Elements In Ash Research Articles

USE OF PERSPECTIVE VARIETIES OF BLACK CURRANT IN THE FORMATION OF PRODUCTS OF MEDICINAL AND PREVENTIVE PURPOSE

Researches of chemical indicators of quality of black currant berries growing in the South of Russia are carried out. The dependences of the accumulation of soluble dry substances; acids, which are represented by citric, Apple and amber; vitamins C and P, taking into account varietal characteristics. Black currant occupies a leading place among berry crops on the content of biologically active substances. Some varieties are able to meet the daily need for vitamins C and P (more than 100 mg/100 g): grace, Nara, Black pearls, Black veil. High content of mineral substances is noted in the varieties Grazia, Nara, Black veil. Of all the ash elements, the largest proportion is potassium, then calcium, magnesium, sodium, the level of which is almost 2 times higher than their number in other berry crops. The problem-oriented approach is applied, which allows to solve the problems of meeting the medical and biological requirements and compliance with the basic technological principles of production of therapeutic and prophylactic products. Models of compounding compositions for choosing the optimal ingredient composition of canned food are made. The necessary amount of fruit ingredients that provide a certain biological value has been established. New types of food products have been developed: jam «Currant-cherry plum» from fruit and berry raw materials optimally balanced in ingredient composition, therapeutic and preventive purposes; confiture «Currant-strawberry», which is a source of vitamins (C, P), polyphenols, pectin substances, macro-and microelements, in a complex providing an increase in the protective reactions of the human body and 50 % or more satisfying its daily need.

Biochemical composition of emmer wheat (Triticum Dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl) grain depending on the variety

The article presents the research results of the biochemical composition of grain – the content of protein, starch, ash, chemical elements in wheat grains (emmer, soft). The sedimentation index according to Zelen test, and the proportion of chemical elements in the grain ash were determined. It is known that the grain of diff erent wheat varieties diff er in size and content of anatomical components, which aff ects its biochemical composition. Modern wheat varieties can form grain with the protein content of about 20 %. Emmer is of high value as a raw material for dietary food. Biochemical components of emmer wheat grain, especially of new varieties, are poorly investigated. Therefore, studies on the biochemical composition of emmer wheat grain new varieties and lines are relevant. The aim of the study was to investigate the issue of then emmer wheat biochemical components, depending on the genotype. To properly evaluate the crop, the tasks of the study were performed – the protein and starch content, number of falls, ash content, trace element content, sedimentation index according to Zelen test were determined. The studies were conducted during 2017–2019 with Holikovska emmer wheat variety and LP 1152 line, grown under the Right-bank forest steppe. It was found that the biochemical composition of wheat grain (emmer, soft) signifi cantly depends on the varietal characteristics, agri-technical and weather conditions. The highest protein content and sedimentation index according to the Zelen test had the LP 1152 wheat line – 16.2 % and 53.9 cm3, respectively. In Holikovska emmer variety, these indicators were at the level of soft wheat Odessa Epoch variety – 13.8 % and 45.8 cm3 respectively. Protein content has greatly varied over the years of research. In emmer wheat grain – from 15.2 to 17.3 %, and in Holikovska variety – from 11.7 to 15.3 %. There is a strong correlation between protein content in grain and sedimentation index according to Zelen test. The starch content varied from 48.5 to 69.1 % in Holikovska variety grain and from 50.0 to 61.7 % in LP 1152 line grain. The alpha amylase activity of wheat varieties has been low throughout the research years. The average ash content of Holikovska wheat grain was 1.81 %, the LP 1152 line was 1.95 %, which is 19–22 % higher compared to the standard varieties, respectively, the variety Akratos and Age of Odessa. Emmer wheat grain has a signifi cantly higher content of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc and copper. Key words: wheat, emmer, variety, biochemical composition, protein, starch, chemical elements, sedimentation.

Decomposition rate of peat-forming plants at the initial stages of destruction in peat deposits of the oligotrophic bogs “Bakcharskoe” and “Timiryasevskoe”

The research presents quantitative estimates of the decomposition rate of plant residues at the initial stages of the decay of four plant species (Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex rostrata, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum angustifolium) in peat deposits of the oligotrophic bogs in the southern taiga subzone of Western Siberia. We also studied the change in the content of total carbon, nitrogen and ash elements in plant residues and the activity of microflora at the initial stages of decomposition. The studies were conducted in the bogs characterized by various hydrothermal conditions. At the initial stage of the decay of peat-forming plants the maximum losses of mass occur in the first month of the experiment and reach 36-52% of the total loss of organic matter during the growing season. Sphagnum fuscum is the most resistant to decomposition. The most intense decomposition of Sphagnum fuscum at the initial stages of decomposition is characteristic for warmer and less humid conditions of the Timiryazevskoe bog. It was revealed that mass losses of organic matter correlate well with total carbon losses. The most intensive decreasing of the total carbon content as well as mass loss of organic matter are observed after the first month of the experiment. The maximal decline of carbon in plant residues was received for Eriophorum vaginatum. During the decomposition of plant residues, the nitrogen content was decreasing, and the most intense nitrogen losses were characteristic for Sphagnum mosses. Nitrogen loss in peat-forming plants during the first month of decomposition varies depending on the locality conditions, but it becomes equal during the later decomposition stages. At the first stages of decomposition of plant residues, both the accumulation and the loss of ash elements were observed in the samples. Both the Bakcharskoe and Timiryazevskoe bogs were characterized by the accumulation of ash elements in plant samples of Eriophorum vaginatum. Dynamics of mass loss and removal of elements are directly related to the activity of microorganisms. The maximum number of microorganisms was found in July and September. Peat and plant samples located in the peat deposit of the Timiryazevskoe bog are more saturated with microorganisms of the nitrogen cycle, and samples from the Bakcharskoe bog are richer in carbon cycle microorganisms. Microorganisms of the lignocellulosic complex were less active as compared with other groups of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms assimilating the mineral forms of nitrogen are on average 1.5 times less than the number of microorganisms assimilating the organic forms. The positive correlation between the nitrogen content and the number of fungi was found. In addition, correlation between the numbers of denitrifiers and oligotrophs was found. It is explained by trophic relationshipsbetween these groups of microorganisms.

Recycling of Waste Materials for Stabilizing Ash from Co-Combustion of Municipal Solid Wastes with an Olive By-Product: Soil Leaching Experiments

In the context of the current environmental policies of the European Union promoting the recycling and reuse of waste materials, this work aimed at investigating the environmental impact of ashes produced from the co-combustion of municipal solid wastes with olive kernel in a fixed bed unit. Lignite fly ash, silica fume, wheat straw ash, meat and bone meal biochar, and mixtures of them were used as stabilizing ash materials. All solids were characterized by physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses. Column leaching tests of unstabilized and stabilized ash through a quarzitic soil were conducted, simulating field conditions. pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, sulphate and phosphate ions, major and trace elements in the leachates were measured. The results showed that alkaline compounds were partially dissolved in water extracts, increasing their pH and thus decreasing the leachability of heavy metals from the ash. Cr leached from unstabilized ash reached a hazardous level. Upon the stabilization of ash, the concentrations of heavy metals in the extracts were reduced between 9% and 100%, and were below legislation limits for disposal, apart from Cr. The latter was achieved only when meat and bone meal biochar was used as stabilizer. Entrapment of ash elements was assigned to the amorphous silica and to the phosphates of the stabilizing materials, as well as complexed silicates formed during the process.

Crystal Morphology Analysis for Heavy Elements in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly and Bottom Ash by X-ray Characterization Techniques.

The elemental and crystalline phase compositions of fly ash collected before and after spraying of the ash with slaked lime (first and second fly ash) and the bottom ash of municipal solid waste collected at an incineration plant were analyzed using powder briquette by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Rietveld refinement by X-ray diffraction. The crystalline and amorphous phase contents were quantified by adding 10% corundum as an internal standard. In the first fly ash, SiO2, Cl, and CaO were the main components, and several thousand ppm (μg/g) of Zn and Pb were detected. Anhydrite, gehlenite, and amorphous phases were the main phases in the first fly ash samples. The components of the first fly ash originated exclusively from the incineration of municipal solid waste in a furnace. The crystal morphologies of the heavy elements in the ash samples were estimated by determining the correlations among the concentrations of all the elements. The heavy elements in the bottom ash showed no strong correlations with other elements; therefore, the heavy elements in the bottom ash were present in an amorphous phase.

Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Coal Ashes from Two High-Sulfur Coal-Fired Power Plants in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, China

The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the feed coals and coal combustion products (CCPs) from two power plants (Xilaifeng and Damo) that consume coals from the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, were investigated, using XRD, SEM–EDS, XRF, and ICP-MS. The feed coals from Xilaifeng and Damo are both of high ash yield (52.93% and 48.36%, respectively), and medium and high total sulfur content (2.22% and 3.32%, respectively). The minerals in the feed coals are primarily composed of kaolinite, quartz, illite, pyrite, and, to a lesser extent, gypsum and anatase. In addition to the elevated incompatible elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Th), Li and Hg are enriched in the feed coals from the Xilaifeng and Damo power plants, respectively. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are more enriched in the feed coals from Xilaifeng (194 μg/g) than those of Damo (93.9 μg/g). The inorganic phases of CCPs from both power plants are mainly composed of amorphous phase, quartz, hematite, illite, and anhydrite. Compared with the feed coals, concentrations of most trace elements in the CCPs are elevated, and they are preferentially enriched in the fly ashes relative to the bottom ashes (*f/b > 1), especially F, As, Sr, Mo, Se, and Hg (*f/b > 2.5). Furthermore, most trace elements (Xilaifeng: excluding Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Rb, Nb and Cs; Damo: excluding Li, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Cs and Ba) are more enriched in the (fine) fly ashes relative to the laboratory high-temperature coal ashes (HTAs). The REY barely differentiate in either the fly ash or bottom ash from Xilaifeng. In contrast, the REY in the fine and coarse fly ashes from Damo have very similar H-type distribution patterns with negative Ce and slightly positive Y anomalies. Attention should be paid to the enriched toxic elements (including F, As and Hg) in the fly ashes from both power plants due to possible adverse environmental effect.

Phytotoxicity of coal fly ash on plant growth and heavy metal uptake by plant in an acid soil

Considering the content of various elements in coal fly ash (CFA), it has the potential to be used as an additional source of nutrients in the soil. However, the use of CFA for agriculture is still debated because CFA contains several metal elements. The purpose of this study was to study the CFA phytotoxicity to seed germination and metal uptake by plants on acid soil. The first experiment was the study of the effect of extracts of various CFA and soil mixtures (5% - 45% CFA) on the germination of mustard seeds. The second study was a CFA phytotoxicity test for plant growth and metal uptake by the mustard plant. Results of the first experiment showed that the application of CFA had no significant effect on mustard seed germination, but had a significant effect on radicle length. CFA application increased the uptake of Pb and Cu by plant along with the increase in the proportion of CFA in the CFA + soil mixture. The contents of Cu and Pb in the mustard plant due to CFA application up to 30% were still below the threshold levels of Cu (36 ppm) and Pb (2 ppm).

Studies on quality standards of Poria

In order to provide scientific recommendations for the revision of the quality standards of Poria in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch. P) 2020 edition, a series of experiments were carried out to improve the quality standards of Poria. TLC methods were established to identify Poria by using pachymic acid, dehydrotumulosic acid and reference herbs as reference substances. The contents of water, total ash, pesticide residues, heavy metals and deleterious element, mycotoxins, sulfur dioxide residues and ethanol-soluble extract of herbal materials and decoction pieces of Poria were determined according to the methods recorded in the volume Ⅳ of Ch. P 2015 edition. An HPLC method was developed for the determination of pachymic acid and dehydropachymic acid. The contents of polysaccharide were determined by spectrophotometry using D-glucose as reference substance. The quality standards were established on the basis of the research results, in which the [assay] were added, and the [identification] and [tests] were revised when compared with Ch. P 2015 edition. The established methods are simple, specific, repeatable, and suitable for the quality evaluation of Poria.

Improving the Quality of Crop Residues by the Reduction of Ash Content and Inorganic Constituents

In this study, the mechanical size fractionation technique and the water leaching technique were applied in sequence to reduce the ash content of crop residues to target value of 6% db (dry basis) following the applicable standard. Results showed that the finest fraction of ground crop residues (< 0.25 mm) had much higher ash content than the coarser fractions, thus demonstrating that size fractionation can reduce the need for leaching as ash removal technique, and it was most effective for corn stover. For a water-to-biomass ratio (w/w) of 30, the final ash contents of the biomass materials involved in all experimental treatments were effectively reduced to below the target value. Canola straw had the highest ash removal efficiency and element removal efficiency as compared to wheat straw and corn stover. Even though the leaching condition (12 h, 25 °C) was adequate for effective ash reduction, SiO2 removal efficiency could be significantly improved when the leaching temperature was raised from 25 °C to 45 °C. A preliminary cost analysis indicated that biomass pretreatment by mechanical size fraction followed by water leaching as needed would lead to a 30% increase in the total production cost (TPC) of agro-pellets, and this is significantly lower than the increase in TPC by 66% if the pretreatment is done by water leaching only of the ground crop residues.

Recommendations on quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)

The present research was launched to improve the quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma and supply scientific evidence and recommendations for the quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch. P) 2020 edition. The contents of water, total ash, heavy metals and deleterious element, pesticide residues and alcohol-soluble extract were analyzed according to the methods listed in the volume Ⅳ of Ch. P 2015 edition. Alisol B 23-acetate, alisol C 23-acetate and reference herbs were used to identify Alismatis Rhizoma by TLC method, which was developed by using a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol(15∶1) as developing solvent on silica gel GF_(254 )precoated plates. In HPLC method, alisol B 23-acetate and alisol C 23-acetate were separated with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase and detected at 208 nm and 246 nm, respectively. Thirty-seven batches of crude drugs, thirty batches of prepared slices and nineteen batches of salt prepared slices of Alismatis Rhizoma were determined according to the methods established. The quality standards established based on the research results were specific and repeatable, and suitable for the quality evaluation of Alismatis Rhizoma. We recommended that the botanical sources, TLC examination, alcohol-soluble extract of salt prepared slices and content determination should be revised in the Ch. P 2020 edition.

Semi-quantitative determination of ash element content for freeze-dried, defatted, sulfated and pyrolysed biomass of Scenedesmus sp.

BackgroundEnergy demand by mankind has become one of the most important aspects of our society. A promising technology that seeks to provide part of the energy demand and to obtain high-value products is the thermochemical conversion of microalgae biomass. Inorganic species presented in microalgae biomass may act as catalysts for thermochemical reactions and are responsible for notorious ash-related issues during thermochemical decomposition.ResultsIn this study, the freeze-dried biomass of Scenedesmus sp. was used to evaluate the lipid extraction methodology regarding a sonication bath as pretreatment technique for cell disruption followed by vortex mixing and n-hexane as solvent. It is also presented the lipid and amino acid profiles for Scenedesmus sp. The freeze-dried biomass was pyrolysed through a TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), with heating rates of 20 °C/min, from 100 to 650 °C. The ash and sulfated ash contents were accurately determined by combustion of biomass in a muffle furnace. The element component of ashes of the freeze-dried, defatted, pyrolysed and sulfated biomasses was determined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) fitted with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The lipid content obtained for Scenedesmus sp. dry biomass was 16.72% (± 0.03). The content of the sulfated ash obtained was 17.81 ± 0.15%. The SEM–EDS technique identified different mineral compounds in ashes, allowing to quantify Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Co and Br, as well as oxides.ConclusionThe results suggest a possible strategy to evaluate in a semi-quantitative manner the ash composition of freeze-dryed, defatted, sulfated and pyrolysed biomass of Scenedesmus sp. and its feasibility in using Scenedesmus sp. biomass in different thermochemical conversion strategies to achieve processes with positive energy ratio, representing potential use both environmental and energetically.

Productivity of sugar sorghum as affected by the elements of the technology of cultivation in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To find out the dependence of sugar sorghum productivity on varietal characteristics, the sowing date and the harvesting date in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. The biological and statistical methods were used in the research. Biological methods included field experiments and monitoring of productivity indicators. The results were processed using the following statistical methods: descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation analysis.Results. The degree of the effect of varietal characteristics, sowing date, harvesting date and weather conditions on the productivity and quality of sugar sorghum biomass have been established. The yield of green biomass, the sugar content of the juice and the dry matter content of sugar sorghum hybrid ‘Mamont’ exceeded the corresponding indicators of the variety ‘Sylosne 42’. Harvesting sugar sorghum of the ‘Sylosne 42’ variety and the ‘Mamont’ hybrid in the wax ripeness phase increased the yield of green biomass by 10.4 and 9.5 %, respectively, the sugar content of the juice by 1.8 times, and the dry matter content by 32.6 and 18.3 %, the crude ash content in this case decreased by 4.6 and 3.0 % compared with the phase of booting.Conclusions. The yield of green biomass depends on the varietal characteristics of sugar sorghum (36.5 %), the sowing date (12.1 %) and the harvesting date (12.2 %). A close relationship (R2=0.76) between the yield of green biomass and the length of the vegetation period of sugar sorghum had been established. To obtain a high yield of green biomass of sugar sorghum, its seeds should be sown in late April – early May, and the biomass should be collected no earlier than September in the phase of full ripeness of seeds. The dominant effect on the variation in the sugar content of the juice made the harvesting date (68.1 %). The effect of sowing dates, weather conditions and varietal characteristics on the sugar content in the juice was significantly less and amounted to 2.7, respectively; 2.3 and 1.0 %. Harvesting sugar sorghum in the wax ripeness phase provided a 1.8 times higher sugar content of the juice compared to the phase of booting, and further transfer of harvesting time to the full ripeness phase insignificantly increased the sugar content of the juice. The accumulation of dry matter in sugar sorghum plants was influenced by the harvesting date (54.5 %), the sowing date (5.2 %), weather conditions (3.3 %) and varietal characteristics (0.3 %). Delay in sowing date for every 10 days since the end of April leads to a decrease in the dry matter content in the biomass of sugar sorghum by an average of 1%. Extension of the vegetation by 1 day due to the later harvesting of biomass increases the dry matter content by 0,25 %. The influence of varietal characteristics (12.4 %), sowing date (1.9 %) and harvesting date (23.6 %) on the content of crude ash in the sugar sorghum was established. With an increase in the growing season, the content of ash elements in the biomass of sugar sorghum, both varieties and hybrids, decreased significantly. In terms of yield of green biomass (91.5 t/ha), sugar content of juice (12.7 %) and dry matter content (24.6 %), Sorghum sugar hybrid 'Mamont' exceeded the 'Sylosne 42' variety, the corresponding indices of which were 70,8 t/ha, 12 % and 24.0 %, while the content of ash elements in the biomass of the hybrid was lower than that of the variety.

The Effects of the Recycled Polyethylene on the Properties of Special Material Blends for Pipe and Final Products

A detail comparison between recycled polyethylene (RPE) compounds and special material for pipe in respects of mechanical properties, antioxidant performance, metal contents and rheological behaviours was performed. The results showed that the MFR, the content of ash and typical metallic element of blends increased with the RPE component, while the OIT, fracture strain and impact strength tend to decrease. However, for those unused waste PE there’s no significant difference in most performance parameters compared with the new ones, especially when the RPE content was lower. In contrast, the content of typical metallic element such as Ferrum (Fe) and Calcium (Ca) can still be a crucial indicator for distinguishing the existence of RPE. Undoubtedly, the test of pipe products proved that the introduction of RPE caused the decrease of pressure resistance and resistance to slow cracking.

Evaluation of ash composition and deposition tendencies of biomasses and torrefied products from woody and shrubby feedstocks: SRC poplar clones and common broom

This work intended to compare ash composition and deposition tendencies biomasses and of torrefied products of SRC poplar clones and common broom. These biomasses were assessed in a previous study as these delivering torrefied products with better fuel quality. Ash analysis for quantification of inorganic major and minor ash elements of biomasses and torrefied products was performed with an inductively coupled plasma- optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The ash melting profiles were experimentally determined. These results allowed the calculation of empirical indexes for evaluation of slagging and fouling tendencies. Independence was established between torrefaction dynamics properties such as mass loss, fixed carbon, volatiles and ash inorganic components for biomasses and torrefied products and with physical–chemical deposition indexes. Results showed that biomasses and torrefied products of common broom and in a lesser extent of AF2 and AF8 poplar clones were prone to a silicate melt induced slagging pattern, whilst the other poplar clones’ feedstocks should exhibit an alkali induced slagging profile. Correlation analysis showed different patterns of interconnectedness of ash elements and physical properties for biomasses and torrefied products. For example, initial deformation, hemispheric and flow temperature and alkali indexes were shown with higher relevance for characterization of slag/foul tendencies in biomasses and ash fusibility index, although fundamental for both feedstocks, were more influenced by oxides in torrefied biomasses. In non-torrefied products the major interaction of temperature indexes was observed with alkali indexes. The two databases generated in this work on ash composition and properties of biomasses and torrefied products can contribute to planning of research actions on biomass torrefaction as a tool for upgrading of solid biofuel qualities.

Characterizing Volcanic Ash Elements from the 2015 Eruptions of Bromo and Raung Volcanoes, Indonesia

Characterizing Volcanic Ash Elements from the 2015 Eruptions of Bromo and Raung Volcanoes, Indonesia

Physico-chemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Romanian Sea Buckthorn Berries

Physico-chemical parameters of Romanian sea buckthorn fresh or dried berries, including titratable acidity (2.28±0.06 g malic acid/100 g FM), pH (2.60±0.08), contents of moisture (75.94±2.14 g/100 g FM), ash (2.83±0.11 g/100 g DM), ascorbic acid (1337.6±37.2 mg/100 g FM), oil (3.82±0.16 g/100 g FM), and macro elements, mainly K (11654 mg/kg DM), Mg (668 mg/kg DM), Ca (645 mg/kg DM), Na (401 mg/kg DM), and P (271 mg/kg DM), were evaluated in this paper. The most abundant volatile compounds found in the volatile fraction of berries were isopentyl isovalerate (30.8%), heptanal (11.7%), ethyl hexanoate (10.5%), ethyl isovalerate (8.1%), hexanal (7.5%), and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate (6.3%). Total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity (expressed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by inhibition of DPPH) of extract solutions obtained from dried berries by MAE using ethanol/water mixture as a solvent were estimated at different ratios of solvent volume/vegetal material mass (15-30 mL/g) and ethanol/water (50/50, 60/40, 70/30, and 80/20 v/v). Inhibition of DPPH (22.61-48.60%) was well correlated with total phenolic content (4.42-10.04 mg caffeic acid equivalents/g DM) and total flavonoids content (5.37-11.14 mg quercetin equivalents/g DM). Keywords: Sea buckthorn, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, oil, volatiles, minerals, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity

ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПРИ ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОМ ОЗОЛЕНИИ КОСТНОЙ ТКАНИ

The number of studies of ashed biosubstrates in terms of elemental composition is sharply increasing due to the growing interest of living matter. Thus, it is extremely important to know, is the composition of the ashed material reflects the composition of the original object and how elements behave during the process of combustion. To answer these questions, an experiment on the samples of biological material was made. The purpose of the study is to analyze the behavior of elements in the process of high-temperature combustion of bone tissue. During the experiment, the following methods of analysis were used: instrumental neutron activation and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The study shows that most of the elements are concentrated in bone ash during combustion (Li, Na, Mg, P, Ca, Ti, Cu, Zn, Ga, U, Al, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, As, Y,, Zr , Nb, Mo, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Au, W, Bi), while volatilization is observed only for Br, Hg and Sn. The exclusive role of the chemichal compound of the element is shown for the analysis of its behavior. The experiment is aslo shows the role of combustion temperature to predict the behavior of element: it was found that lower temperature of ashing (500 °C) leads to more intensive volatilization of elements. In addition, an algorithm is propesed to convert the content of the element in ash of the bone to dry matter. At the same time, the dependence of the content of elements in the ash on their content in dry tissue were established using mathematical functions with high accuracy of approximation (for Fe, Mg, Zn, As, Pr, Ce, W, Zr, Cd, Cr, Sb, Mn, Ga, Nb, Pb, and U).

Assessment of yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms

The article presents the results of experimental data characterizing the yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms obtained by their cultivation on the substrate with the use of organic additives of plant and animal origin - waste of food and processing industries: sunflower husks, meat and buckwheat meal and coarse grains. The yield of mushrooms is estimated by periods of substrate preparation (winter and summer) and fruit-bearing waves. Higher yield of mushrooms of mushrooms of double-spore champignon was obtained on the substrate prepared in summer for two waves of fruiting. Assessment of the quality of mushrooms involved studying the content of protein, fiber, fat and ash elements (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and magnesium). The results show that sunflower husk and meat and bone meal are the best organic additives that not only increase the yield of mushrooms, but also their quality. The study shows that the quality of mushrooms obtained in the second wave is significantly higher than the quality of mushrooms obtained in the previous wave. Positive is the fact that the use of organic waste in industrial mushroom production contributes to the efficient management of, as a rule, little used by-products of food and processing industries.

Possibility of drying oak and ash elements with bark

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the possibility of drying oak and ash elements with the presence of tree bark on one side of the element (bark edge). One batch was dried per species, and the process was controlled by moisture content (MC) probes in the kiln, but also determined by the oven-dry method. Drying defects and their causes were also analyzed. The results showed that conventional drying can be used for this purpose - the duration is relatively short (up to 7 days), and the variation of the final MC is relatively small. The main problem is a relatively large number of crooked elements at the end of drying, particularly those where the share of wood in relation to the bark was small. Very high axial shrinkage coefficients of the bark (4.5 times higher than wood) are the cause of these deformations.

Synthesis and Characterization of Mullites From Silicoaluminous Fly Ash Waste

Fly ash is considered one of the major hazardous pollutants around the globe. Every year a million tonnes of fly ash is disposed of into the fly ash ponds which are major sites of pollution. The major fractions of fly ash are silicates, aluminates, and ferrous substances followed by minor traces element oxides. The aluminates and silicates comprise of 70% of the fly ash. The aluminates and silicates are present in fly ash in the form of crystalline mullites and sillimanites. Mullites being inert and crystalline are retractile to mineral acids. So, here the authors have reported a novel and simple step for the recovery of all the major elements of fly ash along with recovery of mullites by using hydrofluoric acid at room temperature. The method comprises of treatment of fly ash with diluted hydrofluoric acid for 12 hours under agitation. The recovered white color mullite powder, rod shaped of size 90-300 nm, was analyzed by the sophisticated instruments for the confirmation of the mullite particles.