Elementary School Degree Research Articles

Epidemiological profile and spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue registered from 2010 to 2021 in the state of Maranhão

Dengue is a disease of viral etiology transmitted by mosquitoes, with a high incidence in tropical countries. Dengue has great epidemiological importance in the Americas and in Brazil. The goal of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution and to describe the epidemiological profile of probable cases of dengue in the State of Maranhão from 2010 to 2021. Statistical analysis through non-parametric tests and spatial analysis were performed using the Moran’s Global Index and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and Space-time Scan statistic. Data were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System in Brazil (DATASUS) between 2010 and 2021. The highest number of probable cases occurred in 2016 (23,938) and they were concentrated in the first half of each year. The female gender had the highest proportion of cases (54.9%). The cases predominated in the group of people aged between 20 and 39 years old (35.5%). People with incomplete elementary school degree were the most affected (43.0%). The brown race had more registered cases (80.7%). The municipality that had the highest incidence was Barra do Corda (7,418.5 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2016). In the local spatial analysis, 55.8% of the clusters of municipalities High- High occurred in the South region from the State of Maranhão. The municipality of Barra do Corda presented the highest relative risk (55.91) in the Space-time Scan statistic. People of the brown race, with incomplete schooling and young adults were the most affected by the dengue disease. The South region of the State showed greater epidemiological importance because it has representative clusters High-High. KEY WORDS: Dengue; incidence; spatial analysis; State of Maranhao.

Sexual Violence in Italy: Are Women Victims or Responsible?

Sexual violence is the imposition of unwanted physical contact obtained by force, manipulation, or coercion. This kind of violence, which is detrimental to the dignity of the person who suffers it, causes deep psychic as well as physical wounds in the victim and is the most widespread violation of human rights in all countries and cultures. This paper tries to investigate whether the stereotype of women being responsible for the sexual violence they suffered is dominant in our society. The study of this stereotype has been addressed through the survey "Gender roles stereotypes and the social image of sexual violence" carried out by ISTAT in 2019 (referred to 2018) on the adult, male, and female, population aged between 18 and 74. With regard to the stereotypes proposed in the survey, the results have shown that there is a clear contrast between young and older women and between women with a higher educational qualification and those with an elementary school degree. At the regional level, however, the contrast is between Central-Northern regions and Southern Italy: in five of the eight regions belonging to the Southern division, the most widespread stereotype is that the responsibility for sexual violence is attributable to women.

Parental Perception of the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

This study evaluated the parental perception of the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their family functioning. Moreover, sociodemographic factors associated with parental ratings of OHRQoL were assessed. A hundred parents/guardians of children and adolescents aged 6 to 14 years with ASD (ASD group) and 101 unaffected children and adolescents (UCA group) participated. Data collection was carried out using a Google form, containing three sections: (1st) Socioeconomic data and health history; (2nd) Oral health assessment by parental report; (3rd) The short forms of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (16-P-CPQ) and the Family Impact Scale (4-FIS). The scores of 16-P-CPQ total and subscales and 4-FIS were significantly higher for the ASD group (p < 0.02), except for the oral symptoms subscale (p > 0.05). Older ages (OR = 1.24), brushing 0/1x day (OR = 2.21), teeth grinding (OR = 2.20), gingival bleeding (OR = 3.34), parents with an elementary school degree (OR = 0.314) and family incomes less or equal to the minimum wage (OR = 3.049) were associated with a worse OHRQoL. Parents in the ASD group had a worse perception of QHRQoL when compared to the UCA group. ‘Frequency of tooth brushing’, ‘gingival bleeding’, and ‘teeth grinding’ were predictors of the worst parental perception of their children’s OHRQoL. Families with low socioeconomic conditions were more strongly affected by the oral conditions of their children.

Education level has an effect on the recovery of total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to observe the relationship between education level and outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsOne thousand two hundred sixty four patients after TKA in our hospital from April 2016 to April 2020 were reviewed. These patients were divided into 4 groups (A who were illiterate, B who had elementary school degree, C who had junior high school degree, D who had senior high school degree or higher) by the educational level, which was blinded to the observers. The postoperative outcomes of KSS score, pain, joint extension and flexion function were observed 1 year after discharged from hospital.ResultsAmong 1253 patients met the inclusion criteria, the average age was 68.63 years, the average body mass was 57.73 kg. There are no distinctions among 4 groups one day after the surgery. However, the outcomes of the follow up were that, the KSS score was: 77.84 ± 10.635; 80.70 ± 8.956; 87.92 ± 8.123;91.27 ± 8.262, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The mean VAS scores were: 1.97 ± 1.60; 2.07 ± 1.66; 1.197 ± 1.5265, 1.044 ± 1.4662. Patients in Group C and D had significantly less pain than that in Group A and B (P < 0.05). The knee flexion range of motion (ROM) was: 91.21 ± 11.69°; 91.77 ± 11.95°; 102.12 ± 11.38°; 109.96 ± 10.64°, Group D performed best, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The knee extension ROM were: – 2.41 ± 4.49°; – 0.91 ± 2.82°; – 0.83 ± 2.87°; – 0.35 ± 1.60°, with significant difference between Group D and the others (P < 0.05).ConclusionEducation level affects the outcomes such as VAS score, KSS score, the extension and flexion ROM of the knee after TKA. The patients with higher education level have better outcomes.

Detecting Possible Learning Losses due to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Application of Curriculum-Based Assessment

When the COVID-19 pandemic led to school closures many of us did not anticipate that this interruption would last for months and perhaps more than a year. The data showed that there was a one and a half year learning loss in both Turkish and mathematics based on Woesmann (2016)`s findings. The difference in the scores for math exam between 2016 and 2020 was 10.32 points which accounts for half of exam standard deviation. Also, the difference in the scores for Turkish exam 2016 and 2020 was 10.91 points which is also around half of the standard deviation. Additionally, based on gender there was a statistically significant decrease of 12.04 points in the mathematics scores of girls and 8.43 points for boys showing a 15-month learning loss for girls. and a year of learning loss for boys (Woessmann, 2016). These results showed that girls had more learning losses due to COVID-19 pandemic. According to the mother's education level; the decrease for mathematics scores were between 9.73 (elementary school degree) and 22.02 points (associate degree). This finding shows that the learning loss in math based on mother educational level is between 15-months and 2.5 years (Woessmann, 2016). Similar findings showed up for Turkish scores as well. The decrease for Turkish scores were between 10.43 (elementary school degree) and 22.24 points (associate degree). This finding shows that the learning loss in Turkish based on mother educational level is between 15-months and 2.5 years (Woessmann, 2016). These results show that some students did not learn new material after the outbreak and even slipped backwards. Ministry of National Education should take following steps in order to prevent effects of COVID-19 pandemic as well as minimize and resolve the learning losses emphasized in this study.

Searching Alternative Uses of Grassland for Sustainable Development: Evidence from the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

Sustainably utilizing natural resources would provide sustainable livelihoods for agrarian communities in developing countries. Using alternative and more efficient methods to utilize natural resources will probably serve to achieve this goal. Ensiling grass in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is assumed to provide an alternative roughage fodder source for the animal husbandry sector which has faced dramatic declines for the last decades. This study investigated the possibilities of preparing and adopting grass silage in the region where drying grass to provide roughages for winter feeding is troublesome due to the heavily rainy climate during the harvest season. The study was organized in two broad sections; (1) socioeconomic survey and (2) ensiling process for roughage fodder provision. In the first section, socioeconomic characteristics of livestock farmers, farming practices applied, problems encountered by farmers, and awareness level about grass silage in the region were investigated. In the second section, a silage preparation process was carried out by (1) harvesting and ensiling of grass, (2) determination of the composition of grass silages, and (3) determination of aerobic stabilities of silages. Results showed that livestock farmers in the region have small numbers of animals and operate conventionally, farmers tend to be older, hold an elementary school degree, and are mostly not open to innovations. They face serious problems with drying their grass to provide roughage fodders and lack information about this technology. The ensiling process revealed favorable results that grass produced in the region can be successfully turned into silage. The quality can further be increased with some additives. The study concludes that to sustainably utilize the regional grasslands, awareness-raising campaigns and extension programs for ensiling technology should be organized.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of antenatal depression among Brazilian pregnant women: A population-based study

• Antenatal depression (AD) is a common maternal mental health disorder that affects women globally and is considered a public health concern, especially in developing countries. • Overall, there is a lack of population-based studies assessing the prevalence and the relationship between sociodemographic and obstetric variables with AD. • Among 22.621 women (18–49 years old) from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS−2013) there was 800 pregnant women. The AD prevalence was 11.4% (95%CI: 8.5% - 14.9%). • AD was associated with lower education, a non-white skin color and living alone. • In Brazil, AD is prevalent and its associated with a vulnerable sociodemographic profile. An equitable mental health assistance for pregnant women should consider risks factors such as race, education and partner status. Antenatal depression is frequently prevalent but results may vary among studies. We aim to estimate the prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated sociodemographic and obstetric risk factors. We used data from the Brazilian National Survey (PNS 2013), a population-based study, with complex and probabilistic sampling method. Of the 22.445 women at reproductive age (18 to 49 years old) participants in the PNS 2013, there were 800 women reported being pregnant at the time of interview. All participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a questionnaire with sociodemographic, obstetric and clinical data. Pregnant women with a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 were classified as “Depressed”. All variables were categorized. Logistic regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association between explanatory variables and antenatal depression. Among 800 pregnant women, 95 (11.4%; 95%CI: 8.5%:14.9%) were classified as depressed. In the adjusted analysis, the following variables were associated with higher risk of AD: an elementary school degree (adjusted OR 5.22, 95% CI 2.10:12.9), a non-white skin color (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.44 - 4.94) and living alone (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.12:4.18). In Brazil, antenatal depression is prevalent and its associated with a vulnerable sociodemographic profile. An equitable mental health assistance for pregnant women should consider risks factors such as race, education and partner status.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of prenatal depression underdiagnosis: A population-based study.

To estimate prenatal depression underdiagnosis prevalence and its associated sociodemographic and obstetric risk factors among a population-based sample of Brazilian pregnant women with depression. We used data from the Brazilian National Survey (PNS 2013). Of the 22445 women of reproductive age, 800 reported being pregnant. Participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a questionnaire with sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinical data. Classification of prenatal depression underdiagnosis was made using the comparison between results obtained from the self-referred question evaluating clinical diagnosis of depression and the results of the PHQ-9. Pregnant women with a PHQ-9 score greater than 8 and with a "No" answer in the clinical question were classified as prenatal depression underdiagnosis. Logistic regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) between variables and prenatal depression underdiagnosis. Prevalence of prenatal depression underdiagnosis was 82.3% (74.8%-87.8%). Pregnant women with non-white skin color and pregnant women with an elementary school degree were more likely to be underdiagnosed with prenatal depression in comparison with women with white skin color (adjusted OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-5.91) and with women with higher education (adjusted OR 4.07, 95% CI 2.05-8.09). Equitable mental health assistance for pregnant women should considered prenatal depression social risk factors.

An evaluation toward the post-certification teacher performance in the natural history learning process for the elementary school degree

The study aims at describing the teacher performance in the Natural History Learning Process for the Elementary School Degree throughout the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region from the four competencies namely personality competency, professionalism competency, pedagogy competence and social competency based on the self-assessment, the principal assessment, the peer assessment, the student assessment and the observation toward the learning process after the certification. The nature of the study is an evaluative study using the descriptive quantitative approach. The study itself was conducted in both the Public Elementary Schools and the Private Elementary Schools throughout the Province of Yogyakarta Special Regions. The subjects of the study were the teachers who had been teaching Natural History in both schools who had passed the certification test in 2007 and 2008 and who had also been receiving the certification allowance. During the conduct of the study, the data gathering instruments that had been implemented were questionnaire, observation sheet and documentation. On the other hand, the data analysis technique that had been adopted was descriptive statistical analysis with percentage. Then, the results of the study show that the post-certification performance of Natural History teachers have been “Very Good” based on the personality, professionalism, pedagogy and social competency and also based on the results of the self-assessment, the principal assessment and the peer assessment. The details on the results of the post-certification teacher performance in this regard might be elaborated as follows: (1) personality competence 96.70%; (2) professionalism competence 76.40%; (3) pedagogy competence 83.30%; and (4) social competence 88.90%. Furthermore, the results of the student assessment assert that the post-certification of Natural History teachers belongs to the “Very Good” category with the assessment rate of 96.70%. Last but not the least, the results of the observation toward the teacher learning process also belong to the “Very Good” category with the following details: (1) pre-learning activities 93.30%; (2) core activities 93.30%; and (3) closing activities 73.30%.

Profiling the context of natural history teacher candidate for the elementary school degree through web-based inquiry

Web-Based Inquiry is an important inquiry activity to be carried out in class, the inquiry becomes the basis for researchers to develop this research. The ability of ICT-based learning is an important part, as a basis for the use of Web-Based Inquiry, which is characterized by being able to operate the entire information of ICT-based learning inquiry. This study aims to describe the ability of ICT information and provide initial information for the needs of Web-Based Inquiry. Purposive sampling is used to determine the number of samples, thus involving 66 students in the 2019 Batch at the University of Lampung. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire for inquiry (ICT-Based Learning), the data was then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the largest data in the percentage of use of internet access devices, even though the score was in a low category (under 25%). The implications of this study indicate that prospective elementary school natural science teachers do not yet have the best awareness and innovation when combining learning and the use of ICT through ways that are more easily understood by students.

The micro leadership strategy of the principal to implementing character education in elementary school

The micro strategy of school principal leadership within the implementation of character education for elementary school degree is very decisive for the successful development and empowerment of character values in the elementary school degree. With reference to the statement, the objective of the present study is to map the description that has been related to the micro strategy management of the school principal within the implementation of the character education for the elementary school degree. Thus, the design that has been adopted is the case study and the data for the case study are gathered from the primary sources, namely school principal, teachers, and students, through interview, observation, and documentation study in relation to the leadership management within the implementation of the character education for the elementary school degree. During the study, after the data had been gathered the data were analysed by using the Miles &amp; Huberman Inductive Analysis. The results of the study show that the micro strategy of the school principal leadership in the Sekolah Dasar Negeri 07 Sintang have been focused on four aspects namely: (1) the reinforcement of literacy as the efforts of brightening the students’ life; (2) the learning intervention as the effort of improving the students’ discerning quality and characters; (3) the program of Ant Operation as the efforts of habitualizing the healthy, clean, and environmental-friendly life pattern; and (4) the extracurricular programs as the efforts of developing the students’ special capacities, talents, and interests. In order that the four aspects are kept assured and improved, the elementary school should deepen and expand the concept and the coverage of the literacy, improve the capacity of leading practice and teaching practice through the blended learning model, and improve the capacity of the school management system through the integrative manner in the quality system and service.

An Evidence-Based Approach to Outcome Measurement in Oral and Dental Health Services: Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Oral Health Impact.

The purpose of this study was to examine the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQOL) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) of oral and dental health patients in terms of gender, educational status, and the reason for coming to the oral health center. Also, we investigated the relationships between OHRQOL and OHIP. This cross-sectional study was conducted and planned for dental patients in Turkey. OHRQOL-United Kingdom (OHRQOL-UK) and OHIP-14 were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, student t-tests, and ANOVA were used for data analyses. Of 527 respondents, 62.8% were female, and 37.2% were male. One-hundred-forty-one (26.8%) participants were illiterate. Three-hundred-fifty-four (67.20%) dental patients had an elementary school degree. Only 32 (6.10%) participants graduated from college and bachelor programs. For dimensions of the OHIP-14 and OHRQOL-UK, we detected statistically significant differences in personal characteristics. We found that gender, marital status, age, education status, and reasons for coming to the hospital have a significant impact on OHRQOL and OHIP. These results are expected to provide important evidence-based information to health managers and decision-makers in health planning and reimbursement policies. Clinicians and health managers should use OHIP, quality of life (QOL), and evidence-based practice to determine individual treatments and approaches to improve oral health. QOL is an outcome indicator in healthcare services and evidence-based practice. Measurements of evidence-based health outcomes in national health systems can be made, and global comparisons and policies in oral and dental health can be developed.

STEM-integrated encyclopaedia as the enrichment for elementary school students

The objective of the study is to describe the effectiveness and the fitness of the STEM-Integrated encyclopaedia as the enrichment for the learning materials of Temperature and Heat among Grade V Students in the elementary school degree. Concerning the objective of the study, the nature of the study is Research and Development (R&amp;D). In conducting the R&amp;D, the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) model had been adopted. In overall, the Analysis was directed toward the problems that had occurred among the students, the Design was related to the media that should be presented to the students, the Development referred to the model of the media that had been in accordance to the needs of the students, the Implemented was related to the Development that had been performed and the Evaluation was directed toward the media that had been developed. In gathering the data, several techniques had been applied namely interview, test administration and questionnaire distribution. Then, in analysing the data both of the qualitative and the quantitative approach had been adopted. Furthermore, in testing the hypothesis, the paired t-test had been administrated to identify the results of the effectiveness of the study. Based on the results of the assessment by the media validator, the material validator and the learning validator, it might be concluded that the STEM-integrated encyclopaedia has been fit for the implementation of the learning process among the Grade V students within the elementary school degree. In the same time, the results of the test show that the effectiveness of the STEM-integrated encyclopaedia has been significant since in the conduct of the hypothesis test (t-test) using the paired t-test it is found that the t-count (10.325) &gt; the t-table (2.048). Besides, it is also found that the significance (p-value) has been 0.000, which is lower than the α 5.00% (0.0000 &lt; 0.050) from the results of the comparison between the pre-test and the post-test. Therefore, the use of the STEM-integrated encyclopaedia has been fit for implementation in the elementary school degree.

Procena fizičke aktivnosti i funkcionalne sposobnosti vojnih osiguranika starijih od 70 godina

Introduction: Physical activity has a positive effect on numerous chronic and functional disabilities of the elderly people. The aim of the study is to evaluate the physical and functional activity of the elderly (military insured), their leisure activities; and to try and provide information on the appropriate ways of assistance to them. Method: In this cross sectional study participants were surveyed questionnaire developed specially for the study. Some of the respondents completed the questionnaire on their own, the others answered the questions posed by the interviewer. Results: The study included 100 subjects: 39 men and 61 women. Average age: 80.1 ± 5.7 years. Education: with bachelor degree (32%); high school degree (29%); elementary school degree (24%). Financial situation: 'above average' (17% of respondents); 'mediocre' (70% of respondents); 'below average' (11% of respondents). Chronic diseases: the most common diseases of the heart and blood vessels (84%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (80%), diseases of the senses (30%), diabetes (31%). Everyday activities: 74% of the respondents are active more than 2 hours per day. Recreational activities: walking (29%), gymnastics exercises (30%); yoga and pilates (2% of patients). Reason for the low physical activity: lack of public assistance (42%); lack of interest (51%). Discussion: Elderly people are physically active mostly through walking and gymnastic exercises. However, we cannot help noticing the alarming lack of recreational and sporting activities. The reasons have to do mostly with the numerous chronic diseases and lack of public assistance as well as the inertness of the elderly people themselves. Conclusion: It is necessary that the health service, especially service of physical medicine and rehabilitation and sports organizations pay more attention to the elderly. It is necessary to pay them regular visits and to allow them frequent rehabilitation. Elderly people should also be enabled to organize various recreational and sports activities on their own but under the supervision of health workers.

The characteristics of inhabitants suffering from migraine in the general urban population

Objective. The objective of this paper is to present sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of people with migraine in the population of Belgrade citizens. Methods. Study data were collected during the epidemiological survey performed on about 2000 respondents aged between 16-82 years, of both genders, in accordance with the standard predefined questionnaire. The field study has been performed, with personalized interview, during May 2006, in Belgrade. Results. Migraine frequency in the population of analyzed subjects (772 males, 1228 females) was 11% (for females 12.8%, for males 8%). The distribution of people with migraine in age groups was the following: 59 7%. The symptoms of aura were present in 3.2% of subjects. The most common migraine attack triggers were: stress (in 14.5% patients), weather changes (10%), tiredness (6.3%) and menstrual period (5.9%). The most common symptoms of migraine attack were: photophobia (in 14.9% sufferers) and nausea (11.8%). The majority of migraineurs had formal education: 54.3% college/university, 43.4% high school, and 2.3% elementary school degree. The people with low monthly income had less frequent migraine (4.5%), compared to those who earn more (44.3%). Stress was the most important provoking factor, in comparison with either income level or education degree. Conclusion. In accordance with the produced results, significant differences of values of the evaluated parameters were not found in comparison to similar studies performed in Europe and USA. Better educated and richer population more frequently suffers of migraine.