technique) and interviews. The results showed that members of the al-Kindy community experienced Indonesian morphological interference in word formation, merging/compounding, repetition/reduplication. Meanwhile, Indonesian syntactical interference occurs in: adding sentence elements, errors (sentence elements, sentence location, phrase formation), and missing sentence elements. The factors of the interference are bilingualism, vocabulary mastery, motivation, and psychology of speakers towards the Arabic used. Interference has implications for barriers and challenges in Arabic language learning. The barriers are in the intensity of language interference phenomena, so the language quality is stagnant, and the challenges are to make interference phenomena as motivation for learners to evaluate the language learning process better

How to Write (Science) Better. Simplified English Principles in a Skill-Oriented ESP Course

Abstract Teaching writing to doctoral students or academics at a technical university is a challenging task. Because they need to publish their research findings in English to pursue academic careers, they are usually highly motivated and expect a lot of the class. Their language competences, however, very often lack enough proficiency and may contribute to manuscript rejection. The paper focuses on language issues based on the rules of controlled natural languages (CNLs) and guidelines of Plain English. It shows how employing these issues improves grammatical quality and readability of science-oriented written texts. The paper describes four principles: removing nominalisation and using the so-called strong verbs to make the message simpler and more direct; combining nouns in strings to express complex ideas economically; applying grammatical consistency for coordinate elements in sentences to make them less chaotic; and reducing wordiness to obtain a more precise and comprehensible piece of writing. Sample phrases and sentences from authentic student writing as well as their improved versions are provided to each of the guidelines so that a reader has a deeper insight into how the principles work in a specialist context. Because problems with, for example, research papers, grant proposals or reports are common to various disciplines and at various levels, the Author of the paper draws conclusions that these principles should be implemented not only in a technical but also legal, medical and business writing course offered by English teachers to both young researchers and experienced scientists.

Des perspectives rigoureuses pour la linguistique

A reading of many recent publications shows that theoretical concerns in the field of linguistics have declined, even though the founders of the discipline all emphasised the central importance of its role. This article aims to show how linguistic description has progressed thanks to the different theoretical tools that have been developed in the course of research. From this point of view, this article illustrates the following facts: lexicon, semantics and syntax are not separate instances but together form the units that are sentences. The elements of sentences must be described in terms of the set of properties that characterise them. This is the case for regular sequences. Finally, one of the promising objectives consists in finding a reasoned classification of fixed sequences. Linguistics, like any science, cannot do without theoretical tools.

Automation of Function Assignment in the Models of Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition

This article explores the concept of function assignment in first language (L1) and second language (L2) speech production, compares automation of function assignment in L1 and L2 speech production, pursues factors hampering automation of function assignment in L2 speech production, and discusses how to improve automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Grammatical encoding, of which function assignment is one of the subordinate processes, is also one of the processes in L2 speech production. While function assignment in L1 speech production is mostly automatic, it demands much attentional resources and is executed under conscious supervision in L2 speech production. L2 learners’ incomplete knowledge of the target language and their limited working memory resources hamper automation of function assignment in L2 speech production. Furthermore, as per generative models of learning, to improve automation of function assignment, teachers can either adopt strategies or improve instructional designs targeting this subprocess. Together, this conceptual paper gives a comprehensive overview of automation of function assignment, explores its impact on second language acquisition (SLA), and reveals that it is feasible to facilitate automation of function assignment in L2 speech production by improving instructional designs, especially the presentation methods of sentence elements.

Text Generation in Dialogue System via Deep Neural Network

At present, the research on text generation focuses on the article, and there is still a large gap in the study of dialogue. At present, the task of generating sentence level has achieved good results. How to generate a complete dialogue is still challenging, and the semantic coherence involved in the dialogue is a very important issue. In view of the above problems, our research is to generate dialogue text according to dialogue elements, and construct a dialogue text generation model to realize the organization of known discrete questions and key words of answer elements into a smooth dialogue. We use the deep learning method to divide the whole dialogue text generation model into two parts. Firstly, the dialogue elements are organized into the correct dialogue process and process, and then the answer elements in the answer sentence are improved into fluent sentences. Finally, by connecting the two models, we can generate fluent multi round dialogue texts according to the dialogue elements. We test and verify the two models, and the results show that this method can organize the dialogue process, improve the dialogue answers and generate the dialogue text.

Comparison of Behavior-Related Features in the MMSE Sentence in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Despite the ubiquity of cognitive assessments using the MMSE, there has been little investigation of currently unscored features of the MMSE sentence item relevant to behavior and language in patients with behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Objective: To describe and compare the unscored content and grammar elements of the MMSE sentence item in patients with bvFTD and AD.Methods: Categorization of predefined content and grammar elements of the MMSE sentence was performed by two blinded raters in patients with bvFTD (n = 74) and AD (n = 84). Chi-square and ANCOVAs were conducted to identify differences between the diagnostic groups. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether these features aid in the prediction of diagnosis of bvFTD or AD.Results: A higher proportion of patients with bvFTD wrote sentences addressed to the examiner (22.7% vs. 4.7%, X2 = 11.272, p = 0.001) and about interpersonal relationships (35.3% vs. 16.0%, X2 = 10.139, p = 0.017) in comparison to those with AD. The number of words written was lower in patients with AD and was positively correlated with lower total MMSE scores in AD but not in bvFTD (AD: r = 0.370, p < 0.001; FTD: r = 0.209, p = 0.07). Assessment of the MMSE sentence content and grammar variables did not add to the prediction bvFTD or AD diagnosis beyond the variance explained by age and total MoCA score.Conclusions: Patients with bvFTD and AD showed differences in aspects of the content of the written MMSE sentence item, though these differences did not aid in the diagnosis prediction.

Ketidakefektifan Kalimat dalam Surat Pembaca Bali Post Periode Januari--Agustus 2020-converted

This article is entitled "The Ineffectiveness of Sentences in Bali Post Readers' Letter for the January - August 2020 Period". The topic selection was based on the ineffective sentence problems found in the Bali Post readers' letters. Ineffective sentences must be avoided so that the process of conveying and receiving information is perfect. The problem is focused on two things. First, the ineffectiveness of the Bali Post sentences for the period January - August 2020. Second, the factors causing the ineffectiveness of the sentence. The theory used is Keraf (1980), Verhaar (1982), Razak (1986), Putrayasa (2010), and Widjono (2012). The method used is descriptive analytic. The data were selected based on purposive sampling technique. The results showed that there were sentence ineffectiveness in the Bali Post 2020 readership letter, such as structural errors, sentence confusion, diction errors, and spelling errors. The ineffectiveness of sentences is caused by several factors, namely the presence of contamination or confusion, pleonasm, ambiguity, ambiguity of sentence elements, redundant prepositions, errors of reasoning, inaccuracy of word forms, inaccurate meanings of words, the influence of foreign languages, and the influence of regional languages.

EKSPRESI MENUNJUK LOKASI OBJEK WISATA BERBASIS WRITING AS COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY OLEH MAHASISWA FAKULTAS PARIWISATA UNTRIM BALI

The study of expression to refer tourist object through writing as cooperative activity is held to identify the structure of expression since this activity gives more time to revise ideas. The idea to write based on own experience of viting object and write it with partner to open access learning together. There are 3 research questions such as form and stucture, information covers and cohesion. Data collected from general English online learning and then analyzed descriptively. To motivate the expected expression, a simple model sentence is provided. Research found out 3 conclusions. First, there are 3 categories based on form and structure chosen, such as (a) copying model in which only a few words are replaced without necessary agrement so that the expression seems similar to model. (b) Modified sentences produce additional sentence elements, for example object uniqueness and the object advantages compared to other. (c) The ability to improve is clearly found in third category where various additional information, such as attractions, photo spots, facilities, entrance tickets, to culinary delights are added. (2) The coverage of expressions includes six of the eight commonly used to refers object, i.e object name, region, theme, closest object, icon, and access. (3) The cohesion is done by cohesion tools, such as this, there, and introductory. Keywords: expression to refer tourist object, form and stucture, coverage, cohesion.

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH: FUNCTIONAL SYNTAX APPROACH

Many approaches in syntax give a deeper chance to analyze the sentence beyond its formal structure even though those approaches focus on the issues of words category, function and role in a sentence construction. The approach of functional syntax emphasizes the sentence structure on the ‘role’ of each function in each category of words that construct the sentence. This paper analyzes simple sentence in English especially declarative sentence to describe the constituent units and the function structure of simple sentence with active voice. The analysis employs Morley’s Functional Syntax Approach to identify the function of each english active sentence element and describe the structure of a simple sentence in English. The results of analysis show that simple sentence can have a syntactic function structure ofS-P-O, S-P-C, or S-P-ACIRC with a functional role structure which is principally composed of semantic roles of the filler elements of each function in the form of participant-process-entity/thing; participant-process-quality or participant-process-feature/quality. The semantic role of the verbs in a sentence determine the elements of filler before and after the verb given in a sentence.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Functional syntax, verbs, semantic role, syntactic function.&#x0D;

Thematic and Informational Structure in English Journalistic Discourse

Theme is the point of departure of a clause. The organization of sentence has two parts theme and rheme. The theme typically contains familiar known or given information , and frequently serves to present given information. Rheme is the rest of the message , so rheme contains new information. The present study investigates thematic and informational structure in journalistic discourse headline and text in nominalization , nominal group, and passivation. The journalistic discourse consists mainly of declarative sentences to avoid breaks. The word order of thematic element patterns and their organization occur according to the term of markedness , unmarked and marked themes. The sentence elements in thematic position attract the readers' attention as noted by Halliday (2014). The data of the study have been taken from varied English newspaper, magazine and journals. The models are Halliday's (1985,2014) functional grammar and Paltridge's thematic progressions ( Zig-Zag , Continuous reiteration , C gap , C type and multiple theme /split rheme).

Kalimat Teks Eksposisi Karya Siswa Kelas VIII SMP

This study aims to describe the structure of single sentence patterns of seventh-grade students of SMPN 1 Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative. The object of this research is a student worksheet in the form of an exposition text, with the research subject being the students of SMP N 1 Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The results showed 89 data elements in a single sentence pattern in the exposition text of class VIII students of SMP N 1 Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The sentence structure with the S + P pattern consists of 2 data (2%), the use of the S + P + O pattern element is 17 sentences from 89 data (19%), the use of the S + P + Pel pattern element is 20 sentences from 89 data (24%), the use of the S+P+Ket pattern element contained 15 sentences from 89 data (7%), the use of the S+P+O+Pel pattern element contained 18 sentences from 89 data (22.5%), and the S sentence element pattern +P+O+Ket there are 17 sentences from 89 data (18%). In conclusion, the most widely used single sentence pattern element in the exposition text of VIII grade students of SMP N 1 Guguak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency is the S+P+Pel pattern.&#x0D; Keywords: Sentence Pattern Structure, Exposition Text

EKSPRESI MENUNJUK LOKASI OBJEK WISATA BERBASIS WRITING AS COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY OLEH MAHASISWA FAKULTAS PARIWISATA UNTRIM BALI

The study of expression to refer tourist object through writing as cooperative activity is held to identify the structure of expression since this activity gives more time to revise ideas. The idea to write based on own experience of viting object and write it with partner to open access learning together. There are 3 research questions such as form and stucture, information covers and cohesion. Data collected from general English online learning and then analyzed descriptively. To motivate the expected expression, a simple model sentence is provided. Research found out 3 conclusions. First, there are 3 categories based on form and structure chosen, such as (a) copying model in which only a few words are replaced without necessary agrement so that the expression seems similar to model. (b) Modified sentences produce additional sentence elements, for example object uniqueness and the object advantages compared to other. (c) The ability to improve is clearly found in third category where various additional information, such as attractions, photo spots, facilities, entrance tickets, to culinary delights are added. (2) The coverage of expressions includes six of the eight commonly used to refers object, i.e object name, region, theme, closest object, icon, and access. (3) The cohesion is done by cohesion tools, such as this, there, and introductory. Keywords: expression to refer tourist object, form and stucture, coverage, cohesion.

The Syntactic Role of Arabic Language on Accusative Adjunct in The Book Nashā'iḥul-‘Ibād: An Overview to The Grammar Role and Reference

&lt;p&gt;This research explains the categories and syntactic roles of Arabic in the book &lt;em&gt;Nashâ? Iħul-ʕIbâd&lt;/em&gt; by Syekh Nawawi Al-Bantani based on the theory of roles and references grammar. This research is a descriptive qualitative with a purposive sampling method of presenting data that is separated from 112 data. The research method used in this study is the Agih method with basic techniques for direct elements using advanced techniques in the form of markup reading techniques on lingual element in Arabic grammar. The theory for determining the accusative adjunct markers of Arabic used is Valin's (1993) role and reference grammar theory using Kroeger's (2005) definition to look for core and peripheral elements in sentences. This research has found that the word categories of accusative adjunct can be the noun 'ism', the determiner 'muhaddad', the adjective 'naʕt', the adverb 'dharf', and the negation 'nafi', while the phrase category is the nominal phrase 'al-ʕibarah. al-ismiyyah ', the adverbial phrase 'al-ʕibarah adh-dharfiyyah ', and the adjective phrase' al-ʕibarah an-naʕʈiyyah '. In terms of the role of grammar syntax role and reference, adjunct can have any function as a clause modifier with evidential functions, as a core modifier with a function of manner, place, location, cause, and quantity, and also as a nucleus modifier with a affirmating function.&lt;/p&gt;

Determinant in russian language

Adverbs in language isone of the important issues that linguists have considered. Russian as one of the branches of the Indo-European languages is no exception. A special interest in this category, in Russian language, was prompted after Shviedova's article on determinant, which caused a lot of disagreements and controversies. In this paper, using a library resource analysis method and matching samples taken from resources, a new categorization of determinant is proposed emphasizing on whether the adverb binds up the verb or the sentence. To this end, we first refer to Shviedova's view on the division of the internal elements of sentence and, using Shviedova’s definitions in distinguishing verb adverb and determinant in Russian, some semantic and syntactic criteria are introduced. The examination of the samples taken from the sources show that the determinant is semantically divided into two categories of subject-object determinant and adverb complement determinant. Moreover lexical forms, subordinate clauses that are identified as analyzable sentences, can play the role of determinant since they do not depend on the main clauses.

The Analysis of Correlative Conjunctions Used in Undergraduate Students’ Research Articles

This research belongs to qualitative research. The aims of this research are to identify the types of correlative conjunction and to explain their functions in students’ research articles. The data source of this research is students’ research articles written by undergraduate students of English Language Education Program at Purworejo Muhammadiyah University in the academic year of 2018/2019. In collecting the data, the researcher checked all the research articles published from August 2019 until December 2019. In analyzing the data, the researcher organized the data from the first correlative conjunction until the last correlative conjunction found in research articles; gave code for each of the correlative conjunctions; classified the correlative conjunctions based on the types: both__and, not only__but also, either__or, and neither__nor; classified the correlative conjunctions based on their functions in joining sentence elements such as words, phrases, and clauses; counted the data; discussed the finding; and drew conclusion and suggestion based on the data in this research. The result of this research shows that there are 91 correlative conjunctions found in 46 research articles: 39 both__and (42.86%), 40 not only__but also (43.96%), 8 either__or (8.79%), and 4 neither__nor (4.39%). There are 25 conjunctions connecting words (27.47%), 65 conjunctions connecting phrases (71.43%), and 1 conjunction connecting clauses (1.10%).

Salience-weighted agreement feature hierarchy modulates language comprehension

The brain establishes relations between elements of an unfolding sentence in order to incrementally build a representation of who is doing what based on various linguistic cues. Many languages systematically mark the verb and/or its arguments to imply the manner in which they are related. A common mechanism to this end is subject-verb agreement, whereby the marking on the verb covaries with one or more of the features such as person, number and gender of the subject argument in a sentence. The cross-linguistic variability of these features would suggest that they may modulate language comprehension differentially based on their relative weightings in a given language. To test this, we investigated the processing of subject-verb agreement in simple intransitive Arabic sentences in a visual event-related brain potential (ERP) study. Specifically, we examined the differences, if any, that ensue in the processing of person, number and gender features during online comprehension, employing sentences in which the verb either showed full agreement with the subject noun (singular or plural) or did not agree in one of the features. ERP responses were measured at the post-nominal verb. Results showed a biphasic negativity−late-positivity effect when the verb did not agree with its subject noun in either of the features, in line with similar findings from other languages. Crucially however, the biphasic effect for agreement violations was systematically graded based on the feature that was violated, which is a novel finding in view of results from other languages. Furthermore, this graded effect was qualitatively different for singular and plural subjects based on the differing salience of the features for each subject-type. These results suggest that agreement features, varying in their salience due to their language-specific weightings, differentially modulate language comprehension. We postulate a Salience-weighted Feature Hierarchy based on our findings and argue that this parsimoniously accounts for the diversity of existing cross-linguistic neurophysiological results on verb agreement processing.

Sustantivos e interrogativas encubiertas en español

Since Baker (1968) suggested the term concealed question —which, following Autor (forthcoming), we translate as “interrogativa encubierta”— to refer to a DP that complements a verb and can be paraphrased by an indirect question (Preguntó el precio/Preguntó cuál era el precio), one of the most debated issues in the literature on languages other than Spanish has been, beside the concept of concealed question itself, what nouns can appear in this type of constructions. However, this issue has practically gone unnoticed in the descriptive grammar of Spanish. This article aims to deal with the ensuing shortcomings of Spanish grammar as well as to review the proposals that fall outside the context of Hispanic linguistics. Most importantly, on the assumption that concealed questions are predicate complements that are remaining elements of an elliptical specificational copular sentence within an indirect question, it will be shown that the type of noun, though irrelevant for the licensing of this kind of structure, plays an important role in its interpretation.

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 6. The Еxternal Logic

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.