Elementary Particles Research Articles

Apriorics: Information and Graphs in the Description of the Fundamental Particles—A Mathematical Proof

In our earlier work, we suggested an axiomatic framework for deducing the fundamental entities which constitute the building block of the elementary particles in physics. The basic concept of this theory, named apriorics, is the ontological structure (OS)—an undirected simple graph satisfying specified conditions. The vertices of this graph represent the fundamental entities (FEs), its edges are binary compounds of the FEs (which are the fundamental bosons and fermions), and the structures constituting more than two connected vertices are composite particles. The objective of this paper is to focus the attention on several mathematical theorems and ideas associated with such graphs of order n, including their enumeration, showing what is the information content of apriorics.

Fast simulation for multi-photon, atomic-ensemble quantum model of linear optical systems addressing the curse of dimensionality

Photons are elementary particles of light in quantum mechanics, whose dynamics can be difficult to gain detailed insights, especially in complex systems. Simulation is a promising tool to resolve this issue, but it must address the curse of dimensionality, namely, that the number of bases increases exponentially in the number of photons. Here we mitigate this dimensionality scaling by focusing on optical systems composed of linear optical objects, modeled as an ensemble of two-level atoms. We decompose the time evolutionary operator on multiple photons into a group of time evolution operators acting on a single photon. Since the dimension of a single-photon time evolution operator is exponentially smaller than that of a multi-photon one in the number of photons, the decomposition enables the multi-photon simulations to be performed at a much lower computational cost. We apply this method to basic single- and multi-photon phenomena, such as Hong–Ou–Mandel interference and violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality, and confirm that the calculated properties are quantitatively comparable to the experimental results. Furthermore, our method visualizes the spatial propagation of photons hence provides insights that aid experiment designs for quantum-enabled technologies.

Fabrication and rejuvenation of high quantum efficiency caesium telluride photocathodes for high brightness and high average current photoinjectors

With their high quantum efficiency (QE) and excellent photoemissive properties, cesium telluride (Cs-Te) photocathodes are the current workhorse in the high average current electron accelerators around the globe. Their ability to generate high brightness and high charge electron beams has opened the doorway to numerous applications, including fundamental particle physics research, radiation therapy, high-energy physics experiments, and high repetition rate free-electron lasers (FELs). Their long-term performance is critical. In this work, we analyze the systematic production and rejuvenation of photocathodes via thermal evaporation and deposition techniques (both sequential and co-deposition), showing excellent values of QE exceeding 20% using deep ultraviolet illumination (λ=262–266 nm). To extend the photocathode lifetime, the rejuvenation process is performed via multilayer thin-film co-deposition, demonstrating the feasibility of reliably recovering the initial QE even after air exposure. We evaluated their final performance in both high gradient dc and rf gun setups and obtained consistent results of QE and lifetimes. The technique can be used at the gun level, which significantly extends the sustained accelerator operation without major interventions. These approaches significantly enhance the robustness and performance of Cs-Te photoinjectors and represent a significant advancement for reliable high average current electron accelerators and FELs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Dual Higgs modes entangled into a soliton lattice in CuTe

Recently discovered Higgs particle is a key element in the standard model of elementary particles and its analogue in materials, massive Higgs mode, has elucidated intriguing collective phenomena in a wide range of materials with spontaneous symmetry breaking such as antiferromagnets, cold atoms, superconductors, superfluids, and charge density waves (CDW). As a straightforward extension beyond the standard model, multiple Higgs particles have been considered theoretically but not yet for Higgs modes. Here, we report the real-space observations, which suggest two Higgs modes coupled together with a soliton lattice in a solid. Our scanning tunneling microscopy reveals the 1D CDW state of an anisotropic transition metal monochalcogenide crystal CuTe is composed of two distinct but degenerate CDW structures by the layer inversion symmetry broken. More importantly, the amplitudes of each CDW structure oscillate in an out-of-phase fashion to result in a regular array of alternating domains with repeating phase-shift domain walls. This unusual finding is explained by the extra degeneracy in CDWs within the standard Landau theory of the free energy. The multiple and entangled Higgs modes demonstrate how novel collective modes can emerge in systems with distinct symmetries broken simultaneously.

Antimagnonics

Magnons are the quanta of collective spin excitations in magnetically ordered systems, and manipulation of magnons for computing and information processing has witnessed the development of “magnonics.” A magnon corresponds to an excitation of the magnetic system from its ground state, and the creation of a magnon thus increases the total energy of the system. In this perspective, we introduce the antiparticle of a magnon, dubbed the antimagnon, as an excitation that lowers the magnetic energy. On the fundamental side, the introduction of antimagnons paves the way to study phenomena from high-energy physics that are hard to observe with elementary particles, such as the Klein effect, black-hole horizons, and black-hole lasing, in a condensed-matter setting. On the application side, the introduction of antimagnons yields physical intuition for schemes to amplify magnons that may eventually find applications in magnonics, and this is often based on analogies of the aforementioned high-energy phenomena. We investigate the stability and thermal occupation of antimagnons and verify our theory by micromagnetic simulations. We hope that our work stimulates fundamental interest in antimagnons, as well as their applications to spintronic devices.

Astrophysical approach to search for heavy neutrino decay

AbstractCosmic rays are a very valuable tool of multi‐messenger astrophysics, as they provide a very different picture of the sky. During the past decades, a large number of active astrophysical objects in our Galaxy and beyond have been discovered through the detection of gamma‐rays with Cherenkov telescopes. Cosmic rays, neutrinos have been successfully supplementing the astronomical view. Also, cosmic rays may offer to investigation of the elementary particle properties. Neutrino telescope detects the Cherenkov radiation generated in water or ice by the passage of relativistic charged particles produced by neutrino collisions with nucleons in the detector volume. Some alternative approaches have been proposed. One of them is using earth matter or mountains as a target volume for the conversion of neutrinos to leptons which then initiate extensive air showers (EAS) in the atmosphere, then showers can be detected by the Cherenkov telescope. Investigations with SHALON Cherenkov telescope have included observations of EAS from the sub‐horizontal direction . Five EAS of ∼10 TeV energies were detected with SHALON from the sub‐horizontal directions in the conditions with the zero expected number of showers. These events may be caused by the decay of a long‐lived penetrating particle entering the atmosphere from the ground and decaying in front of the telescope. As a possible explanation, two scenarios with an unstable neutrino of mass GeV and m is discussed. Remarkably, one of these models has been proposed to explain an excess of electron‐like neutrino events at MiniBooNE.

Determination of the anisotropy of elementary particles with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

A measurement of the cosmic ray anisotropy on the arrival directions of elementary particles (electrons, positrons and protons) has been performed in galactic coordinates by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer onboard the International Space Station. The analysis is based on the sample of events collected in the first 10 years of data taking. The results are consistent with isotropy for all cosmic ray species and upper limits on the dipole amplitude have been computed. In particular, 95% credible interval upper limits of δ<1.50% and δ<0.34% are obtained for positrons and electrons, respectively, above 16 GeV. On the other hand, the upper limit to the dipole anisotropy of protons above 200 GV is found to be δ<0.30%.

Field-controlled dynamics of skyrmions and monopoles.

Magnetic monopoles, despite their ongoing experimental search as elementary particles, have inspired the discovery of analogous excitations in condensed matter systems. In chiral condensed matter systems, emergent monopoles are responsible for the onset of transitions between topologically distinct states and phases, such as in the case of transitions from helical and conical phase to A-phase comprising periodic arrays of skyrmions. By combining numerical modeling and optical characterizations, we describe how different geometrical configurations of skyrmions terminating at monopoles can be realized in liquid crystals and liquid crystal ferromagnets. We demonstrate how these complex structures can be effectively manipulated by external magnetic and electric fields. Furthermore, we discuss how our findings may hint at similar dynamics in other physical systems and their potential applications.

About the Possible Changes in Quantum Physics And photonics

The work relates to the basics of quantum physics and photonics, in particular to the formation of photons in two states: elementary particles and their electromagnetic radiation. The study of these problems is an urgent and important task that has not been fully resolved for their energy and mass indicators. Solving the problem of experimentally determining the mass of a photon on the basis of reliable physical laws and regularities and developing a method and device for its measurement is the main goal of the work being performed. Work Results At present, it is generally accepted that a photon has zero mass, since its presence contradicts the principles of relativism, in which, when the speed of light is reached, an object and its mass tends to infinity. However, the principles of relativism can be questioned, since it is substantiated that nothing in the Universe cannot be compressed to a size smaller than the Planck length lP = (hG/c3 ) 0,5 = 4.05•10-35 m, which is justified by a strict physical dependence obtained on the basis of the fundamental physical constants c, h, G. Therefore, a contradiction arises between the principles of relativism, which have not been fully verified in the zone of velocities close to the speed of light c, and repeatedly verified physical constants c, h, G. In this case, the hypothesis of a non-zero photon mass has the right to exist, and the rest mass of the photon m = h/(Tc2 ), where T is the oscillation period of its waves, is the relativistic mass of the photon. However, only reliable experimental studies can serve as a criterion for its verification. The main goal of this work is to develop a method and device for determining the mass of a photon. It is based on the experiments of Professor Lebedev on measuring the pressure of light. If a similar device with a pair of balanced measuring petals is placed horizontally, one of them is covered with a screen, and the other is irradiated with laser light from above and below to balance the pressure, then photons can accumulate on this petal. After some time, they will change the equilibrium of the pair if the accumulated photons have mass. Preliminary calculations show that the energy consumption for the creation of light by a laser, the total mass of photons is 10-8 kg, will be about 1 MW, and the result will be noticeable after 0.5 years of irradiation. It is proposed to conduct such an experiment by everyone who has such technical and economic capabilities. A complete description of the experiment is available. Conclusion: Revealing the photon mass will have a significant impact on the development of knowledge about the material world and the Universe as a whole.of the experiment is available.

Sensitivities on the anomalous quartic γγγγ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma $$\\end{document} and γγγZ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma \\gamma \\gamma Z$$\\end{document} couplings at the CLIC

It is essential to directly investigate the self-couplings of gauge bosons in the Standard Model (SM) due to its non-Abelian nature, as these couplings play a significant role in comprehending the gauge structure of the model. The discrepancies between the Standard Model’s expectations and the measured value of gauge boson self-couplings serve as strong evidence for new physics phenomena extending beyond the Standard Model. Such deviations provide valuable insights into the nature of new physics and potentially lead to a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and their interactions. This study examines the sensitivities of anomalous couplings associated with dimension-8 operators that affect the γγγγ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma $$\\end{document} and Zγγγ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Z\\gamma \\gamma \\gamma $$\\end{document} quartic vertices. The study focuses on the process e-γ→e-γγ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$e^{-}\\gamma \\rightarrow e^{-}\\gamma \\gamma $$\\end{document} with the incoming photon under Weizsäcker-Williams approximation at the stage-3 scenario of Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) that refers to a CoM energy of 3 TeV. Due to the CLIC options, we take into account both unpolarized and ∓80%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mp }80\\%$$\\end{document} polarized electron beam with the related integrated luminosities of L=5,4,1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathcal {L}}=5, 4, 1$$\\end{document}ab-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ extrm{ab}}^{-1}$$\\end{document} under the systematic uncertainties of δsys=0,3,5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\delta _{sys}=0, 3, 5$$\\end{document}. Obtained sensitivities on the anomalous quartic gauge couplings (aQGCs) for the process e-γ→e-γγ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$e^{-}\\gamma \\rightarrow e^{-}\\gamma \\gamma $$\\end{document} at s=3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\sqrt{s}}= 3$$\\end{document} TeV and various polarizations are improved by a factor of 2–200 times better for the couplings fT,j/Λ4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$f_{T,j}/\\Lambda ^{4}$$\\end{document} compared with the experimental results reported by CMS Collaboration in Tumasyan et al. (JHEP 10:174, 2021).

Neutrino production in proton-proton collisions supports the rotating lepton model

Neutrino production in proton-proton collisions supports the rotating lepton model Direct observation of neutrino production in proton-proton (pp) collisions at CERN LHC lend strong support to the Rotating Lepton Model, Constantinos G. Vayenas(1), Dionysios Tsousis(1,2) and Eftyhia Martino1 ((1)University of Patras, (2)Stanford University) tell us. Understanding the internal structure of hadronic composite particles, such as protons and neutrons and computing their masses from their constituent elementary particles, such as neutrinos and other leptons, has been a long-sought goal in Particle Physics, a goal of central importance for enhancing our understanding of our Universe.

Quantum Geometry Conserves Baryon Symmetry - The Matter - Antimatter Universe

The Universe that we live in is a universe of matter, even though we know that there must be just as much antimatter around that will balance the matter it appears that the antimatter is nowhere to be found. We know this to be simply true, as a matterantimatter universe would vanish in one annihilation event, which is what apparently happened very, very soon after the big bang. We are here by grace of a very small imbalance in favor of matter, one particle of matter surviving for every one billion matter-antimatter pairs. Other than the mirror matter-antimatter universe hypothesis, or matter-antimatter bubble universe, most research in baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis, is directed at finding a good mechanism for symmetry breaking, following the three conditions set by Sakharov in 1967 [1]. To date there are no viable theories, and the matter-antimatter imbalance remains as one of the great unsolved mysteries in physics. However, this then implies that nature has created a universe that is so out of balance that the dance partner is nowhere to be found. Quantum Geometry is a new proposal to allow baryon symmetry to be conserved, and a universe with 50% matter and 50% antimatter, to actually exist, everywhere. At the lowest level of existence, that of the fundamental particles, both quarks and antiquarks can be used to construct the composite particles of the second level, the subatomic particles, without annihilation. In the heart of the sub-atomic particles, the proton and neutron, the geometry of the gluon equilibrium allows these particles to contain quarks and antiquarks, the proton holding four quarks and one antiquark, the pentaquark, and the neutron being made up of three quark-antiquark pairs [2]. These sub-atomic particles then interact further as particles of matter, avoiding annihilation in the world of matter. Then, Quantum Geometry is used to propose a composite electron. This sub-atomic particle would be made of four antiquarks and one quark, an antimatter pentaquark. The atom then becomes the third level building block of matter, made of protons with a baryon number of +1, neutrons with a baryon number of 0, rather than also +1, and a composite electron with a baryon number of -1, rather than being a point-particle fermion. This allows the universe we see to have a baryon number of 0, to have baryon symmetry, without having to search for the antimatter or to consider that it has all disappeared in an explosion of light. Every atom contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter, held in equilibrium by a powerful geometry that is fully explained in this new theory of Quantum Geometry that will take us beyond relativity theory. Our universe is a balanced geometric matter-antimatter universe, at all levels, each balanced through a zero-point that is anchored in absolute time.

The Uniqueverse, Natural selection as the unique model of evolutionary development of the Universe

The cosmological theories proposed so far do not postulate a common way of creation that can guide the entire line of growth of the universe, from elementary particles to living beings. But everything consists of the same basic components, combined and regulated differently: elementary particles, atoms and molecules make up celestial bodies, solar systems, single and pluricellular organisms, plants and animals. Common constituents are compatible with a common origin and with an incremental and selective development method. One possible common mode is that the Universe was formed according to an evolutionary method based on natural selection, the same process which then allowed the differentiation of biological species. This unique process may have guided from the beginning the development of the fundamental constituents of matter in the primitive universe and then created the other cosmic structures through the evolution of those elementary particles, up to organic molecules and biological beings. A process of this kind is a slow and gradual process, not based on a sudden event but on the progressive increase in the complexity of the structures present in the Universe, regulated by the selection of the most suitable and stable forms. For the relativistic relationship between energy, mass and velocity, we can think that the Universe was formed at the same time as the formation of elementary structures, slowly in a spacetime that was created in parallel: elementary particles created an initial infinitesimal spacetime system that then grew as more matter formed. The incremental creation of the cosmos would also concern forces and physical laws, which may have undergone the same evolutionary process from the most primordial and simple forms to the present, in proportion to the development of the whole system. This modality could justify the current simultaneous presence of quantum and relativistic laws at different levels (atomic and gravitational), as well as the coexistence of different species in different environments. This evolutionary modality is reflected in the fact that atoms, celestial bodies, chemical compounds, the general structure of the universe, physical laws and biological beings show the presence of stable entities selected among the many theoretically possible or unstable.

Problems and Prospects in Elementary Particle Research

Abstract: Now that the broad principles of the science of nuclear transformations have become clear and this field has found important practical applications, it has become the task of science to explore the physics of the elementary particles. The purpose of this paper is to survey the outstanding problems and to discuss possible lines of investigation. Specific questions now at issue are: (1) the genetic relationship between the radiations found in nature-neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, mesons, neutrinos, photons; (2) what possibilities exist for the transformation of one of these entities into another in the cosmic radiation and in stellar interiors; (3) what energies and intensities of bombardment are required to bring about appreciable numbers of these transformations; (4) which changes appear susceptible to study by artificial sources of high energy radiation now in prospect; (5) for which transformations does the cosmic radiation appear to be the only effective source which will be available for some time to come; (6) what can be done to make out of high altitude cosmic radiation a workaday source for elementary particle research; (7) what modifications are required in the field concept to describe gravitation, electromagnetism, the creation of electron-positron pairs and the forces between elementary particles in a unified manner, unambiguously and without divergences; (8) how stable are neutrons and protons, and what is the possibility to convert their entire mass into energy?

A METHOD FOR EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF PLANCK’S LENGTH, MASS, AND TIME THROUGH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTRON. IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF SOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

A method for empirical estimation of Planck's length, mass, and time is proposed, which is based on the characteristics of the electron, Avogadro, and Euler numbers, and the fine structure constant. Basic physical constants can be expressed in terms of Planck's length, mass, and time. The disadvantage of this method is that Planck's elementary particle does not exist in nature. Planck's particle is presented in a hypothetical, virtual form, its characteristics are theoretically calculated through the reduced Planck's constant, Newton's gravitation constant, and the constant speed of light in a vacuum, and the accuracy of these characteristics is low. This is due to the low accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravity. This shortcoming can be eliminated if the characteristics of the hypothetical Planck particle are associated with a real elementary particle, for example, with an electron, and through its characteristics with the characteristics of leptons and baryons. Since the characteristics of leptons and baryons are determined experimentally and are among the most accurate, for example, for a proton now is 11 decimal places, establishing a connection with them of a hypothetical Planck particle will increase the accuracy of the values: of Planck's length, mass and time, of Planck constant, of elementary electric charge, of the Newtonian gravitational constant, of electron mass, of Planck temperature up to the accuracy level of a proton. As is known, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to define one of the basic SI units of measurement through physical constants. In particular, with this solution, the kilogram is now defined in terms of Planck's constant, and the ampere is now determined in terms of the value of the elementary electric charge. Accordingly, with increasing accuracy of the values of Planck's constant and elementary electric charge, the accuracy of the values of a kilogram and Ampere will increase.

QUANTUM PARTICLE OF MATTER (CHARGE) AS A FUNDAMENTAL SOURCE OF GRAVITY AND MASS OF MATTER IN NATURE

One of the most intriguing problems of modern physics is the search of particles beyond the Standard Model and the creation of quantum theory of gravity. To these problems, namely to the problem of quantum description of gravitation the closest attention is paid. The importance of applying the Standard Model to describe three types of force physical interactions involving elementary particles is beyond doubt. These particles are active participants of physical processes of electromagnetism, strong and weak interactions. However, there is still an open question about the meaning and role in nature of gravitation. Moreover, it is not clear how gravity interacts with matter of any mass and what is the essence of these differences. Also, there is no answer to the question about the meaning in the nature of the discreteness factor and the possibility of real quantisation of gravitation. Besides, it is unknown whether in the surrounding world there exists a quantum of gravitational energy – graviton and what is its actual energy. To explain the significance of gravity on cosmic scales, the General Theory of Relativity of A. Einstein was applied, which describes the curvature of space around stars and planets. However, this theory affects only the interaction of large masses of matter and does not apply to quantum objects in the form of atoms and elementary particles. As for the objective application in the scientific literature of other known theories of gravity, including its quantum forms, they all use a mathematical apparatus where the criterion of quantum discreteness – Planck’s constant – is missing. The apparent incompleteness of research in the field of development and creation of an objective theory of gravitation and its quantum forms requires practical application of the existing apparatus of quantum mechanics for realisation of this scientific direction. Taking into account such a view, it is necessary to consider the possibility of applying the thermodynamic nature of the movement of gravity in nature, where it is necessary to raise the issue of the existence and manifestation of the quantum form of gravitational energy in nature, the source of which may be a quantum particle of matter (charge) outside the Standard Model. Due to the unique coincidence of physical properties of quantum particles of matter (charge) and physical principles inherent in the operation of any collider, it is possible to use the Large Hadron Collider to study the properties of quantum particles of matter (charge) as a source of gravity in nature. Keywords: gravity, quantum particle of matter (charge), energy and Planck’s constant, Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty, graviton, oscillator of gravity of matter (charge), de Broglie wave, laws of gravity, converging effect of gravitational fields, standard model, collider

Higgs Physics Research: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This article reviews the discovery of the Higgs boson, discusses the studies of its properties, and introduces the physical prospects of the future Higgs factories.&lt;br&gt;The greatest goal of particle physics is to understand the fundamental particles of the universe and how they interact (or more generally, how the universe works). In the Standard Model of particle phyiscs, the Higgs mechanism generates elementary particle masses and predicts the existence of the Higgs boson. Higgs physics is one of the most important research areas in particle physics.&lt;br&gt;The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) accelerates beams of protons to collide them at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, defining the world’s energy frontier. The ATLAS and CMS detectors are two general-purpose detectors at the LHC, studying the debris from the collisions.&lt;br&gt;The Higgs boson was discovered by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. This discovery completed the fundamental particle spectrum of the Standard Model and was a major milestone for particle physics. Since then, many studies of the Higgs boson properties (including spin, mass and couplings) have been performed to refine our understanding of the Higgs mechanism. In particular, the Higgs boson’s couplings to fermions and to itself are new kinds of fundamental interactions with paramount significance, and have not been fully established. Additionally, the Higgs boson has become an important tool to search for Dark Matter, heavy resonance, and other new physics phenomena. So far, there has been no deviation from the the Standard Model predictions.&lt;br&gt;Looking towards the future, electron-positron colliders have been proposed to study the Higgs boson more deeply. Physics studies have shown that these Higgs factories can largely improve precision on many properties of the Higgs boson (including width and couplings) and provide great physics prospects.

SAQFT: Algebraic quantum field theory for elementary and composite particles

SAQFT: Algebraic quantum field theory for elementary and composite particles

Hierarchical structure of forest-steppe soil changes as a vector of orientation of agrophysical stability

Annotation Purpose. To develop a statistical model of the organization of the structural state, to identify the orientation vector and criteria for assessing the structuring of forest-steppe soil differences at the macro- levels microaggregate and of the organization in order to obtain objective and comprehensive information to establish the level at which the process of manifestation of resistance against agrophysical degradation is born. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical and analytical method. Results. The improved instrumental method of air-dry scattering of soil and the application of modern methods of statistical analysis (fractal, factorial, cluster) made it possible to evaluate the series of distribution of structural units by size for the subject of stability according to fractal indicators, and the structuring of fractions of microaggregates &gt;0.25 mm made it possible to strengthen the reliability of the approximation trends of the exponent of the equations to the level of R &gt; 0.7 and to determine 2 the persistence and anti-persistence of the distribution series themselves, that is, the stability or trendiness of the distribution. A parallel study of changes in the state of the soil structure on the main soils of the Forest Steppe at two hierarchical levels made it possible to establish that within the soil-genetic intervals of valuable structural individualities, depending on the type of soil, the regrouping of components takes place by size, and structured microaggregates in the amount of &lt;0.25 mm are involved, to a greater extent, to structural aggregates of 1–0.25 mm and to a lesser extent to more valuable structural units of 5–1 mm. Conclusions. The meadow-chernozem soil was the most resistant to anthropogenic influences (application of mineral fertilizers): Kmaсr = 1.91–219, and for sowing perennial grasses with fertilizer application Kmaсr = 2.24–2.47. Less resistant to the application of mineral fertilizers was the dark gray podizolized soil (Kmaсr = 1.08–2.58) and the most vulnerable was the typical chernozem with little humus (Kmaсr = 0.28–0.59). The coefficient of microaggregation (Kmicr) increased from chernozems typical to dark gray podzolized to meadow chernozem soils. Keywords: structural state, microaggregates, macroaggregates, elementary soil particles, factor analysis, analysis, coefficient. cluster

Commentary on the Process of Gravity: Quantum Mechanics and Gravity Resonance Together

In a recent paper, “The process of gravity” (2022), we developed the theory to explain gravity, stating that gravity waves are created through a process involving quantum fluctuations of all the molecules of the celestial body. The local fluctuations of adjacent molecules interact, and this process on the macroscopic scale creates the gravitational waves: at steady state, these fluctuations are structured as layers of the onion, generating a force toward the body center of mass. Here, we further develop the theory microscopically, stating that all elementary particles vibrate at their own particular frequency of gravity, generating radiant energy, where their mass determines the radiant pulses strength. These quantum fluctuations are not photons; the fluctuations are connected to the mass. These might be defined as electromagnetic radiant phonons. Yet also, the frequency of gravity might reach 10[Formula: see text]–10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Hz, whereas these are not photons, the energy is not high at all. This description is valid also for black holes. There, gravity waves made of electromagnetic fluctuations engulf the singularity. As these fluctuations are connected to the mass, the waves can escape the black hole, within our layering description of gravity. An anti-gravity device should create a fluctuating magnetic field and electric field, in the adequate direction, at the required frequency and strength. The signal should annihilate the Earth’s gravitation waves. In this work, an anti-gravity device is designed and developed. It is based on a Tesla coil circuit of high voltage, and high frequency, connected to a coil on a rotating board, at a condensation temperature, yet all the ingredients are replaced and improved, including the rotation feature.