Elemental Magnesium Research Articles

Wetting Behaviors of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Zn Brazing Materials on 5083 Aluminum Alloy

The wetting behaviors of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Zn brazing materials on 5083 aluminum alloy substrate were investigated through changing the proportion of Mg from 0 to 2 wt.%. The experimental results showed that the welding process goes through the three following stages: slow spreading, fast spreading, and stabilizing. The wettability of the brazing material was improved effectively, and the porosity of the interfacial layer was reduced, with the addition of Mg. With Mg content at 1 wt.%, the wetting diameter reached a maximum value of 20.46 mm. The reaction mechanism of the wetted interfacial layer between the brazing material and substrate alloy was illustrated with dynamic data, provided through experimentation and simulated thermodynamic calculation, and showed that the wetting behavior of the resultant Al-7.5Si-15Cu-1Mg-5Zn brazing material was dominated primarily by a diffusion reaction from elemental magnesium.

THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LANTHANUM-BASED RARE EARTH CONVERSION COATING ON MAGNESIUM ALLOY AZ91D AND ITS DEGRADATION IN 3.5% NaCl SOLUTION

Magnesium alloys have a huge market and broad prospects due to their high specific strength, good ductility, and strong thermal conductivity. However, the active chemical properties of elemental magnesium and the negative standard electrode potential result in magnesium alloys being highly susceptible to corrosion and failure. Chemical conversion treatment of magnesium alloy can improve its corrosion resistance by preparing a chemical conversion film on its surface. Rare earth conversion treatment has the advantages of effortless process, moderate price, no pollution, good corrosion resistance, and synergistic effect with inorganic or organic additives, which is in line with the pursuit of “green chemical” in industrial production. At present, there is little research and application on lanthanum-based rare earth conversion coatings (La-RECC). This paper selects rare earth element lanthanum (La) to prepare La-RECC on the surface of AZ91D magnesium alloy through chemical conversion treatment. The microstructure, chemical composition, and protective properties of La-RECC were discovered, as well as their interrelationships, revealing the degradation process of La-RECC in 3.5% NaCl solution. La-RECC is composed of La(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2, exhibiting a crystal cluster structure with cracks, and there are a large number of needle-like crystals on the crystal cluster of La-RECC, with a thickness of 2.14 [Formula: see text]m. The degradation process of La-RECC can be divided into three stages: Rapid degradation, slow degradation, and complete degradation. The complete degradation time of La-RECC in 3.5% NaCl solution is 82.5[Formula: see text]h.

The effects of melatonin and magnesium in a novel supplement delivery system on sleep scores, body composition and metabolism in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a novel dietary supplement, including melatonin and magnesium, delivered via coffee pods on sleep quality, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body composition in individuals with poor sleep quality disturbances. Using a double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial, we recruited 35 participants to a 4-week intervention with both supplements (1.9 mg melatonin + 200 mg elemental magnesium before sleep) and placebo conditions, considering a 7d washout period between treatments. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was applied, RMR (kcal) was measured using indirect calorimetry (canopy ventilated open-circuit system) and body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Decreases in PSQI and anger – hostility scores, as well as in energy intake and fat mass, were observed (p < 0.05) for both conditions, from baseline to the end of each 4-week intervention. Differences between conditions were also observed for these parameters along with energy spent in activity, number of sedentary breaks, sleep efficiency, latency time, time in bed, total sleep time, awakening time, and movement index (p < 0.05) favouring the supplement condition. However, the final PSQI questionnaire scores still indicated poor sleep quality on average (PSQI > 5), in both conditions, with no changes regarding RMR. A melatonin-magnesium supplement, in a coffee pod format, showed improvements in sleep quality in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances, however PSQI questionnaire scores still indicated poor quality on average (PSQI > 5).

Additive manufacturing of WE43 and modified AZ91D magnesium alloys using the laser engineered net shaping process

Magnesium alloys WE43 and AZ91D offer weight savings for structural applications. WE43 contains rare-earth elements such as yttrium and neodymium, whereas AZ91D and the AZ class of alloys are lower-cost containing aluminium and zinc. This work uses a modified version of the latter, identified as AZ91D*, where calcium and yttrium have been added. Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) equipment was used to investigate the 3D printing behaviour of gas-atomized WE43 and AZ91D* material. Process evaluations were first done using single track laser scans across wrought substrates of WE43 and AZ31. Process parameters were then developed that enabled deposition of build coupons with less than 1% porosity. These were used for microstructural and mechanical property assessments. The energy densities used were in the range of 40 – 60 J/mm² for AZ91D*, while for WE43 a value of 50 J/mm² was selected. A focus of the work was managing the tendency of magnesium materials to fume heavily during deposition, while achieving a deposit with close to nominal density, i.e. having a low incidence of voids or other micro- or macro-structural defects. The porosity of AZ91D* builds did not seem to correlate with increasing deposition energy density, however WE43 builds did, up to a practical limit imposed by generation of excessive fume. WE43 generated much less fume than AZ91D*. Analysis of the input powder materials indicate the presence of oxides on the particle surfaces. The WE43 powders had a noticeable shell of yttrium oxide. The microstructures of WE43 builds show the presence of arc-shaped structures that are likely the same yttrium oxides, partially, or fully ‘unfolded’. Tensile testing was conducted on WE43 build coupons to assess the effect of a T6 heat treatment. The effect on the ultimate tensile and yield strengths was negligible, however the % elongation at break almost doubled. Inspection of the fracture surfaces suggests this was due to a change in mechanism from fracture initiation at sites of lack-of-fusion/un-melted particles, to a more ductile micro-void coalescence. Furthermore, a not previously described microstructure anomaly was observed: the presence of pure elemental magnesium crystallites and films on the fracture surface. These are attributed to condensation of magnesium vapour on previously built layers and are a possible reason for the existence of lack-of-fusion defects. The in-depth study of process fundamentals will enable future work on process fume inhibition based on process optimization and alloy composition with the goal of producing parts for biomedical and lightweighting applications.

The Effect of Various Forms of Sulfur on Soil Organic Matter Fractions and Microorganisms in a Pot Experiment with Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

This article focuses on the agronomic evaluation of the supplementation of mineral NPKMg fertilizers with elemental sulfur, magnesium, potassium, or ammonium sulfates in pot experiments with ryegrass growing in a sandy Arenosol with very low sulfur content. A benefit evaluation was carried out on the basis of biomass production, crop nutritional status, and changes in the content of soil organic matter fractions. Furthermore, the total number of bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and fungi was estimated using the qPCR technique in soil samples after 60 days of ryegrass growth. The combined application of NPKMg and sulfur or sulfate fertilizers significantly increased the summary yield of three cuttings of fresh ryegrass biomass in the range of 32.3% to 82.7%. The application, especially in the form of sulfates, significantly decreased the content of free phenolic acids. Furthermore, compared to the control, i.e., soil with NPKMg applied alone, an increase in the content of glomalin-related proteins and a decrease in the amount of water-soluble organic carbon compounds were observed. Neither the number of DNA marker copy numbers of the total bacterial community nor the nitrogen-fixing bacteria were noticeably different. In turn, the total number of genetic markers for fungi was significantly higher in soils with potassium or ammonium sulfates compared to the control soil. The general results suggest that the application of sulfur fertilizers with NPKMg mineral fertilizer can benefit crops and support soil fertility due to the stabilization of aggregates and the decrease in water-soluble organic compounds.

Alpha Hope, via Molecular Hydrogen and Pyrroloquinoline Quinone, Dose-Dependently Increases Nrf2 and PGC-1α Levels in C2C12 Myoblasts

Alpha Hope is a dietary supplement containing pyrroloquinoline quinone and elemental magnesium, which produces molecular hydrogen (H2 gas) when dissolved in water. We determined the impact of Alpha Hope on Nrf-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1α), and citrate synthase (CS) activity in C2C12 myoblasts. Alpha Hope was titrated to three concentrations of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) (10 nM, 100 nM, 1000 nM) and treated on C2C12 for 48 h. Nrf-2 and PGC-1α levels were measured using Western blot analysis. CS activity was measured according to previously described methods. Treatment significantly increased Nrf-2 and PGC-1α protein levels in C2C12 myoblasts, with no change for CS. For Nrf-2, values for both the 100 nM (p = 0.046) and 1000 nM (p = 0.011) concentrations were higher than control. For PGC-1α, values for both the 100 nM (p = 0.039) and 1000 nM (p = 0.017) concentrations were higher than control. In a small human pilot study, subjects consumed the Alpha Hope product daily for four weeks, with no adverse effects, with some subjects noted as “responders” to treatment. Alpha Hope can significantly increase both Nrf-2 and PGC-1α in a concentration-dependent manner. Healthy men and women who ingest the product daily can do so without adverse effects.

Structural and Thermodynamic Properties of Magnesium-Rich Liquids at Ultrahigh Pressure

We explore the structural properties of Mg, MgO, and MgSiO3 liquids from ab initio computer simulations at conditions that are relevant for the interiors of giant planets, stars, shock compression measurements, and inertial confinement fusion experiments. Using path-integral Monte Carlo and density functional theory molecular dynamics, we derive the equation of state of magnesium-rich liquids in the regime of condensed and warm dense matter, with densities ranging from 0.32 to 86.11 g cm−3 and temperatures from 20,000 K to 5 × 108 K. We study the electronic structure of magnesium as a function of density and temperature and the correlations of the atomic motion, finding an unexpected local maximum in the pair correlation functions that emerges at high densities which decreases the coordination number of elemental magnesium and reveals a higher packing. This phenomenon is not observed in other magnesium liquids, which maintain a rather constant coordination number.

Elemental Magnesium as an Early Transition Metal Substitute: From Pentafulvene Coordination to Deprotonation of Amines.

The reaction of magnesium turnings and 6,6-di-para-tolylpentafulvene was investigated. Under mild conditions, the magnesium dissolves, forming the MgII complex 1 with a π-η5 : σ-κ1 coordinating ligand of the dimerized pentafulvene, analyzed by NMR and XRD investigations. As a magnesium pentafulvene complex was a possible intermediate, amines were employed as intercepting agents. Thereby, the amines were formally deprotonated by elemental magnesium, yielding the first examples of Cp'Mg(THF)2 NR2 complexes. This reaction competes with the formation of 1 and a consecutive formal [1,5]-H-shift forming an ansa-magnesocene. Employing amines with low basicity gave quantitative conversion to the amide complexes.

Magnesium Administration in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Awareness of the clinical relevance of magnesium in medicine has increased over the last years, especially for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), due to magnesium's role in vascular calcification and mineral metabolism. The inverse association between serum magnesium and clinically relevant, adverse outcomes is well-established in people with CKD. Subsequent intervention studies have focused on the effect of magnesium administration, mainly in relation to cardiovascular diseases, mineral bone metabolism, and other metabolic parameters. The most commonly used routes of magnesium administration are orally and by increasing dialysate magnesium. Several oral magnesium formulations are available and the daily dosage of elemental magnesium varies highly between studies, causing considerable heterogeneity. Although data are still limited, several clinical studies demonstrated that magnesium administration could improve parameters of vascular function and calcification and mineral metabolism in people with CKD. Current clinical research has shown that magnesium administration in people with CKD is safe, without concerns for severe hypermagnesemia or negative interference with bone metabolism. It should be noted that there are several ongoing magnesium intervention studies that will contribute to the increasing knowledge on the potential of magnesium administration in people with CKD.

Beneficial effects of adding magnesium to desalinated drinking water on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial

There is evidence that increasing the consumption of water containing magnesium can improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This trial was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the effect of adding different concentrations of magnesium chloride to the desalinated drinking water on the glycemic, metabolic, and insulin resistance parameters among patients with T2DM. A randomized cross-sectional controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding magnesium chloride supplement to desalinated drinking water consumed by patients with T2DM on the glycemic and metabolic parameters and indicators of insulin sensitivity. The total number of patients with T2DM who successfully completed the trial is 102. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: the first group received bottled water without added magnesium (0 mg/L) (Group A, n = 37); the second group received bottled water with a low level of magnesium (20 mg/L) (Group B, n = 33); and the third group received drinking water with a high level of magnesium (50 mg/L) (Group C, n = 32). The daily consumption of elemental magnesium for a period of 3 months resulted in significant improvement in HbA1C (8.0 vs 8.2%, p = 0.04), insulin level (7.5 vs 9.9 μIU/mL, p = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA.IR) (2.5 vs 2.9, p = 0.002) in group C. However, there was no significant improvement in fasting blood glucose (FBS) level or lipid profile. The results of this study suggest that oral magnesium supplementation at the given dose of 50 mg/L daily added to drinking water could improve long-term glycemic control indicators and reduce insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.

Experimental observation of open structures in elemental magnesium at terapascal pressures

Investigating how solid matter behaves at enormous pressures, such as those found in the deep interiors of giant planets, is a great experimental challenge. Over the past decade, computational predictions have revealed that compression to terapascal pressures may bring about counter-intuitive changes in the structure and bonding of solids as quantum mechanical forces grow in influence1–6. Although this behaviour has been observed at modest pressures in the highly compressible light alkali metals7,8, it has not been established whether it is commonplace among high-pressure solids more broadly. We used shaped laser pulses at the National Ignition Facility to compress elemental Mg up to 1.3 TPa, which is approximately four times the pressure at the Earth’s core. By directly probing the crystal structure using nanosecond-duration X-ray diffraction, we found that Mg changes its crystal structure several times with non-close-packed phases emerging at the highest pressures. Our results demonstrate that phase transformations of extremely condensed matter, previously only accessible through theoretical calculations, can now be experimentally explored.

Liposomal Mineral Absorption: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplements are one of the most popular dietary supplement categories. The purpose of this analysis was to determine if a novel liposomal delivery mechanism improves mineral absorption from an MVM product. In a randomized crossover trial, 25 healthy participants (12 females, 13 males) completed two testing sessions in which blood samples were collected at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 h following the ingestion of either a liposomal MVM or a nutrient-matched standard MVM. Analysis of MVM products indicated an elemental iron content of 9.4 and 10.1 mg (~50% U.S. FDA Daily Value) and an elemental magnesium content of 22.0 and 23.3 mg (~5% U.S. FDA Daily Value) in the liposomal and standard MVM products, respectively. Blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of iron and magnesium using colorimetric assays. Changes in mineral concentrations were analyzed using linear mixed models, and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between conditions. For iron, statistically significant condition × time interactions were observed for percent change from baseline (p = 0.002), rank of percent change from baseline (p = 0.01), and raw concentrations (p = 0.02). Follow-up testing indicated that the liposomal condition exhibited larger changes from baseline than the standard MVM condition at 4 (p = 0.0001; +14.3 ± 18.5% vs. −6.0 ± 13.1%) and 6 h (p = 0.0002; +1.0 ± 20.9% vs. −21.0 ± 15.3%) following MVM ingestion. These changes were further supported by a 50% greater mean incremental area under the curve in the liposomal condition (33.2 ± 30.9 vs. 19.8 ± 19.8 mcg/dL × 6 h; p = 0.02, Cohen’s d effect size = 0.52). In contrast, no differential effects for magnesium absorption were observed. In conclusion, iron absorption from an MVM product is enhanced by a liposomal delivery mechanism.

Optimization of the prevention of perinatal pathology in women with gestational endotheliopathy

Objectives: to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the Metida for the prevention of perinatal pathology in pregnant women with gestational endotheliopathy and with the risk of preeclampsia.Materials and methods. 68 pregnant women with verified gestational endotheliopathy and with risk of preeclampsia &gt; 1:150 participated in a prospective clinical comparative study. The patients were divided into subgroups: the first subgroup included 30 women who from 11–13 weeks of pregnancy received acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day and vitamin D 2000 IU/day; the II subgroup included 38 pregnant women who from 11–13 weeks of gestation received acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day, vitamin D 2000 IU/day and Metida (300 mg of elemental magnesium, 30 mg of vitamin B6). 28 practically healthy pregnant women of the control group received vitamin D 1000 IU/day. The clinical effectiveness of therapy was evaluated by comparing the number of cases of perinatal pathology; cases of intrauterine suffering of the fetus; the dynamics of indicators of laboratory-instrumental research methods (markers of the risk of perinatal pathology) and the pregnancy outcomes.Results. Metida as an additional preventive therapy made it possible to significantly reduce the number of cases of placental dysfunction (р = 0.01) and intrauterine suffering of the fetus (р = 0.02) compared to standard preventive therapy. There was also a 6-fold reduction in the incidence of preeclampsia and premature birth due to magnesium supplementation, compared to pregnant women who received only acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin D. There was a significant decrease in serum indicators of markers of endothelial dysfunction in women with gestational endotheliopathy as a result of taking magnesium: vascular endothelial growth factor (p &lt; 0.00001), endoglin (p &lt; 0.00001) compared to patients who did not receive magnesium, and there was also normalization of the of 25(OH)D level in blood serum compared to the control group (p = 0.33).Conclusions. Additional Mg supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the likelihood of perinatal pathology in high-risk patients and help normalize serum markers of endothelial dysfunction in women with high risk of preeclampsia.

Covalent modification of poly(vinyl chloride) via organometallic Barbier reaction

The development of efficient synthetic methodologies for chemical functionalization and modification of existing polymers to improve or diversify the physicochemical and mechanical properties is an ongoing quest in macromolecular science. This is especially true for the generation of polymeric materials out of commercial/commodity polymers via structural tailoring since these polymers are produced in vast quantities and are structurally diverse. In this study, we report on benign chemical modification of an important commercial polymer, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) via Barbier reaction. The methodology is based on the employment of magnesium metal to generate nucleophilic alkyl-magnesium chloride groups on polymer backbone and addition of these nucleophilic centers to electrophilic carbonyl groups. The synthetic procedure can be implemented in a one-pot fashion by utilizing commonly available aldehyde or epoxide bearing compounds along with elemental magnesium. The Barbier addition of PVC backbone generated alkyl-magnesium chloride groups on the model aldehyde substrates with different structures were achieved with > 84 % functionalization degrees. It was shown that the functionalization degrees can easily be regulated by the simple alteration of employed magnesium ratio to backbone present alkyl chloride groups. Functionalization studies were investigated via 1H NMR, FT-IR and SEC analyses as well as contact angle measurements. Considering the wide industrial/ research utilization of poly(vinyl chloride) together with commercial availability, abundant reactive alkyl chloride bonds in backbone chains of this polymer offer easy to implement structural tailoring via proposed organometallic Barbier reaction.

High-temperature corrosion of a nickel-based alloy in a molten chloride environment – The effect of thermal and chemical purifications

There is currently an ever-increasing demand for higher process efficiencies in next generation (Gen3) concentrating solar power (CSP). Higher process efficiencies may be procured by increasing the operating temperature, and simultaneously, minimizing the degradation of materials used for construction of CSP plants (e.g., piping, thermal storage tanks, solar receivers and heat exchangers). Thus, understanding materials corrosion in the presence of molten salt mixtures used as thermal energy storage media and heat transfer fluids is indispensable for CSP development. The present paper provides insights into the effects of salt purification on the corrosion of a nickel-based alloy (Haynes 230) isothermally exposed to a stagnant chloride-based salt mixture at 800 °C. The MgCl 2 -based salt mixture was thermally dehydrated and chemically treated with (0.1 and 0.5 wt %) elemental magnesium. Results reveal the electrochemical nature of the corrosion process, and the formation of corrosion products such as oxides (MgO, MgCr 2 O 4 , and MgAl 2 O 4 ) and nitrides (CrN) on the alloy surface and in sub-surface regions. Magnesium additions enhanced the ability to resist corrosion by reducing the concentration of impurities (H 2 O, MgOH + , OH − species) and polarizing the alloy surface. The formation of nitrides in all cases studied indicates the impact of using nitrogen as a protective gas in the system. Results also reveal that a single step treatment of the salt using metallic Mg could be considered as a measure to control the salt's impurity level, e.g., if required for system control. • Haynes 230 was exposed to several unpurified and purified MgCl 2 -based salt at 800 °C. • The corrosion behavior was systematically investigated using several analytical tools. • Abundant evidence for Cr- and Al-rich spinel and nitride formation was documented. • Possible formation mechanisms for the principal corrosion products were discussed. • Single-step purification of the salt substantially reduced the corrosion rate.

Short term magnesium supplementation to reduce dark cutting in pasture finished beef cattle

This study assessed the capacity of magnesium supplementation to reduce muscle glycogen loss, ultimate pH and increase plasma magnesium in pasture fed slaughter cattle. Beef cattle (n = 1075) from 14 farms were supplemented with or without magnesium pellets for 7–14 days prior to slaughter. Magnesium was allocated at 9.83 g of elemental magnesium per head per day, while the control diet was balanced to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, but contained no added magnesium. Groups of cattle (n = 44) were slaughtered at the same processing plant over two consecutive seasons, from August – September 2016 to May – July 2017.Magnesium supplementation increased muscle glycogen (P < 0.01) in cattle supplied from 2 of 14 farms, and increased plasma magnesium in 4 of 14 farms (P < 0.01). Magnesium supplementation had no effect on overall incidence of ultimate pH between the magnesium and control supplementation groups. The benefits of short term magnesium supplementation prior to slaughter was inconsistent for protecting muscle glycogen.

Comparative Analysis of Metal Ions and Texture of Ajwa Seed Powder Using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

Minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium which are available in the Ajwa dates are known to play vital roles in the regulation of blood pressure due to their interaction with the arterial resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of various ions in these date seeds and their correlation to the cardiovascular parameters. The powder was subjected to the electron microscope scanning to investigate the texture. Samples were prepared by microwave digestion using suprapur nitric acid 65% and 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 12 elements were targeted for elemental quantification, including potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, chromium, zinc, copper, manganese, lead, and nickel. ICP-MS analysis was performed using highly sophisticated analytical technique of Perkin Elmer Sciex Elan DRC II Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometer. The topography of Ajwa powder was also examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), which might affect the quantification of elements being analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to check any possible chemical interaction after the grinding process. The study showed that certain elements including potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium had higher concentrations in Ajwa powder than Ajwa seeds. The concentrations of the elements such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the commercially available Ajwa powder were 1003.94 mg/100 g, 158.97 mg/100 g, and 114.10 mg/100 g, respectively. Ajwa powder generated by a mechanical grinder resulted in significant amount of potassium (739.17 mg/100 g), phosphorus (132.60 mg/100 g), and magnesium (39.55 mg/100 g). Moreover, different grinding methods resulted in different concentrations of the elements (calcium and sodium). Ajwa powder generated by motor and pestle yielded approximately 204.54 mg/100 g of calcium, which was significantly higher than commercial Ajwa powder (65.01 mg/100 g). Interestingly, FTIR data suggested a slightly shift of the chemical peaks from the commercial to lab grinded tested powder. This study signifies the medicinal effect of Ajwa in various pathological conditions by presenting major dietary value of key elements present in Ajwa.

Magnesium in the prevention of gestational complications in women with pregnancy induced in the art cycle

This article provides data on the role of magnesium in ensuring the vital activity of the human body, its role in reproduction and the development of obstetric complications. The methods of diagnostics and medications for the correction of magnesium deficiency are considered.Purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of complex water-soluble agent containing magnesium citrate and vitamin B6 in the complications prevention of pregnancy induced in cycles of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).Materials and methods. 215 women with pregnancy induced in ART cycles were randomized into two groups: the main group received a prophylactic complex water-soluble drug Metida containing magnesium citrate 1970 mg (elemental magnesium 300 mg) and vitamin B6 30 mg from 1 to 36 weeks of pregnancy, 1 time per day. The comparison group (105 women) did not receive magnesium. The control group consisted of 53 relatively healthy women with pregnancy after natural conception.Serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels were studied at 6–8, 18–20 and 30–32 weeks of gestation. Clinical course of pregnancy and childbirth were evaluated. Magnesium deficiency should be determined by the content of magnesium in erythrocytes, as its level in serum is still normal, i.e. within the reference interval.Results. Metida in women with induced pregnancy in ART cycles compared to the group in which magnesium drugs were not prescribed reduced the number of preterm birth in 2.62 times, placental dysfunction in 2.24 times, gestational diabetes mellitus in 2.62 times, premature birth in 2.28 times and increased the number of timely births in 1.12 times.Conclusion. Use of the magnesium-containing drug Metida from the earliest stages of pregnancy has optimized the course and outcome of pregnancy and reduced the number of miscarriage and complications, as well as increased the number of timely births. Safety and bioavailability of magnesium are important properties of Metida. This drug has maximum compliance – high efficiency and digestibility.

Exploration of Mechanochemical Activation in Solid-State Fluoro-Grignard Reactions.

Owing to the strength of the C–F bond, the ‘direct’ preparation of Grignard reagents, i.e., the interaction of elemental magnesium with an organic halide, typically in an ethereal solvent, fails for bulk magnesium and organofluorine compounds. Previously described mechanochemical methods for preparing Grignard reagents have involved ball milling powdered magnesium with organochlorines or bromines. Activation of the C–F bond through a similar route is also possible, however. For example, milling 1- and 2-fluoronaphthalene with an excess of magnesium metal for 2 h, followed by treatment with FeCl3 and additional milling, produces the corresponding binaphthalenes, albeit in low yields (ca. 20%). The yields are independent of the particular isomer involved and are also comparable to the yields from corresponding the bromonaphthalenes. These results may reflect similar charges that reside on the α-carbon in the naphthalenes, as indicated by density functional theory calculations.

PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT LiBOB/MgCl2 DENGAN METODE SOLID STATE REACTION

The manufacture and characterization of the lithium bus Composite (oxalate) borate with the addition of magnesium chloride (LiBOB/MgCl2). Electrolytes as a media transfer ion battery, plays an important role in the charge-discharge process of lithium ion batteries. The basic ingredients used in the study are lithium hydroxide (LIOH), Borid acid (H3BO3), Our acid dehydrate (H2C2O4 • 2H2O) and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2 • 6H2O). The method used in this research is solid state reaction or known as solid-solid method. Based on the results of the XRD characterization, shows the peaks of LiBOB experiencing a shift after being added with 2.5%; 5% and 7.5% MgCl2 • 6H2O, in addition it also raises new peaks of magnesium. While the spread of the material is blown the sample appears evenly with the SEM-EDX test, however there are some elements that are experiencing clotting. And the FTIR test showed a change in the frequency of each mass increase of MgCl2 • 6H2O, but did not cause peak changes in each sample. In the EIS test results, obtaining a low electrical conductivity value, due to agglomeration of the material after the addition of elemental magnesium that is ionic. Thus also causes the diffusion of ions to lower.