Elementary Machine Research Articles

Chaotic artificial hummingbird algorithm applied to elementary machine design problems

Chaotic artificial hummingbird algorithm applied to elementary machine design problems

Opposition-Based Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm Applied to Elementary Machine Design Problems

Opposition-Based Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm Applied to Elementary Machine Design Problems

Development and application of PBL-based machine learning education program to improve elementary school students' problem solving skills

Objectives In this study, a PBL-based elementary artificial intelligence teaching and learning model is designed to improve problem-solving ability, and an education program is developed based on the PBL-based elementary artificial intelligence teaching and learning model. In addition, the purpose of this study is to verify the validity by analyzing the effect of artificial intelligence education programs on improving elementary school students' problem-solving skills by applying the developed education program. Methods To this end, a problem-oriented learning (PBL)-based artificial intelligence teaching and learning model was designed through consideration of previous studies, and a total of 16 problem-oriented learning (PBL)-based elementary machine learning education programs were developed. Software and artificial intelligence education experts were reviewed for the developed program, and the developed education program was applied to 30 students in 1 class in 5th grade of M Elementary School in Busan. The effectiveness of problem-solving ability improvement of problem-based learning-based machine learning education programs was analyzed by analyzing the program-applied pre- and post-test papers through the corresponding sample t-test of SPSS Statistics. Results The average value increased in all areas of problem-solving ability recognition, information collection, analysis, diffusion thinking, decision-making, planning, execution and risk-taking, evaluation, and feedback, and significant differences were also found in the significance level standards. As a result of analyzing the survey and interviews of students after the application of the education program, it was found that AI education was necessary, interested, and useful, and helped improve creativity and thinking skills, and had a positive effect on career choices related to AI. Conclusions It was confirmed that the PBL-based elementary machine learning education program has a positive effect on problem-solving skills and artificial intelligence education for fifth graders, and it is expected to be used as a reference for follow-up studies of artificial intelligence education programs considering various grades, school forms, and convergence with subjects.

3D-printed machines that manipulate microscopic objects using capillary forces.

Objects that deform a liquid interface are subject to capillary forces, which can be harnessed to assemble the objects1-4. Once assembled, such structures are generally static. Here we dynamically modulate these forces to move objects in programmable two-dimensional patterns. We 3D-print devices containing channels that trap floating objects using repulsive capillary forces5,6, then move these devices vertically in a water bath. Because the channel cross-sections vary with height, the trapped objects can be steered in two dimensions. The device and interface therefore constitute a simple machine that converts vertical to lateral motion. We design machines that translate, rotate and separate multiple floating objects and that do work on submerged objects through cyclic vertical motion. We combine these elementary machines to make centimetre-scale compound machines that braid micrometre-scale filaments into prescribed topologies, including non-repeating braids. Capillary machines are distinct from mechanical, optical or fluidic micromanipulators in that a meniscus links the object to the machine. Therefore, the channel shapes need only be controlled on the scale of the capillary length (a few millimetres), even when the objects are microscopic. Consequently, such machines can be built quickly and inexpensively. This approach could be used to manipulate micrometre-scale particles or to braid microwires for high-frequency electronics.

Using relaxed concurrent data structures for contention minimization in multithreaded MPI programs

Parallel computing is one of the top priorities in computer science. The main means of parallel processing information is a distributed computing system (CS) - a composition of elementary machines that interact through a communication medium. Modern distributed VSs implement thread-level parallelism (TLP) within a single computing node (multi-core CS with shared memory), as well as process-level parallelism (PLP) process-level parallelism for the entire distributed CS. The main tool for developing parallel programs for such systems is the MPI standard. The need to create scalable parallel programs that effectively use compute nodes with shared memory has determined the development of the MPI standard, which today supports the creation of hybrid multi-threaded MPI programs. A hybrid multi-threaded MPI program is the combination of the computational capabilities of processes and threads. The standard defines four types of multithreading: Single - one thread of execution; Funneled - a multi-threaded program, but only main thread can perform MPI operations; Serialized - only one thread at the exact same time can make a call to MPI functions; Multiple - each program flow can perform MPI functions at any time. The main task of the multiple mode is the need to synchronize the communication flows within each process. This paper presents an overview of the work that addresses the problem of synchronizing processes running on remote machines and synchronizing internal program threads. Method for synchronization of threads based on queues with weakened semantics of operations is proposed.

NCS 의사소통능력 하위 요소의 교육 우선순위에 대한 AHP 분석

This study is proposed to analyze an priority of educational needs of NCS communicative competence using AHP analysis. For this purpose, it conducted a questionnaire survey of 88 vocational teachers. Among the subjects, it analyzed the responses with a consistency ratio of 0.1 or less. First, ‘writing ability’ was derived as the most important ability among sub-abilities. Second, the result of priorities for each educational element of sub-abilities are as follow: ‘Confirmation and acquisition of document information’, ‘Confirmation and organization of written document information’, ‘Listening to voice information and media information’, ‘Organization information suited to purpose and situation’ were the most important educational contents elements of sub-abilities respectively. The results of this study can be used as basic data for constituting vocational education contents in the future.Since then, it has been necessary to establish a foundation for creating an educational environment that can improve students' ability to adapt to a changing career world through a wide range of research on subjects in various vocational education fields and levels.
 Methods To this end, a problem-oriented learning (PBL)-based artificial intelligence teaching and learning model was designed through consideration of previous studies, and a total of 16 problem-oriented learning (PBL)-based elementary machine learning education programs were developed. Software and artificial intelligence education experts were reviewed for the developed program, and the developed education program was applied to 30 students in 1 class in 5th grade of M Elementary School in Busan. The effectiveness of problem-solving ability improvement of problem-based learning-based machine learning education programs was analyzed by analyzing the program-applied pre- and post-test papers through the corresponding sample t-test of SPSS Statistics.
 Results The average value increased in all areas of problem-solving ability recognition, information collection, analysis, diffusion thinking, decision-making, planning, execution and risk-taking, evaluation, and feedback, and significant differences were also found in the significance level standards. As a result of analyzing the survey and interviews of students after the application of the education program, it was found that AI education was necessary, interested, and useful, and helped improve creativity and thinking skills, and had a positive effect on career choices related to AI.
 Conclusions It was confirmed that the PBL-based elementary machine learning education program has a positive effect on problem-solving skills and artificial intelligence education for fifth graders, and it is expected to be used as a reference for follow-up studies of artificial intelligence education programs considering various grades, school forms, and convergence with subjects.

Image processing-based intelligent robotic system for assistance of agricultural crops

Agriculture has been practiced in conventional ways for centuries and supported with mechanical systems in the last few decades. With the evolution of robotic equipment and sensors, the researchers are focusing on introducing smart farming. In this paper, we propose improved algorithms for infection detection in leaves and field classification targeting a heterogeneous robotic system. Image processing methods have been used on the leaves of the plants to calculate the infection percentage in crops and elementary machine learning algorithm k-means clustering for classifying the field. Classification of the agricultural field has been done for growing different types of crops in a mixed cropping technique which has an advantage over other farming procedures. Early detection of diseases can help in better preventive measures in the early stages. We have used 3,150 images of crop diseases for three different types of crops and by smartly incorporating some previously established techniques. The primary objective of this paper includes the qualitative analysis of infection detection algorithms and further elaboration for the possible application of the suggested work in smart farming.

Image processing-based intelligent robotic system for assistance of agricultural crops

Agriculture has been practiced in conventional ways for centuries and supported with mechanical systems in the last few decades. With the evolution of robotic equipment and sensors, the researchers are focusing on introducing smart farming. In this paper, we propose improved algorithms for infection detection in leaves and field classification targeting a heterogeneous robotic system. Image processing methods have been used on the leaves of the plants to calculate the infection percentage in crops and elementary machine learning algorithm k-means clustering for classifying the field. Classification of the agricultural field has been done for growing different types of crops in a mixed cropping technique which has an advantage over other farming procedures. Early detection of diseases can help in better preventive measures in the early stages. We have used 3,150 images of crop diseases for three different types of crops and by smartly incorporating some previously established techniques. The primary objective of this paper includes the qualitative analysis of infection detection algorithms and further elaboration for the possible application of the suggested work in smart farming.

Domenico Fontana and the entrance of mechanics in architecture

AbstractThe analysis of archival documents related to the static restoration of the abacus of Marcus Aurelius Column and the reading of the description of the operations performed to move the Vatican Obelisk allow illustrating the mastery that Domenico Fontana exhibits about the statics of elementary machines – deriving from the knowledge of the technical literature of the second half of the sixteenth century – and his ability to exploit it as a support in the phase of structural invention. (© 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Mechanical properties optimization of resin mineral composite for machine tool bed

Resin mineral composite attracted much attention in the field of elementary machine components because of the excellent performance in alleviating vibration. However, applications of resin mineral composite are restricted due to its limited mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects of the aggregate gradation, the maximum diameter of the aggregate, and the mass fraction of the resin on the mechanical strength were investigated. In addition, influences of fiber types (glass fiber and carbon fiber), fiber length, mass content of fiber, and surface treating techniques (ultrasonic cleaning, oxidation by HNO3, coupling treatment by silane) on the mechanical strength of resin mineral composite were also investigated. Experimental results show that the compressive strength of resin mineral composite first increases and then decreases as the maximum aggregate diameter, the fractal dimension of the aggregate gradation, and the resin dosage increase. The best compressive strength was obtained when the maximum diameter of aggregate is 15 mm, the fractal dimension of the aggregate gradation is 2.45, and the mass fraction of the resin is 9%. Results also show that the best mechanical strength was obtained when the lengths of the fibers are 10 mm and the mass fraction of the glass (carbon) fiber is 0.1% (0.05%). Compared with resin mineral composite with no fibers, the compressive strengths of resin mineral composite reinforced by glass fibers and carbon fibers treated with three-step treating technique increased by 16.62 and 14.63%, respectively. And the flexural strength of resin mineral composite reinforced with carbon fibers treated with three-step treating technique increased by 18.3%. The flexural strength of resin mineral composite reinforced with glass fiber treated with two- and three-step treating technique increased by 9.67 and 5.7%, respectively. In addition, the mechanism of the influences of the fiber whose surfaces were treated on the mechanical strength of resin mineral composite was revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

Forming Process and Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Concrete for Elementary Machine Parts

For the good vibration alleviating properties, polymer concrete (PC) has attracted much attention in the field of elementary machine components. In order to get more excellent mechanical properties, the forming process and mechanical properties of PC were concerned. In this research, glass fiber and carbon fiber were applied to improve the mechanical properties of PC. A series of PC and fiber reinforced polymer conctete (FRPC) specimens were prepared basing on the orthogonal tables for property test. Compression strength test was carried out. It is obvious that FRPC is better than PC as far as compression strength is concerned, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer concrete (CFRPC) is better than glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete (GFRPC). Trend curves about the relationship between fiber length and compression strength, as well as that between fiber dosage and compression strength were drawn. Relationship between the considered factors and compression strength is analyzed basing on the experiment results and the trend curves. Strengthening fibers would bear most of the internal stress when the specimen is faced to outer loads. Thus, FRPC has much better properties than PC. Mechanical properties of CFRPC are relatively better than that of GFRPC, for the strength of carbon fiber is better than that of glass fiber. It could be concluded that glass fiber is the proper strengthening fiber for PC considering both technical and economical factors.

Forming process and mechanical properties of fibers-reinforced polymer concrete

For good vibration alleviating properties, polymer concrete has attracted much attention in the field of elementary machine components. In this article, glass fiber and carbon fiber were applied to improve the mechanical properties of polymer concrete. Seen from the experimental results, as far as compression strength is concerned, fiber-reinforced polymer concrete is better than polymer concrete, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete is better than glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete. However, considering both technical and economical factors, it could be concluded that glass fiber is the proper strengthening fiber for polymer concrete.

Petri net-based approach to modelling ATM and minimising logistic costs in ATM network

Modelling the automatic teller machines ATMs by means of place/transition Petri nets P/T PN is presented. Then the attendance on elementary machines in an ATM network is partially solved to replenish money from a depot with minimal logistic costs. Namely, a possibility of the marked graph MG-based solving the so called travelling salesman's problem TSP is pointed out. It utilises the siphons and traps of the MG being a specific kind of P/T PN to find Hamiltonian cycles HCs of a special weighted directed graph corresponding to MG. While the P/T PN-based ATM model makes possible to propose and analyse the safety policy in order to avoid money frauds, minimising the logistic costs makes possible not only to save the fuel of money transport vehicles but also a flexibly exchange the paths to avoid terroristic attacks. The agent cooperation based on supervising the discrete-event systems is utilised at ATM modelling.

Driving and Controlling Molecular Surface Rotors with a Terahertz Electric Field

Great progress has been made in the design and synthesis of molecular motors and rotors. Loosely inspired by biomolecular machines such as kinesin and the FoF1 ATPsynthase, these molecules are hoped to provide elements for construction of more elaborate structures that can carry out tasks at the nanoscale corresponding to the tasks accomplished by elementary machines in the macroscopic world. Most of the molecular motors synthesized to date suffer from the drawback that they operate relatively slowly (less than kHz). Here we show by molecular dynamics studies of a diethyl sulfide rotor on a gold(111) surface that a high-frequency oscillating electric field normal to the surface can drive directed rotation at GHz frequencies. The maximum directed rotation rate is 10(10) rotations per second, significantly faster than the rotation of previously reported directional molecular rotors. Understanding the fundamental basis of directed motion of surface rotors is essential for the further development of efficient externally driven artificial rotors. Our results represent a step toward the design of a surface-bound molecular rotary motor with a tunable rotation frequency and direction.

Persistent dynamic entanglement from classical motion: how bio-molecular machines can generate nontrivial quantum states

Very recently (Cai et al 2010 Phys. Rev. E 82 021921), a simple mechanism was presented by which a molecule subjected to forced oscillations, out of thermal equilibrium, can maintain quantum entanglement between two of its quantum degrees of freedom. Crucially, entanglement can be maintained even in the presence of very intense noise, so intense that no entanglement is possible when the forced oscillations cease. This mechanism may allow for the presence of nontrivial quantum entanglement in biological systems. Here we significantly enlarge the study of this model. In particular, we show that the persistent generation of dynamic entanglement is not restricted to the bosonic heat bath model, but can also be observed in other decoherence models, e.g. the spin gas model, and in non-Markovian scenarios. We also show how conformational changes can be used by an elementary machine to generate entanglement even in unfavorable conditions. In biological systems, similar mechanisms could be exploited by more complex molecular machines or motors.

Study on Vibration Alleviating Properties of Different Fiber Reinforced Polymer Concrete

Polymer concrete (PC), because of its good vibration alleviating properties, is a proper material for elementary machine parts in high-precision machine tools. Strengthening fibers were applied in PC to improve its mechanical properties, and the material obtained is called fiber reinforced polymer concrete (FRPC). The best parameter to estimate the vibration alleviating property is damping ratio. Orthogonal tests were carried out to prepare FRPC specimens with different fibers. How strengthening fibers affect vibration alleviating properties of FRPC was studies basing on the experiment results.

Study on vibration alleviating properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete through orthogonal tests

Polymer concrete (PC), because of its good vibration alleviating properties, is a proper material for elementary machine parts in high-precision machine tools. Glass fiber was applied in PC to improve its mechanical properties, and the material obtained is called glass fiber reinforced polymer concrete (GFRPC). The best parameter to estimate the vibration alleviating property is damping ratio. Orthogonal tests were carried out to prepare GFRPC specimens with different component proportions. Damping ratio of the GFRPC specimens was measured. The effect of the factors considered in the experiments on damping ratio of GFRPC was studied. Results of the tests show that granite proportion plays the most important role in determining damping ratio of GFRPC, then flexibilizer dosage and glass fiber length, while epoxy resin dosage and glass fiber dosage play a comparatively less important part. Detailed descriptions were made about how the considered factors affect damping ratio of GFRPC in this paper.

Combinatorial Optimization with Explicit Delineation of the Ground Set by a Collection of Subsets

We examine a selective list of combinatorial optimization problems in NP with respect to inapproximability (Arora and Lund (1997)) given that the ground set of elements $N$ has additional characteristics. For each problem in this paper, the set $N$ is expressed explicitly by subsets of $N$ either as a partition or in the form of a cover. The problems examined are generalizations of well-known classical graph problems and include the minimal spanning tree problem, a number of elementary machine scheduling problems, the bin-packing problem, and the travelling salesman problem (TSP). We conclude that for all these generalized problems the existence of a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) is impossible unless P=NP. This suggests a partial characterization for a family of inapproximable problems. For the generalized Euclidean TSP we prove inapproximability even if the subsets are of cardinality 2.

Evaluation of language measure parameters for discrete event manufacturing systems with multiproduct machines

The concept of language measure provides a mathematical framework for quantitative analysis and synthesis of discrete event supervisory control systems. The language measure is assigned two parameters, namely the state transition cost matrix and the state cost vector. In a recent paper (Khatab and Nourelfath 2006), an analytical approach has been formulated to evaluate the language measure parameters for discrete event manufacturing systems composed of several monoproduct machines, i.e., each machine is able to perform only one kind of product. This paper generalizes these results to the multiproduct case, i.e., to the case where each machine in the manufacturing system is able to perform different kinds of products. The proposed approach is based on the theory of Markov stochastic processes and Kronecker algebra. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that the mathematical expressions of the system language measure parameters are derived from data of individual elementary machines without generating the whole, possibly huge, system state space.

Analytic calculation of axial-flux permanent-magnet motor torque

It is proved that fast semi-analytic methods can be applied to perform the three-dimensional design calculation of axial-flux permanent magnet machines successfully. The analytic calculation can be summarised in the following three steps: first, each axial-flux permanent-magnet machine pole pair – or several pole pairs in the case of fractional slot windings – is divided on the airgap surface radially into sectors-of-rings, which then form the airgap surfaces of elementary machines. Secondly, the behaviour of each elementary machine is calculated individually assuming a two-dimensional flux problem. Thirdly, the machine properties are found by summing the results given by all the elementary machines and all pole pairs of the machine.