Element Shape Research Articles

Morfología territorial del Valle de Comayagua, Honduras

The Comayagua Valley in Honduras, located at coordinates 14˚38'44.73" N and 87˚38'04.90" W, stands out for its altitude of 630 meters above sea level and its dimensions of 52 km in length by 15 km in width, covering an area of 535 km². Despite its economic and connectivity importance, there is a lack of studies addressing its territorial and geomorphological unity and a characterization of its current territorial morphology. The objective of the research is to identify and analyze the shape and natural physical elements that define the Comayagua Valley. To achieve this, Geographic Information Systems tools were used to analyze river layouts, create a digital elevation model, and generate topographic profiles. The main results of this analysis reveal the natural physical elements that shape the valley, which are of vital geo-historical importance for understanding the processes of occupation and land use in the valley.

Об одной новой схеме применения метода конечных элементов в горных науках

At the moment a large number of research papers are being published in the field of mining sciences, utilizing FEM (finite element method) in one way or another. The vast majority of these papers are devoted to solving various engineering problems in mining using different software products such as ABAQUS, PLAXIS, etc. It has been determined that almost all existing works in this field follow the typical scheme for the application of FEM. Materials and methods. The analysis showed that the typical scheme for the application of FEM in mining sciences contains a fundamental error related to the inadequate consideration of the representative volume of rocks during the construction of a continuous medium model and the formation of a discrete model. This leads to a significant degree of inaccuracy in the modeling results. Results and discussion. To resolve the fundamental error, a new scheme for the application of FEM in mining sciences is proposed. It differs from the typical scheme by introducing a new intermediate model between the rock mass and the continuum model. This model, named ‘rock mass body’, represents a set of geoparticles. The sizes of the geoparticles are determined according to the representative volume of the structural or textural components of the rock mass. Comparative analysis has shown that, unlike the typical scheme for the application of FEM, the use of the proposed scheme allows to get solutions with a high degree of accuracy when researching rocks with coarse-grained and medium-grained structures. Conclusion. An analysis of the typical scheme for the application of FEM identified a fundamental error in its use for rock mass modeling tasks. A new scheme has been proposed to correct this error. Suggestions for practical application and direction of future research. The research results can be used to improve the accuracy of finite element models of rock masses. Further research should focus on improving methods for determining the shape of finite elements in relation to the symmetry of the structural and textural components of the rock mass. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fracturing of rocks.

An Investigation into Sheet-Inconel 718 Forming with Flexible and Metal Tools-Simulation and Experiment.

The article presents the results of numerical simulations and experimental tests of plastic forming sheets made from the difficult-to-deform nickel alloy Inconel 718 with a thickness of 1 mm, using punches made from elastomeric materials with hardness 50-90 Shore A and steel dies. Elastomeric stamps were created in the form of five layers with a diameter of 160 mm. The influence of the hardness of the elastomeric punches on the geometry of the elements obtained was determined. The dies were made from 90MnCrV8 steel with a hardness of over 60 HRC. Their task was to obtain the expected shape of the element while generating various stress states in specific areas of the semi-finished product. The research was carried out using an original device whose operating principle was based on the Guerin method. The shape and dimensions of the elements made from Inconel 718 nickel alloy were determined by optical 3D scanning. The geometry of the drawpiece showed a significant impact of the hardness of the layered elastomer matrices on the degree of shape reproduction. The results obtained from numerical modeling were confirmed by the results of experimental tests. It has been shown that the hardness of the elastomeric material used for punches for plastic forming Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheets should be adapted to the shape of the drawpiece. It was also found that one of the important aspects of plastic forming sheets using the Guerin method is the tendency to obtain a diversified shape of the final elements.

Variational temporal convolutional networks for I-FENN thermoelasticity

Machine learning (ML) has been used to solve multiphysics problems like thermoelasticity through multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks. However, MLPs have high computational costs and need to be trained for each prediction instance. To overcome these limitations, we introduced an integrated finite element neural network (I-FENN) framework to solve transient thermoelasticity problems in Abueidda and Mobasher (2024). This approach used a physics-informed temporal convolutional network (PI-TCN) within a finite element scheme for solving transient thermoelasticity problems. In this paper, we introduce an I-FENN framework using a new variational TCN model trained to minimize the thermoelastic variational form rather than the strong form of the energy balance. We mathematically prove that the I-FENN setup based on minimizing the variational form of transient thermoelasticity still leads to the same solution as the strong form. Introducing the variational form to the ML model brings the advantages of lower requirement for the differentiability of the basis function and, thus, lower memory requirement and higher computational efficiency. Also, it automatically satisfies zero Neumann boundary conditions, thus reducing the complexity of the loss function. The formulation based on the variational form complies with thermodynamic requirements. The proposed loss function reduces the difference between predicted and target data while minimizing the variational form of thermoelasticity equations, combining the benefits of both data-driven and variational methods. In addition, this study uses finite element shape functions for spatial gradient calculations and compares their performance against automatic differentiation. Our results reveal that models leveraging shape functions exhibit higher accuracy in capturing the behavior of the thermoelasticity problem and faster convergence. Adding the variational term and using shape functions for gradient calculations ensure better adherence to the underlying physics. We demonstrate the capabilities of this I-FENN framework through multiple numerical examples. Additionally, we discuss the convergence of the proposed variational TCN model and the impact of hyperparameters on its performance. The proposed approach offers a well-founded and flexible platform for solving fully coupled thermoelasticity problems while retaining computational efficiency, where the efficiency scales proportional to the model size.

Optimal choice of the geometric shape rotor blade wind turbine using the numerical method

To increase the energy efficiency of wind turbines, it is necessary to optimize and improve the shape and size of power elements. In this work, in order to improve the output energy indicators, as well as increase the lifting force, a combined blade in the form of a rotating cylinder and a fixed blade was created and numerically studied. The novelty of the work lies in obtaining the results of the influence of a fixed angle of inclination of the blade on the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the entire combined blade at wind speeds from 3 to 12 m/s. Based on three-dimensional modeling, 4 variants of the combined blade with different angles of location are designed. Three-dimensional patterns of the distribution of velocity vectors and pressure fields are obtained. Linear graphs of the dependence of aerodynamic coefficients on the Reynolds number are shown. It was found that at an angle of 0 degrees, the combined blade has a maximum lift coefficient of 10 and a minimum drag coefficient of 4.5 at Reynolds 1·104. The numerical results obtained will be useful in the development of wind power plants with combined blades operating on the basis of Magnus.

Generational Differences in Urban Identity: Eskişehir

Cities are regarded as spaces of co-production of the social sphere, leaving diverse imprints on the memory and discourse of individuals within society. This study investigates these differences by categorizing them according to generations, focusing on the components of urban identity as perceived, lived, transformed, and interacted with by different generations within the city. The aim is to uncover the type of identity the city offers to various generations and the generation-oriented breakpoints in the production of collective memory. This research is intertwined with themes of urban politics, urban memory, and urban-public space, providing an opportunity to not only observe the generation gap but also to discern the distinct dynamics of the city. It underscores the importance of considering the generation gap in the city's collective accumulation and urban politics. The study draws on data from in-depth interviews with 12 participants, comprising three individuals from each of the X, Y, Z, and Baby Boomer generations, all of whom were born, raised, and currently reside in Eskişehir. Through an examination of factors such as age, upbringing, and life experiences, the research delves into how these elements shape individuals' senses of identity and attachment to the urban environment. Additionally, it explores how generational perspectives influence attitudes towards urban development, cultural identity, and community engagement in Eskişehir. By delving into these aspects, the study aims to provide deeper insights into how generational differences manifest within the context of urban identity in this specific city.

Faith and fantasy: The interplay of Islam and pop culture in “99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa”

This study explores the evolving landscape of Indonesian cinema and its profound societal ramifications, focusing on the film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa (99 Lights in the European Sky). Using critical discourse analysis and drawing insights from Baudrillard's theoretical framework on simulation, this research systematically unpacks the ideological underpinnings embedded in the film. At the heart of this investigation is the symbiotic relationship between Islam and popular culture as manifested through the film's discursive constructions. The study combines Jäger and Maier's method of critical discourse analysis with Baudrillard's conceptualization of simulacra and simulacrum. It examines how the film's audio-visual elements shape perceptions of Islam within the broader social consciousness. The study brings to light the complex interplay of power dynamics and reveals how societal structures and practices contribute to the formation and perpetuation of these representations. Significantly, the research underscores the transformative potential of popular culture, presented in the film as an imaginative force, to shape the values and perspectives of contemporary young Muslim audiences, providing a new understanding of the role of popular culture in shaping religious identity.

Wytwarzanie ochronnych struktur kompozytowych za pomocą technologii infuzji w celu zapewnienia odporności na fale uderzeniowe

The paper presents the results of experiments on the use of infusion of polymer binders into a pre-constructed skeleton of reinforcing structures. Currently, three-layer structures with an average layer of aluminum honeycombs are considered to be one of the effective structural elements that ensure the damping of the blast wave. As an alternative middle layer, it is possible to offer elements of various shapes (cylinders, cubes, etc.) and geometries made of modern composites that are well-proven under the impact of a shock wave. These are, as is known, metal-polymer composites, i.e. materials containing, in addition to polymer binder and fabric filler, thin layers of metal. In order to form a solid structure that perceives an explosive load, an attempt was made to use RFI technology to obtain individual elements with which two steel sheets are connected. Aramid, glass fabrics and aluminum thin (0.5, 0.15, 0.05 mm) plates were used in the experiments. For the implementation of the infusion process, an epoxy resin was used, suitable in its technological parameters for this process. The use of this resin leads to the minimization of non-nourished areas and pores. In this case, the uniformity of the product obtained from the composite material is achieved. It should be added that RFI technology differs from other polymer processing technologies in the following significant advantages: the possibility of abandoning expensive equipment, reducing energy costs for equipment and its maintenance, and complete rejection of the use of prepregs. However, there are a number of difficulties that are associated with the technological process of infusion, these primarily include the rheological requirements of the binder: at room temperature, the resin should have a low viscosity, and in the practice of fillers, the viscosity should have rather low values. Below are some preliminary plans for the development of this technology in order to obtain a product that provides attenuation of the blast wave.

Large-eddy simulation of wall-bounded incompressible turbulent flows based on multi-moment finite volume formulation

The multi-moment based numerical model is proposed for performing large-eddy simulation (LES) of wall-bounded incompressible turbulent flows on the unstructured grids. In this model, velocity is defined as volume integral average (VIA) and point values (PVs) which are updated as prognostic variables simultaneously in time. Using VIA and PV in each cell, this method constructs higher-order polynomial on a compact stencil and more importantly, provides a new approach to design subgrid-scale (SGS) models for LES. Various SGS models are developed in this framework where the eddy-viscosity is computed separately at both VIA and PVs using the least-square method on different interpolation stencils. Compared with conventional finite volume schemes, the proposed method effectively reduces numerical dissipation and largely suppresses the sensitivity of numerical solution on SGS models and resolves more elaborated flow structures on the same mesh resolution. It also reduces solution dependence on the shape and quality of grid elements, as demonstrated by comparing numerical results on the different types of grids. The proposed method can attain high-fidelity simulation without loss of numerical efficiency and robustness, which is highly appealing for complex turbulent problems with high Reynolds numbers and complicated geometries.

A systematic review of emotional design research in multimedia learning

AbstractThis study provides a current systematic review of emotional design research in the multimedia learning domain and explores how emotional design is studied in multimedia learning. All studies on emotional design in multimedia learning published until 2023 were examined thoroughly. In this study, 51 journal articles were identified based on PRISMA guidelines and reviewed regarding emotional state parameters, emotional design techniques, emotional and other measurements, learning materials, research methodologies, and learning outcomes. The analysis provided several salient findings. Firstly, there has been growing interest in emotional design. Secondly, the impact of emotional design on learning outcomes, emotional states, motivation, and cognitive load was explored. Thirdly, most studies preferred subjective measurements or indirect objective measurements. Fourthly, there was a tendency to examine the effects of shape and color elements in the emotional design techniques. Lastly, the studies reported contradictory results on learning outcomes but agreed that emotional design had a positive impact on motivation and emotional state. This review highlights research gaps and provides recommendations for future studies in the field of emotional design in multimedia learning.

Effects of rough elements in fractures on seepage law based on lattice Boltzmann method

The rough structure in natural fractures will have impact on the fluid flow performance. It is difficult to understand its mechanism through direct research because of complex and disordered structure. In this context, a digital roughness crack model and introducing artificial roughness elements are constructed. And a crack simulation program based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method was written and verified to study the mechanism of the effect of crack roughness on seepage. The results show that: (1) Artificial elements with different shapes have different effects on fluid flow in the fracture, which are reflected in the local flow pattern. The rectangular element has the greatest obstruction effect on the fluid, and has the most developed vortex structure locally. The semicircular element and the triangular element have a decreasing effect on the fluid flow, and the degree of development of the local vortex is also reduced. (2) It is found that the interaction effect between height and distance disappears when the height is the same and the ratio of the distance and height between adjacent roughness elements is greater than 5 and two opposite vortices between adjacent rough elements merge into one. (3) The existence of roughness elements in rough fractures will have a strong viscous effect on the fluid. And with the change of the shape of the roughness element, the resistance strength of the viscous effect to the fluid is also different. The research results help to understand the seepage law of fluid flowing in rough fractures, and have certain reference significance for industrial applications such as oil production.

Does plantar pressure in short-term standing differ between modular insoles selected based upon preference or matched to self-reported foot shape?

Prolonged workplace standing is commonplace and associated with a range of lower limb issues. Evaluating footwear interventions aiming to modify plantar pressure during standing is essential as the body is static, creating a different requirement for footwear. Previous research associates medial midfoot pressure with greater perceived comfort and identifies arch height as the most variable element of foot shape. Targeting footwear mass customization within this area may better address differences within the target wearers. This study aims to evaluate a modular insole system for its ability to modify plantar pressure during standing. Twenty-five participants completed a static and dynamic standing protocol for 60 seconds whilst measuring in-shoe peak and mean plantar pressure (KPa) and contact area (%). Individuals wore three insole options targeted towards different medial arch shapes (A– low arch, B– medium arch, C– high arch) and rated them for comfort. Participants received guidance to self-identify foot shape (low, medium, or high arch). Comparisons were drawn across the three insole profiles and between the insole rated as most comfortable (preferred), and the insole that matched the self-identified foot shape (matched). As insole arch height increased, medial midfoot pressure and contact area significantly increased, alongside significant reductions in first metatarsal pressure and contact. Preference was spread across insoles A, B, and C (56%, 32%, 12% of participants, respectively). Sixteen participants had different matched and preferred insoles, with significantly greater medial midfoot pressure and contact in the matched insole. The modular insole enabled different wear experiences, however, results suggest that individuals selected insoles lower than their foot shape. Providing adequate medial arch support enables redistribution of pressure which may enable greater comfort during the workday.

Analysis and simulation of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Fisher’s reaction-diffusion equation with higher order finite element method

In this article, a finite element analysis of Fisher’s reaction-diffusion equation is performed, by using quadratic shape elements. The higher-order elements in the finite element method (FEM) are known to yield better results in the approximation of solutions. However, such elements are less explored in the literature. Therefore, quadratic shape functions are taken into consideration for the finite element analysis of Fisher’s reaction-diffusion equation. A priori error estimates for the semi-discrete solution are derived by applying the Galerkin approximation. For the fully discrete solution, a priori error estimates are derived using the Crank-Nicolson method and the predictor-corrector scheme. Also, the stability of the time-discrete scheme is analyzed by the energy technique. Third-order convergence for space discretization in L 2 ( Ω ) norm and second-order convergence in H 1 ( Ω ) norm are observed. Furthermore, second-order convergence for time discretization is also found. Finally, we validate our theoretical results by considering a variety of numerical examples in one and two-dimensional spaces, which also illustrate the reliability of the developed finite element algorithm. Through comparison tables, 3D plots, and convergence plots, the results of the current study are compared with the results from the existing literature.

Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Density Peak Search and Local Features

The detection of small infrared targets is still a challenging task and efficient and accurate detection plays a key role in modern infrared search and tracking military applications. However, small infrared targets are difficult to detect due to their weak brightness, small size and lack of shape, structure, texture, and other information elements. In this paper, we propose a target detection method. First, to address the problem that the proximity of targets to high-brightness clutter leads to missed detection of candidate targets, a Gaussian differential filtering preprocessed image is used to suppress high-brightness clutter. Second, a density-peaked global search method is used to determine the location of candidate targets in the preprocessed image. We then use local contrast to the candidate target points to enhance the gradient features and suppress background clutter. The Facet model is used to compute multidirectional gradient features at each point. A new efficient surrounding symmetric region partitioning scheme is constructed to capture the gradient characteristics of targets of different sizes in eight directions, followed by weighting the candidate target gradient characteristics using the standard deviation of the symmetric region difference. Finally, an adaptive threshold segmentation method is used to extract small targets. Experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper has better detection accuracy and robustness compared with other detection methods.

Efficient strain‐gradient mixed elements using shared degrees of freedom for the discretised fields

AbstractA displacement‐only finite‐element formulation of strain‐gradient models requires elements with continuous interpolation. Mixed formulations have been proposed to allow the use of more common element shape functions. These mixed formulations are based on the interpolation of two different fields, displacement and some kind of displacement gradient, with the relation between the two fields enforced using either Lagrange multipliers or penalty methods. All elements proposed in the literature for such formulations use a distinct set of degrees of freedom to discretise each field. In this work, we introduce for the first time shared degrees of freedom, that lead to a mixed formulation with a significantly better numerical performance. We describe how this novel mixed formulation can be derived, present individual elements implementing this, and discuss the significance of the results.

Analysis of nonlinear problems using the Dual Mesh Control Domain Method with arbitrary meshes

The Dual Mesh Control Domain Method (DMCDM), proposed and developed by the second author, is a recent advancement in the field of numerical methods. This method represents a blend of the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM), each having its primary domains of popularity. The DMCDM incorporates the concepts of interpolation, duality, and numerical integration from the former and the idea of satisfying the integral (global) form of the differential (or balance) equations from the latter. In this paper, we present a fresh and systematic approach to solving two-dimensional nonlinear problems, including advection–diffusion problems, with arbitrary primal meshes. We develop an approach where element-level equations are derived and assembled in a manner similar to that of the FEM, as opposed to using nodal equations, as has been the convention in all of the previous works involving the DMCDM. Additionally, we extend the previous works to include higher-order interpolation, specifically quadratic interpolation. In short, we provide formulations for four-node bilinear and nine-node biquadratic elements of quadrilateral shape, enabling the application of the DMCDM to arbitrary primal and dual meshes. Finally, we explore the Newton iteration method for linearizing the nonlinear system of equations that arises from the DMCDM discretization. We present numerical results and comparisons against available exact and numerical solutions to verify the accuracy and robustness of the DMCDM.

Selection of Appropriate Criteria for Optimization of Ventilation Element for Protective Clothing Using a Numerical Approach

While there are multiple methods to ventilate protective clothing, there is still room for improvement. In our research, we are using ventilation elements that are positioned at the ventilation holes in the air space between the body and clothing. These ventilation elements allow air to flow freely while preventing sun radiation, rain drops, and insects from directly accessing the body. Therefore, the shape of the ventilation element is crucial. This led us to study the shape optimization of ventilation elements through the utilization of metamodels and numerical approaches. In order to accomplish the objective, it is crucial to thoroughly evaluate and choose suitable criteria for the optimization process. We know from prior research that the toroidal cut-out shape element provides better results. In a previous study, we optimized the shape of this element based on the minimum pressure difference as a criterion. In this study, we are using different criteria for the shape optimization of ventilation elements to determine which are most effective. This study involves a metamodeling strategy that utilizes local and global approximations with different order polynomials, as well as Kriging approximations, for the purpose of optimizing the geometry of ventilation elements. The goal was achieved by a sequential process. (1) Planning the position of control points of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) in order to generate elements with a smooth shape. (2) Constructing geometric CAD models based on the design of experiments. (3) Compute detailed model solutions using SolidWorks Flow Simulation. (4) Developing metamodels for responses using computer experiments. (5) Optimization of element shape using metamodels. The procedure is repeated for six criteria, and subsequently, the results are compared to determine the most efficient criteria for optimizing the design of the ventilation element.

Prismatic-element SBPML coupled with SBFEM for 3D infinite transient wave problems

In this paper, an enhanced prismatic-element scaled boundary perfectly matched layer (SBPML) is developed, which is a novel time-domain artificial boundary method for 3D infinite wave problems. The SBPML permits the utilization of an artificial boundary with general geometry and can consider planar physical surfaces and interfaces extending to infinity. Moreover, this enhancement enables the seamless integration with surface meshes of arbitrary polygonal faces (such as triangles, quadrangles, pentagons, heptagons, octagons, etc.) at the truncation boundaries. The interior domain can be modelled by polyhedrons formulated by the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). The geometric shape of the SBPML elements in the proposed method, within the local coordinate system, takes the form of a regular prism with regular polygonal top and bottom faces. Consequently, it is referred to as the Prismatic-element SBPML. Local scaled boundary coordinates based on the polygonal shape function are firstly introduced into the truncated infinite domain to describe its general geometry properties and provide the coupled capabilities with arbitrary polygonal face meshes at the truncation boundaries of numerical models. Then, a complex stretching function from PML is applied to radial direction of the local scaled boundary coordinates to map the physical space onto the complex space, resulting in a SBPML domain. Upon spatial discretization, the proposed method is formulated using a 2nd-order mixed displacement-stress unsplit-field formulation, allowing seamless coupling with FEM and SBFEM originally designed for the interior computational domain. Finally, three benchmark examples of wave propagation problems in unbounded domains and two soil-structure interaction problems of engineering problems are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the Prismatic-element SBPML.

Effects of streamwise-elongated and spanwise-periodic surface roughness arrays on supersonic boundary-layer instability

We investigate the influence of streamwise-elongated and spanwise-periodic roughness arrays on the supersonic boundary-layer instability under the assumption of a high Reynolds number. The main focus is on the lower-branch viscous instability modes, and the spanwise spacing of the roughness arrays is taken to be comparable to the characteristic wavelength of the modes (which is on the triple-deck scale), so that most significant effects can be generated. The streamwise length scale of the elements is much greater than the spanwise length scale. The roughness height is determined by requiring the change of the wall shear to be O(1). The equations governing the nonlinear roughness-induced streaky flow are deduced from the standard triple-deck theory. These equations are parabolic in the streamwise direction and are solved using a streamwise marching method to characterize the evolution of streaky structures. The linear stability of the streaky flow is analyzed. By exploiting the asymptotic structure, the bi-global eigenvalue problem is reduced to a one-dimensional one, where the stability is found to be controlled by the spanwise-dependent wall shear. The reduced eigenvalue problem is solved numerically. The results show that roughness arrays inhibit instability modes with moderate frequencies but promote high-frequency modes. Roughness elements of greater height have stronger effects on the linear stability. The shape of roughness elements plays an important role. A significant feature, different from the subsonic case, is that fundamental and superharmonic resonance modes radiate sound waves spontaneously into the far field.

A multidisciplinary approach to describe population structure of Solea solea in the Mediterranean Sea

Investigating marine species population structure in a multidisciplinary framework can reveal signatures of potential local adaptation and the consequences for management and conservation. In this study we delineate the population structure of common sole (Solea solea) in the Mediterranean Sea using genomic and otolith data, based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers, otolith shape and otolith trace element composition data. We correlated SNPs with environmental and spatial variables to evaluate the impact of the selected features on the actual population structure. Specifically, we used a seascape genetics approach with redundancy (RDA) and genetic-environmental association (GEA) analysis to identify loci potentially involved in local adaptation. Finally, putative functional annotation was investigated to detect genes associated with the detected patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic variation. Results from both genetic and otolith data suggested significant divergence among putative populations of common sole, confirming a clear separation between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea, as well as a distinct genetic cluster corresponding to the Adriatic Sea. Evidence of fine-scale population structure in the Western Mediterranean Sea was observed at outlier loci level and further differentiation in the Adriatic. Longitude and salinity variation accounted for most of the wide and fine spatial structure. The GEA detected significant associated outlier loci potentially involved in local adaptation processes under highly structured differentiation. In the RDA both spatial distribution and environmental features could partially explain the genetic structure. Our study not only indicates that separation among Mediterranean sole population is led primarily by neutral processes because of low connectivity due to spatial segregation and limited dispersal, but it also suggests the presence of local adaptation. These results should be taken into account to support and optimize the assessment of stock units, including a review and possible redefinition of fishery management units.