Elementary Stages Research Articles

Kinetics and mechanisms of leaching of rare earth elements from secondary resources

The study of the kinetics of REEs from secondary resources and the understanding of the mechanisms governing the leaching reactions are fundamental aspects for the design and the optimization of industrial processes. Despite their interest, the kinetic aspect of these valuable elements from secondary resources has not been reviewed yet. Therefore, a deep understanding of the major phenomena involved in the elementary stages of REEs leaching is extremely crucial and would allow setting up a comprehensive methodology for kinetics investigation. This review provides a state of the art on various kinetics approaches describing the leaching kinetics and mechanisms of REEs from secondary resources notably low-grade minerals, industrial residues as well as end-of-life products. Different existing kinetics models applied for the leaching were reviewed and deeply discussed. Meanwhile, comparative study of different leaching mechanisms was also realized for a better understanding of the REEs leaching reactions. More importantly, the effect of different leaching parameters on the kinetics was discussed for further optimization and development of REEs extraction processes from secondary resources. In addition, the comparison of different REEs secondary resources was provided in terms of content, availability and economic opportunities to target the most potentially and economically viable resources.

Kinetic Equations of Physicochemical Processes with Allowance for Multi-Particle Effects in the Lattice Gas Model

A way of deriving kinetic equations of physicochemical processes in dense phases is developed on the basis of the discrete–continuous description of the spatial distribution of components in the lattice gas model (LGM), with allowance for multi-particle effects. The emergence of multi-particle effects is associated with the simultaneous influence of all neighbors on the rate of the elementary stage with the participation of a given particle. They include multi-particle potentials of interaction, including quantum–chemical energy calculations, the effect the configurations of neighboring molecules have on the internal motion of the central particle, and the effects of the indirect correlation of interacting particles that occurs for any potential of pair interaction, assuming the internal motions of particles do not depend on the local configurations of neighbors. Multi-particle effects take models beyond the quasi-chemical approximation, which reflects direct correlations of interacting particles through pair distribution functions, and require the use of correlation functions for a larger number of particles in describing their kinetics. The rates of elementary one- and two-node stages are calculated within the theory of absolute rates of reactions in non-ideal reaction systems. Ways of calculating approximate rates of the elementary stages of mono- and bimolecular processes are discussed, along with the possibilities of generalizing the derived equations.

Single crystal-to-single crystal transformation - from two distinct to three distinct spin crossover centers in 2D coordination polymer [Fe(bbtr)3](CF3SO3)2.

1,4-Di(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)butane (bbtr) forms a two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymer (1) in a reaction with iron(II) triflate. In the crystal lattice there are two crystallographically unique iron(II) ions surrounded octahedrally by a 1,2,3-triazole ring coordinated through nitrogen atoms N3. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that spin crossover for each crystallographically independent iron(II) ion proceeds at a different temperature (T1/2(Fe1) = 201 K; T1/2(Fe2) = 216 K), while the magnetic measurements showed that there is one step, complete thermally induced spin crossover (T1/2 = 205 K). Complex 1 undergoes, with time, single crystal-to-single crystal transformation (SCSC) to the converted system (1c) from the R3̄ to the P63 space group, accompanied by significant changes in the lattice parameter c (a shortening of approximately one-third) and consequently unit cell volume. Structural transformation is associated with rebuilding of the polymeric layer as well as the anion network, which is reflected in the results of Mössbauer studies. In the polymorphic system (1c) there are three crystallographically independent iron(II) ions. The temperature dependence results for magnetic susceptibility indicated complete, one-step spin crossover very similar to that of 1; however, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1c revealed that spin crossover for each crystallographically independent iron(II) ion occurs in a different manner, revealing three elementary stages (T1/2(Fe1) = 200 K; T1/2(Fe2) = 212 K, T1/2(Fe3) = 214 K).

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ КИНЕТИЧЕСКИХ КОНСТАНТ СКОРОСТЕЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНЫХ СТАДИЙ ДЛЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ

Kinetic and mathematical models are given in the paper for the polymerization process under consideration. Mathematical interpretations of direct and inverse kinetic problems are given. The latter is reduced to finding the values of the kinetic constants of the elementary stages of the polymerization process. For preliminary localization of their values and narrowing of the permissible range of their variation, the paper proposes a method for constructing a functional surface in the basic space.

INFLUENCE OF ADDITIONAL SLOW STAGES ON KINETIC REGULARITIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

It is known that mechanisms with a different set of elementary stages are alternatively used to describethe kinetic patterns of chemical reactions involving the same reagents. In this regard, the article introduces two concepts–the "initial" reaction mechanism, which is obtained as a result N.I. Kol’tsovChemChemTech. 2022. V. 65. N 833of experimental studies, and alternative reaction mechanisms thatcan demonstrate dynamic be-havior close to the original mechanism. Alternative mechanisms include all stages of the original mechanism and additional slow stages satisfying certain stoichiometric constraints. The influence of additional dependent and independent slow stages on the patterns of chemical reactions in closed and open reactors of ideal mixing is investigated. It is established that the introduction of slow linearly dependent stages into the reaction mechanism does not significantly affect its kinetic pat-terns. The addition of the reaction mechanism by slow linearly independent stages leads to a change in its dynamics, which does not allow them to be used as part of alternative mechanisms. The article describes an approach that allows us to detectdependent stages, check the possibility of their im-plementation by comparing stationary and non-stationary characteristics (coordinates of stationary states, linear and nonlinear relaxation times, etc.), analyzing the properties of the matrix of stoi-chiometric coefficients (the number of rows and columns) and its rank (the maximum number of independent rows or columns). In this case, the main role is played by stoichiometric conservation laws (stationary and non-stationary), taking into account the peculiarities of their implementation in closed, quasi-open and fully open reactors of ideal mixing. Examples are given demonstrating the influence of additional dependent and independent slow stages on the dynamics of reactions. The results obtained can be useful in practice when solving inverse problems of chemical kinetics to clarify the mechanisms of specific complex reactions.

Unabridged Short Stories by 21st-Century Spanish-Speaking Authors in Teaching Spanish as a Foreign Language

Introduction. The need to include authentic works of fiction in the foreign language teaching process is obvious, but the selection of texts of the appropriate level at the elementary and intermediate stages of Spanish teaching remains a challenge. Since this phenomenon has not been sufficiently explored, the aim of this article is to present a list of unabridged short stories that correspond to the intermediate level (B1 PCIC) and the results of the study on the benefits of using these stories as a means of stimulating communication skills in the Spanish class. Materials and Methods. To study the problem, a Likert scale questionnaire, oral interviews, and a check of the final work were carried out. The study involved 54 students from three Russian universities and one school where Spanish and English are studied in depth. The collected data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics in Microsoft Office Excel. For the study, 36 short stories by contemporary Hispanic authors were selected and pre and post-reading questions were developed to introduce the topic and stimulate oral speech. Results. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that the selected stories correspond to the B1 level of the Cervantes Instituteʼs curriculum, and the topics presented in the stories stimulate communication in the class, pushing the fear of making a mistake into the background. Many Spanish teachers introduce unabridged fiction starting at B2 level. This experiment demonstrates the successful use of short stories at an intermediate level of language proficiency. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study contribute to the development and improvement of the methodology of teaching Spanish with the use of authentic fiction texts. The materials of the article will be useful for practicing teachers and methodologists of the Spanish language.

Manipulating and probing the structural self-optimization in oxygen evolution reaction catalysts

The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has aroused tremendous attention because it involves some significant energy conversion and storage processes at key elementary stages. Actually, the genesis of structural changes in electrochemical catalysts during the reaction process is often actively influenced by both intrinsic factors and various environmental fields. In this short review, we summarized the latest advances in the structural self-reconstruction of OER electrocatalysts, with a focus on the strategies in rationally driving reconstruction as well as the in situ capturing process, through the combination of synchrotron radiation–based multitechniques. Moreover, extensive efforts are encouraged to precisely manipulate the OER catalyst's self-optimization process, with capability to accelerate their high potential for various practical applications.

Digital competence and the use of technological resources by teachers in music conservatories and schools of music

At present, digital technology provides innumerable new possibilities in the field of musical education. Its tools are, without a doubt, a valuable mediator in teaching-learning processes at the levels of elementary and university education, and specialisation. This study examines the knowledge and use of technological resources in the specific sphere of teaching in elementary, intermediate and superior stages in music conservatories and schools of music. By means of an online questionnaire administered to 82 teachers in this field, significant data was obtained regarding said knowledge and use of technological tools. These results provide evidence that those tools are scarcely applied, whether in preparing classes or in learning processes in the classroom. The only positive data appears in connection with the use of sound and sheet music editors.

Empathes: A general code for nudged elastic band transition states search

An easy and flexible interface, Empathes (Extensible Minimum PATH EStimator), that allows to perform Nudged Elastic Band calculation for the determination of transition states is presented. The code is designed to be easily modified, in order to be associated with the user's preferred calculation software, even with those which implement composite approaches. In particular, the interfaces to Gaussian and Siesta programs are discussed in details, being the former only used for testing purpose, while the latter can be productively employed for transition states search with that commonly used density functional theory software for periodic calculations. Program summaryProgram Title:EmpathesCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/v525mwf3cc.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/marberti/empathesCode Ocean capsule:https://codeocean.com/capsule/2394233Licensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: Fortran 08Nature of problem: The search for the structure of transition states through computational methods, essentially based on Density Functional Theory, is of overwhelming importance for the determination of the elementary steps forming a reaction mechanism. Allowing to develop basic knowledge, these investigations can be used to direct experimentalists towards a more efficient realization of chemical compounds synthetic processes. In cases where it is necessary to describe the reactive system through periodic calculations, which is very common in heterogeneous catalysis, this research must be done through the use of non-analytical methods.Solution method: In case of lacking of analytical procedures, the search for the transition states associated with the elementary stages that make up chemical reactions must take place through numerical methods. The Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) approach is, together with its variants, one of the most used for this purpose. In accordance with the NEB algorithm, a chain of geometric structures, generated by interpolating between the reactant and product geometries and joined by fictitious springs, is relaxed on the minimum energy path, allowing the association of the transition state to the maximum along this path. The NEB method involves the determination of molecular energies and forces acting on the nuclei of the system, which is generally carried out through a program for electronic structure calculation. The present code is a useful general interface.

Kinetic scheme of the synthesis of butadiene rubber on a modified lithium catalytic system taking into account its polycentricity

A mathematical simulation of the synthesis of butadiene rubber in a batch reactor under the action of an organolithium catalytic system in the presence of a modifier and with the addition of toluene to a solvent is carried out. A kinetic scheme of the process is proposed and the velocity constants of the elementary stages are determined on the basis of the developed model.

The Degree of Practicing Ethical Leadership by Secondary School Teachers in Jordan: Teachers’ Perspectives

This study aims to identify the degree of practicing ethical leadership by secondary school ‎teachers in Jordan from their perspectives. To achieve the objective of the study, the survey ‎method has been used. Due to the nature of the study, a questionnaire is developed and a simple ‎random sample consisting of (1727) male and female teachers is selected. The results of the study ‎show that the degree of practicing ethical leadership by secondary school teachers in Jordan from ‎their perspectives is of high degree.‎In light of the results of the study, the study has recommended developing training programs for ‎teachers for all educational stages based on the principles and practices of ethical leadership ‎among teachers, motivating teachers who use effective methods in promoting values and ethical ‎character among their students with moral and financial incentives, and conducting more studies ‎on ethical leadership and the degree of its practice in the elementary and preparatory educational ‎stages, and about ethical leadership and its relationship to other variables.‎

The Degree of Practicing Ethical Leadership by Secondary School Teachers in Jordan: Teachers’ Perspectives

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على درجة ممارسة القيادة الأخلاقية من قبل معلمي المرحلة الثانوية في الأردن من وجهة نظرهم. لتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم استخدام طريقة المسح. ونظرا لطبيعة الدراسة فقد تم تطوير استبيان واختيار عينة عشوائية بسيطة مکونة من (1727) معلما ومعلمة. تظهر نتائج الدراسة أن درجة ممارسة القيادة الأخلاقية من قبل معلمي المرحلة الثانوية في الأردن من وجهة نظرهم عالية. في ضوء نتائج الدراسة أوصت الدراسة بوضع برامج تدريبية للمعلمين لجميع المراحل التعليمية بناء على مبادئ وممارسات القيادة الأخلاقية لدى المعلمين ، وتحفيز المعلمين الذين يستخدمون الأساليب الفعالة في تعزيز القيم والشخصية الأخلاقية بين طلابهم. الحوافز المعنوية والمالية ، وإجراء المزيد من الدراسات حول القيادة الأخلاقية ودرجة ممارستها في مرحلتي التعليم الابتدائي والإعدادي ، وحول القيادة الأخلاقية وعلاقتها بالمتغيرات الأخرى. This study aims to identify the degree of practicing ethical leadership by secondary school teachers in Jordan from their perspectives. To achieve the objective of the study, the survey method has been used. Due to the nature of the study, a questionnaire is developed and a simple random sample consisting of (1727) male and female teachers is selected. The results of the study show that the degree of practicing ethical leadership by secondary school teachers in Jordan from their perspectives is of high degree. In light of the results of the study, the study has recommended developing training programs for teachers for all educational stages based on the principles and practices of ethical leadership among teachers, motivating teachers who use effective methods in promoting values and ethical character among their students with moral and financial incentives, and conducting more studies on ethical leadership and the degree of its practice in the elementary and preparatory educational stages, and about ethical leadership and its relationship to other variables.

Identifying the Instructional Strategies Used in Teaching the Reading Skill in Teaching the Arabic Language Courses in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: تحديد استراتيجيات مهارة القراءة المستخدمة في تعليم مقررات اللغة العربية بالمملكة العربية السعودية

This study aimed at identifying the instructional strategies used in teaching the reading skill in teaching the Arabic language courses in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at the different grades of the elementary, intermediate and secondary stages. To achieve this aim, the survey method was used by surveying the literature and related studies that dealt with methods of teaching the reading skill. The results of the study revealed some strategies that are suitable for the reading skill and its aims in education in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These strategies are the correct reading skill and the quality of the reading performance, the strategies of vocabulary acquisition, and the strategies of reading comprehension skill and its analysis and evaluation. The study recommended conducting similar studies that deal with identifying the strategies suitable for teaching the other Arabic language skills: writing, speaking and listening.

طبیعة حل المشکلات الریاضیة اللفظیة فی مناهج الریاضیات للمرحلة الابتدائیة بالمملکة العربیة السعودیة وسنغافورة وبریطانیا والولایات المتحدة الأمریکیة (دراسة مقارنة)

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على طبيعة حل المشکلات الرياضية اللفظية في مناهج الرياضيات للمرحلة الابتدائية بالمملکة العربية السعودية ومقارنتها بمناهج رياضيات سنغافورة وبريطانيا والولايات المتحدة الأمريکية، وذلک للتعرف على نوع المشکلات الرياضية وطريقة صياغتها وأماکن تمرکزها بمنهج رياضيات الصف الأول ابتدائي، والتعرف على عدد خطوات حلها واستراتيجياتها والمجالات الرياضية التي تکررت فيها، وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي من خلال أسلوب تحليل المحتوى، وأظهرت النتائج تفوق کل من دولة سنغافورة وبريطانيا على المملکة العربية السعودية، و أظهرت النتائج بالنسبة لمناهج المملکة العربية السعودية وجود مشکلات رياضية روتينية فقط تم صياغتها بشکل لفظي في معظمها، وتباينت في أماکن تمرکزها بين وجودها بشکل مدمج بالدروس أو استقلالها في درس أو استخدامها کتقويم، واعتمادها على استراتيجيات حل مناسبة للصف الأول الابتدائي، إلا أنه توجد مشکلات تم استخدام عدة خطوات بحلها بدلا من خطوة واحدة أو خطوتين، کما أظهرت النتائج الترکيز في المشکلات الرياضية اللفظية على مجال الأعداد بنسبة تفوق مجال الهندسة، في عدم تواجد لمجال الإحصاء والبيانات. وتوصي الدراسة في ضوء هذه النتائج بالتنويع في المشکلات الرياضية في کتب الرياضيات بالصف الأول ابتدائي من خلال تضمين مشاکل غير روتينية لإثارة التفکير لدى التلاميذ، وصياغتها بطريقة مناسبة، والبعد عن الحشو، والترکيز على الخطوة الواحدة في حل المشکلات الرياضية، وتضمين مجال الإحصاء والبيانات کمشکلات رياضية بسيطة، کما تقترح الدراسة، تحليل محتوى کتب الرياضيات للتعرف على طبيعة المشکلات الرياضية بالمراحل الابتدائية الأخرى ومقارنتها مع الدول الأخرى. The study aims to expose the nature of solving verbal mathematical problems in mathematics curricula for the elementary stage in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and compare them with the mathematics curricula in Singapore, Britain and the United States of America; so as to determine the type of mathematical problems, their formulation methods and their scopes in the first-grade elementary mathematics curriculum; and to identify the number of steps needed to solve them, their strategies, and the mathematical areas in which they were repeated. The descriptive approach was applied through the content analysis method. The results reflected the superiority of both Singapore and Britain over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results also reflected that for the curricula of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia there are only routine mathematical problems that were formulated verbally for the most part with varying scopes whether being integrated in lesson, independent as a lesson or used as an assessment; They relied on solving strategies suitable for the first grade of elementary school, nonetheless there are problems in which several steps were used to solve them instead of one step. The results also reflected that the focus in verbal mathematical problems on the area of numbers is more than in the area of geometry, in the absence of statistics and data areas. In light of these results, the study recommends the diversification of mathematical problems in mathematics books for the first grade of elementary school by including non-routine problems to stimulate thinking among pupils, appropriate formulation, keeping away from unnecessary prolongation, focus on one step in solving mathematical problems, and inclusion of the area of statistics and data as simple mathematical problems; the study also suggests, the analysis of the mathematics books content to identify the nature of mathematical problems in other elementary stages and compare them with other countries.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Media Pembelajaran Matematika di SD Negeri Jatimekar 02

In general, elementary school age children (SD) are experiencing development at their thinking level, elementary school children's thinking stages are still not formal and are still concrete in nature. Therefore, the teacher must present material that is real so that elementary students can understand the concept completely. Based on the results of interviews with several mathematics teachers and principals, information was obtained that mathematics learning is carried out very rarely using media, especially in the form of props or other innovative media. Regarding the above problems, we are interested in conducting training through a community service program entitled "PKM Training on Making Mathematics Learning Media at SDN Jatimekar 02." This PKM is carried out in the form of three meetings training. The training participants were a number of teachers at SDN Jatimekar 02 Pagi. The presentation material in this service activity is: (1) The concept of learning media that is in accordance with the characteristics of Mathematics subjects along with examples of implementation in learning (2) Making learning implementation plans (RPP) with appropriate learning media (3) Simulation of implementing cooperative learning media in learning, and (4) assessment of learning using instructional media. Based on the results of the evaluation, 28 out of 32 participants understood the concept of learning media well, 25 participants were able to develop plans for implementing learning using media, and 30 participants were able to use media when learning in class.

Possibilities of the Molecular Modeling of Kinetic Processes under Supercritical Conditions

Current possibilities of modeling the kinetics of supercritical processes are considered, based on the theory of an absolute rate of the reaction for non-ideal reaction systems, which considers intermolecular interactions that change the effective energy of activation of elementary stages. This allows the theory to describe the rates of elementary stages for arbitrary temperatures and densities of the reagent in different phases. Application of this theory in a wide range of state parameters (pressure and temperature) is examined while calculating elementary bimolecular reactions and dissipative coefficients under supercritical conditions. Generalized dependences within the law of corresponding states are calculated for the compressibility, viscosity, and thermal conductivity coefficients of pure substances and those of the compressibility, self- and mutual diffusion, and viscosity of binary mixtures. The effect density and temperature have on the rates of elementary stages under supercritical conditions is demonstrated for a reaction’s effective energies of activation, diffusion and share coefficients, and equilibrium constants of adsorption. Differences between models with effective parameters and the prospects for developing them by allowing for differences in size and contributions from the vibrational motions of components are described, along with ways of improving the accuracy of describing correlation effects.

Fate of fuel‑nitrogen during in situ gasification chemical looping combustion of coal

In situ gasification chemical looping combustion (iG-CLC) was a promising way to inherently sequestrate CO2. Due to the nitrogen in coal, the NOx emission was a key issue in iG-CLC. In this study, we aimed to identify the nitrogen conversion and distribution characteristics in two elementary stages of coal conversion (pyrolysis and subsequent char gasification) during the iG-CLC process in a tailor-made two-stage fluidized bed reactor. HCN was the dominant precursor of NOx in iG-CLC, almost all the NOx precursors were rapidly released during the coal pyrolysis stage, and no gaseous nitrogen pollutant was detected within the subsequent CO2-char gasification process. The generated HCN could be completely converted by the Fe-based oxygen carrier (OC) to either NO or N2. The high CO2 concentration and reducing reaction atmosphere in the fuel reactor were found to exert certain inhibitory effects on the formation of NO. Meanwhile, the operating conditions, that is, the O/fuel ratio and temperature, exhibited insignificant effects on the fate of fuel-N. Finally, the fate of nitrogen in volatiles, char, and tar of coal during iG-CLC and the potential homogeneous nitrogen conversion in the iG-CLC of coal were proposed based on the results obtained from both experiments and thermodynamic simulations.

Spanish adolescents and fake news: level of awareness and credibility of information (Los adolescentes españoles frente a las fake news: nivel de conciencia y credibilidad de la información)

ABSTRACT Young people’s exposure to fake news is a growing concern in terms of the risks that are beginning to emerge related to health (anxiety and stress), democracy (loss of trust in the media and institutions) and post-truth (permanent questioning of the facts). To ascertain Spanish adolescents’ exposure to false news, their level of awareness and how they value the credibility of digital information, the ‘CHECK-M’ questionnaire was designed and administered to 480 adolescents (N = 480). The results reveal that most have heard of fake news but trust their abilities to detect this kind of content. This self-confidence leads them to also state that they know that there is information designed explicitly to deceive citizens. However, when evaluating the veracity of information, they do not attach importance to fundamental criteria such as having a recognized author or being accurate. This raises the need to reinforce adolescents’ critical thinking starting in the most elementary stages of education.

Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization.

Anthropometric Treatments of the Study Seat Units Used in Elementary Stages

البحث الموسوم (المعالجات الانثروبومترية للوحدات الدراسية المستخدمة في المراحل الابتدائية) سلط الضوء على الكشف عن العلاقة بين قياسات ابعاد وحدات الجلوس المدرسية والقياسات الانثروبومترية المختلفة للطلبة، وتجسدت مشكلة البحث بالسؤال الآتي: ما هي المعالجات الانثروبومترية المستخدمة في تصميم الوحدات الدراسية للمراحل الابتدائية؟ يهدف الى تحديد ايجاد معالجات تصميمية للمتغيرات الانثروبومترية للوحدات الدراسية المستخدمة في المراحل الابتدائية، وذلك لكون وحدات الجلوس تعمل على الحفاظ على صحة الطلبة وسلامتهم من خلال توفير الية تجليس مثالية تتوائم مع المتغيرات الانثروبومترية لديهم بما يعزز جوانب الراحة والسلامة والتركيز في اهم مؤسسة تعليمية وتربوية يقضي فيها الطالب نصف وقته الا وهي المدراس، واعتمد المنهج الوصفي في عملية تحليل العينات التي مثلت نسبة (33، 3%) من مجتمع البحث. وافرزت النتائج ان العمليات التصميمية في التكوينات الشكلية لوحدات الجلوس المدرسية عدم ملائمتها مع الابعاد الانثروبومترية في هيئة مقعد الجلوس(عمق المقعد) وبنسبة 100% في النماذج(1-2) وما نتج عنه من عدم الراحة وضعف في الاداء، أفتقار وحدات الجلوس المدرسية لتوظيف مساند الظهر ادى الى ضعف الفاعلية الوظيفية وافتقاره الى مستوى السلامة والامان للطالب في النماذج الثلاث وبنسبة 100%، وخرجت الدراسة باستنتاجات أهمهاتسهم المعرفة المسبقة بالقياسية الانثروبومترية للطالب من قبل المصمم في تفعيل الجانب الأدائي (الوظيفي والشكلي) لتحقيق سمة التكامل للطالب ووحدات الجلوس المدرسية