Elemental Phosphorus Research Articles

Role of Environmental Factors in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: A Review

Legumes play a pivotal role in addressing global challenges of food and nutrition security by offering a sustainable source of protein and bioactive compounds. The capacity of legumes to establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia bacteria enables biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers while enhancing soil health. However, the efficiency of this symbiosis is significantly influenced by environmental factors, such as soil acidity, salinity, temperature, moisture content, light intensity, and nutrient availability. These factors affect key processes, including rhizobia survival, nodule formation, and nitrogenase activity, ultimately determining the growth and productivity of legumes. This review summarizes current knowledge on legume-rhizobia interactions under varying abiotic conditions. It highlights the impact of salinity and acidity in limiting nodule development, soil temperature in regulating microbial community dynamics, and moisture availability in modulating metabolic and hormonal responses during drought and waterlogging. Moreover, the role of essential nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements such as iron, molybdenum, and boron, in optimizing symbiosis is critically analyzed.

Biomimetic Effect of Saliva on Human Tooth Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Introduction: Due to the presence of ion reservoir, saliva may facilitate enamel remineralization and neutralize pH of acidic beverage leads to prevent enamel demineralization. Saliva substitute/artificial saliva has been developed in subsequent years and may differ in physical properties, function, or pH level from 5.0 to 7.3. Objectives: To evaluate the biomimetic effect of saliva (neutralization) on tooth enamel exposed to carbonated beverage (pH 2.44) and to observe therapeutic capability (remineralization) of artificial saliva over previously eroded (grade 3 and grade 5) enamel surface. Methods: After scanning with electron microscope (SEM-EDX), nondemineralized crown samples (n = 40) were randomly grouped into two. Samples (50%) were flushed all around to carbonated beverage with collected natural saliva bathing simultaneously (experimental group, n = 20), and the rest flushed to beverage only without saliva bathing simultaneously (control group, n = 20). Flushing action was performed for 3 min by a customized digital automatic flusher for 30 times for each sample. Samples (n = 40) were further scanned under SEM-EDX to evaluate the demineralization grade and concentration of Ca, P, O, and C elements of crown samples to find out the neutralization effect of saliva. In the second phase, already demineralized crown samples (n = 30) were randomly treated with artificial saliva having two different pH (7 or 6.8, experimental groups) and distilled water (control group) for 15 min 3 times daily for 30 days. The remineralization score of experimental samples was graded, and therapeutic capability was established. Results: Samples, when exposed to a carbonated beverage with saliva bathing simultaneously, showed low level of demineralization (mean 2.9 ± 0.3) than the control (without saliva) (mean 4.8 ± 0.3) (p = 0.01) which indicated neutralization (bioimimetic) effect of natural saliva. All (100%) of demineralized samples treated with both artificial saliva (pH 7 or pH 6.8) showed significant remineralization (p = 0.01), thus revealed biomimetic capacity. SEM-EDX analysis showed initial (before beverage exposure) concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon elements of crown samples were 32.48%, 31.5%, 28.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. The calcium (Ca) (9.7%) and phosphorous (P) (18.5%) values were more decreased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. The concentration of oxygen (54.4%) and carbon (15.5%) were more increased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. Though the concentration of calcium (38.5%) of the crown sample was increased after treatment with artificial saliva (pH 7), but the phosphorus (18.5%) concentration of the crown sample was not increased. Conclusion: Within the context of the present study, both natural and artificial saliva showed significant biomimetic effects with respect to neutralization and remineralization.

Genesis of Botryococcus-Rich Laminae of the Eocene Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation in the Western Qaidam Basin, NW China

Laminated source rocks exhibit high hydrocarbon potential and good reservoir characteristics. Botryococcus fossils with high hydrocarbon potential have been discovered in the laminated source rocks of the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation in the Qaidam saline basin in earlier research. However, planktonic algae typically thrive in freshwater or slightly brackish water environments. Subsequently, the seemingly contradictory phenomenon of Botryococcus blooms in saline lakes may be the key to revealing the formation mechanism of these high-quality algae-rich laminated source rocks. This study investigates the rich Botryococcus laminated source rocks in saline lacustrine basins using petrology and elemental geochemistry. First, this study indicates that the detrital laminae are rich in Botryococcus and pyrite framboids and form a couplet with clay or carbonate laminae. Comparatively, the clay laminae in the couplet lack Botryococcus but are rich in halite and amorphous microcrystalline pyrite particles, whereas the carbonate laminae lack Botryococcus and contain very little pyrite. Second, the nutrient element phosphorus exhibits minor changes among these laminae, suggesting that the key factor controlling the Botryococcus bloom may not be the nutrient element but water salinity and temperature conditions related to growth habits. Finally, the particle size and formation characteristics of pyrite framboids indicate water column redox stratification, suggesting that in warm and humid summer, surface runoff resulting from heavy rainfall brings abundant terrigenous minerals and elements into the lake water, the lake deepens and stratifies under the joint influence of temperature, salinity, and algae; the detrital laminae contain debris, Botryococcus, and pyrite framboids. Conversely, in cold and dry winters, the shrinking salinized lake water inhibits Botryococcus growth and pyrite framboid formation. Clay laminae rich in halite or carbonate laminae are deposited. The regional distributions of these sediment types also exhibit obvious differences that the Yingxiongling sag is rich in clay–detrital couplet laminae, whereas the Zhahaquan sag exhibits a high abundance of carbonate–detrital couplet laminae. Overall, the investigation of the genesis of laminated source rocks in saline lake basins may be of great significance to hydrocarbon understanding and exploration.

Fates of nutrient elements and heavy metals during thermal conversion of cattle slurry-derived anaerobic digestates

Thermal processes are emerging as promising solutions to recovering phosphorus and other nutrient elements from anaerobic digestates. The feasibility of nutrient element recovery depends largely on the fates of nutrient elements and heavy metals during thermal processing. This study assesses the partitioning of macronutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Mn) between condensed and gaseous phases during thermal conversion of cattle slurry digestates in gas atmospheres of pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification processes. This study also assesses the chemical forms of macronutrients retained in combustion ashes. The partitioning of elements between condensed and gaseous phases was quantified by mass balances based on elemental analyses of char and ash residues. The char and ash residues were prepared in a fixed-bed, batch reactor at temperatures within the range 800–1000 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to identify the chemical forms of macronutrient elements in combustion ashes. Volatilisation of P was low (< 20%) when the digestates were heated in inert and oxidising atmospheres, whereas a reducing atmosphere volatilized P to a major extent (~ 60% at 1000 °C). Oxidising atmospheres increased volatilisation of N but suppressed volatilisation of K, Na, and Zn. Volatilisation of the following elements was low (< 30%) in all investigated operating conditions: Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu. The combustion ashes contained both high concentrations of P (around 7 w/w%) and acceptable concentrations of regulated heavy metals (Cu, and Zn) for application on agricultural and forest soils in Finland. Phosphorous was retained in the combustion ashes in the form of whitlockite. This form of P is expected to be available to plants when the ashes are added to soil.

IN SITU EFFECTS OF HEAD AND NECK RADIATION THERAPY ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF HUMAN TEETH

Head and neck radiotherapy presents relevant collateral effects. This work aimed to evaluate possible in vivo compositional modifications through micro-X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF) and morphological changes through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of enamel and dentin caused by radiation exposure related to head and neck cancer. Six well-preserved mandibular premolars with minimum structure loss were obtained from three patients who underwent radiotherapy. A control group with six mandibular premolars obtained from similar teeth extracted for periodontal indications was used to compare the analysis results. The compositional analysis considered the elements phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), and the Ca/P ratio. Evaluations comprised the superficial enamel (SE), the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ), the medium dentin (MD), and deep dentin (DD). The compositional analysis considered the elements phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), and the Ca/P ratio. The independent samples T-test was used to evaluate the compositional differences between the control and irradiated groups (P &lt; .05). The results showed statistically significant differences considering Ca (EDJ, MD, and DD), Zn (SE), and Sr (SE, EDJ, and MD). The most noticeable morphological changes were in the superficial enamel. The results presented demonstrate significant changes in the irradiated teeth. These results encourage the search for methods to reduce the direct effects of radiation on the dental structure and the development of preventive intervention strategies that promote less damage.

Impacts of phosphate-solubilizing bacterium strain MWP-1 on vegetation growth, soil characteristics, and microbial communities in the Muli coal mining area, China.

Due to the cold climate and low soil nutrient content, high-altitude mining areas are challenging to restore ecologically. Their poor nutrient content may be ameliorated by introducing specific microorganisms into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a highly efficient phosphate solubilizing bacterium MWP-1, Pseudomonas poae, on plant growth, soil nutrients in remedying the soil of the high-altitude Muli mining area in Qinghai Province, and analyze its impact on microbial communities through high-throughput sequencing soil microbial communities. The results showed that MWP-1 significantly increased the content of soil available phosphorus by >50%, soil organic matter and total nitrogen by >10%, and significantly increased the height, coverage, and aboveground biomass of vegetation by >40% in comparison with the control (p < 0.05). MWP-1 mainly affected the composition of the soil bacterial communities at the taxonomic level below the phylum. Its impact on soil fungal communities occurred at the phylum and below taxonomic levels. In addition, MWP-1 also significantly improved the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities (p < 0.05), and changed their functions. It also significantly altered the relative abundance of genes regulating phosphorus absorption and transport, inorganic phosphorus dissolution and organic phosphorus mineralization in the bacterial community (p < 0.05). It caused a significant increase in the relative abundance of the genes regulating nitrogen fixation and nitrification in nitrogen cycling (p < 0.05), but a significant decrease in the genes regulating phospholipase (p < 0.05). Although sequencing results indicated that Pseudomonas poae did not become the dominant species, its dissolved phosphorus elements can promote plant growth and development, enrich soil nutrient content, and affect the succession of microbial communities, enhance ecosystem stability, with an overall positive effect on soil remediation in the mining area.

A dual-nucleophilic ester-induced supramacromolecular fire-proof hydrogel coating for protecting polymers

Polymer materials are highly vulnerable to fire disaster. However, current research focuses on flame retardancy rather than protection. In this work, two natural extracts of phytic acid (PA) and tannic acid (TA), were successfully compounded via dual-nucleophilic esterification, which facilitated the formation supramolecular hydrogel (T-P5-PAA). This hydrogel was highly remold-able, self-healable, mechanically adaptable, and environmentally durable, which could form a thin (600 μm) protective coating on multiple polymer materials. Multiple aromatic rings and rich phosphorus elements endowed T-P5 with excellent physical/chemical synergistic flame retardancy. The dense nanoscale pore structure within the hydrogel network not only effectively impeded heat conduction and gas transmission but also reinforced the material’s framework, stabilized its structure, and slowed down thermal decomposition and combustion reactions. Resultantly, the time to ignition (TTI) value of the protected substrates was greater than 1280 s, which was increased by more than 2800 %. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value exceeded 60 vol%. Remarkably, the protected polymer materials could maintain their original structures and mechanical properties even after being contact with flames directly. These phenomena were significantly distinctive from the previously reported flame retardant strategies that structure and performance degradation were often inevitable upon fire. In brief, we believe that our work not only proposes an effective flame protection strategy, but also offers new enlightenment for future design of high-performance supramolecular soft matters.

Atomic insights of structural, electronic properties of B, N, P, S, Si-doped fullerenes and lithium ion migration with DFT-D method.

Battery interface research can effectively guide battery design and material selection to improve battery performance. However, current electrode material interface studies still have significant limitations. In this paper, by employing DFT-D method, the influences of doping elements (boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon) on the properties of C60 fullerene, such as structural stability, electronic properties, and the adsorption and migration of lithium ion, are comprehensively investigated. It is demonstrated that doping can bolster the fullerene molecule's structural integrity and enhance charge transfer comparing with C60, thereby augmenting the material's electrical conductivity. Among the five doping elements, B-doping exhibits the most favorable adsorption energies, indicating a strong lithium binding affinity. This observation is supported with energy barrier of lithium ion migration. B-doping leads to an elevated barrier (0.37eV) comparing with pristine C60 (0.19eV), whereas Si-doping significantly reduced barrier (0.038eV) indicates enhanced lithium-ion mobility. These findings solid the efficacy of doping as a strategy to enhance the performance of fullerene electrodes. All DFT calculations were performed using the VASP software package. The chosen computational technique was a combination of the generalized approximate gradient function PBE with the dispersion correction (DFT-D3) developed by Grimme. The results of the calculations were analyzed with the help of VASPKIT.

Closing the Loop: Low-Waste Phosphorus Functionalization Enabled by Simple Disulfides.

Useful monophosphorus products are obtained from both white and red phosphorus via a simple strategy involving initial oxidation by aryl disulfides followed by quenching with nucleophiles. Direct transformations of elemental phosphorus are usually very challenging, forcing chemists to instead rely on inefficient and hazardous multi-step methods. However, here they are achieved using inexpensive and easy-to-handle reagents, providing access to diverse P-C, P-N and P-O bonded products in good yields. By isolating the thiolate byproducts of these reactions, a simple, closed loop can be achieved that produces only minimal, benign waste byproducts, in contrast to other direct methods. This closed loop can even be elaborated into a true (electro)catalytic cycle, which is extremely rare in the field of elemental phosphorus functionalization.

Key Process Control for Synthesizing High-Performance Inherently Flame-Retardant Long-Chain Bio-Based Polyamide.

Long-chain bio-based polyamide has shown promising development prospects due to its excellent properties and green renewable characteristics; however, synthesizing inherently flame-retardant long-chain bio-based polyamide remains a big challenge due to the lack of effective knowledge of the key polymerization process. Herein, intrinsicly flame-retardant long-chain bio-based polyamide 512 (PA512) was synthesized in the presence of a reactive flame retardant with high thermal stability and good water solubility. The reaction conditions and existing problems in each stage of the copolymerization system have been clarified and optimized. By utilizing a two-step pre-polymerization approach, a series of intrinsicly flame-retardant PA512 (FRPA512) with large molecular weight, high phosphorus element content and good mechanical properties were obtained. More importantly, the prepared FRPA512 with 5 wt % flame retardant loading exhibited good flame retardancy, showing a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 28.1 % and a vertical burning rating of V-0. This study provides a feasible solution to the common problem in the synthesis of flame-retardant polyamides, while also offering new insights for future modification of polyamide copolymerization.

Developing Schottky high-controductivity Ti3C2TX MXene/Ni2P/NF heterojunction with modulating surface electron density to boost hydrogen evolution reaction

Nickel-based transition metal electrocatalysts for water electrolysis are promising alternatives to precious metal based electrocatalysts, due to their high activity, low cost, and relatively high stability, offering broad prospects for application in hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Modifying nickel-based transition metal electrocatalysts with phosphorus elements and Schottky heterojunction interfaces can influence the electronic state of the metal, thus enhance the electrocatalytic performance of the catalyst. In this study, a phosphor modified nickel-based electrocatalyst, i.e. MXene/Ni2P/NF electrode material was obtained by assembling Ni2P nanosheets on a nickel foam (NF) substrate and then depositing MXene nanosheets onto the surface of Ni2P/NF via electrophoretic deposition. Water droplets can wet the interior of the electrode material within 150 ms (below the detection limit), demonstrating excellent hydrophilicity, which facilitates the wettability of the electrolyte and the adsorption/desorption of reaction intermediates. Electrochemical tests revealed that the MXene/Ni2P/NF electrode exhibits an overpotential of only 94 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 83.7 mV dec−1, in the hydrogen evolution reaction. The overpotential remains virtually unchanged after a 24-h stability test.

Interlayer-Functionalized Graphene with Phosphorus–Silicon-Containing Elements for Improving Thermal Stability and Flame Retardance of Polyacrylonitrile

Highly-effective non-halogenated flame retardants have received widespread attention because they are environmentally friendly, with low toxicity and low smoke density. In this work, interlayer-functionalized graphene (fRGO) containing silicon and phosphorus elements was synthesized via hydrolytic condensation with 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane and addition reaction with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. Interlayer spacing and oxygen-containing groups of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were regulated by controlling the hydrazine hydrate dosage. Then, phosphorus–silicon-containing organic molecules were inserted into RGO interlayers; this was verified by FTIR, XPS, TEM, etc. The fRGO was added to a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrix using a solution blending method to prepare polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composites. The fRGO addition caused the significant decrease in cyclization heat and the considerable increase in char residues, indicating improved thermal stability. Importantly, PAN composites exhibited outstanding flame-retardant properties, with the peak heat release rate reduced by 45%, which is ascribed to the dense graphitic carbon layers induced by phosphorus–silicon-containing organics and the 2D barrier effect of RGO layers to prevent the heat and mass transfer.

Change in the Chemical State of Phosphorus Sulfide Molecules Inside Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

This article presents the first experiments on filling single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the phosphorus sulfides P4S3 and P4S10 using the ampoule method. Transmission electron microscopy examination reveals the encapsulation of phosphorus and sulfur species inside the cavities of SWCNTs without the formation of any regular structures. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy observes different oxidation states of P and S atoms, depending on the P/S ratio in the initial mixture used to fill the nanotubes. The Raman signals associated with the encapsulated species are low in intensity, and the vibrational modes are shifted and broadened as compared to those in crystalline P4S3 and P4S10. The proposed models for the arrangement of sulfur and phosphorus inside SWCNTs suggest the formation of 1D amorphous glassy phosphorus sulfides with stoichiometric ratios close to those of elemental phosphorus and sulfur in the initial mixtures.

The dominant mechanisms of nutrient cycling in high-dam reservoirs: retention, transport or transformation?

Abstract High-dam reservoirs can significantly affect nutrient cycling processes across the globe. However, the research community now has two contradictive views (i.e. retention versus transformation) about the impact of high-dam reservoirs on nutrient cycling due to incomplete information obtained from limited field samplings. To resolve this issue, we develop a physically-based, three-dimensional water quality model to examine the spatiotemporal distributions of biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus) in high-dam reservoirs with high spatial and temporal details. We apply the model to the Xiaowan Reservoir, a representative high-dam reservoir in the Lancang River Basin. By scrutinizing the spatiotemporal distributions of biogenic elements across space and over time, we find a unique ‘retention-transformation-transportation’ process of nitrogen and phosphorus in the high-dam reservoir, with dominant transformation occurring in the water zone before the dam during non-flood period while dominant retention occurring in the middle part of a reservoir during flood period. We further find that transformations of biogenic elements are enhanced only in low-temperature and low-oxygen environments. Our findings show solid scientific basis to resolve the contradictive views about nutrient cycling mechanisms in high-dam reservoirs, and provide important policy implications for the operation of high-dam reservoirs to achieve improved water quality while maintaining clean energy supply.

Mango forest Soil Nutritional Components Analysis and Research in Dong District of Panzhihua City

Purpose: the pH value of soil determines soil properties and determines whether the activities of plants and microbes in the soil are active or not. A large number of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in soil can reflect a basic characteristic of soil and play a guiding role in further fertilization and soil improvement. Organic matter can reflect the amount of humus in the soil, whether the soil is fertile, the fertility of the soil, and the activities of microbes in the soil. So, this study will focus on exploring the soil pH value, N, P, K factors such as organic matter, because the subjects as the mango trees, and Panzhihua is a large amount of planting mango region, therefore, to appeal the influence of factors on the mango is very direct, hope that the result of the experiment can provide some basic data on mango cultivation, to help farmers to further understanding of the nature of soil and fertilization. Methods: chemical measuring methods were applied to determine the soil pH, organic matter and N, P, K values or concentrations. Results: the average available phosphorus in the whole experimental area is only 5.24, which belongs to a slightly lower level. Conclusions: The content of phosphorus in the soil of mango forest is very low, and the phosphorus element is very deficient. It is suggested to apply phosphorus fertilizer, irrigate mango trees and reduce the pH value to improve the situation of low phosphorus

A Natural Event of Radioactivity

Abstract Natural radioactivity was first discovered in 1896 by the French physicist Beck Kerelem. As a result of recent research, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that the nucleus of atoms of some elements spontaneously transforms into the nucleus of atoms of other elements, and during this, the radiation of particles occurs. Most naturally occurring radioactive elements form a radioactive family in which each radioactive element originates from the preceding radioactive element and in turn transforms into the next radioactive element. The transformations continue until the end product is an isotope of a stable element. In nature, there are also radioactive elements that this transformation occurs only once . In 1934, French scientists Irene and Fredrik Joluo-Curie irradiated aluminum, boron and manganese with particles and obtained isotopes of phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon elements, which do not exist in nature. This type of radioactivity is called artificial radioactivity. Later, by irradiating various elements with proton, deuteron and neutron particles, they obtained isotopes of all chemical elements in the Mendeleev table.

Phosphorus/boron-containing, flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers with great mechanical, shape-memory, and recycling performances

Based on sustainable development strategy and practical application requirement, it is crucial to develop high-strength, recyclable, and flame-retardant polyurethane (PU) elastomers. Hence, a flame-retardant, reprocessable, high-performance polyurethane elastomer (PU-DP 1–7) with dynamic boronic ester bonds and phosphorus-containing groups was well-designed and prepared. The chemical structure of PU-DP 1–7 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PU-DP 1–7 shows a transmittance of about 60 % at the wavelength of 900 nm, and phosphorus and boron elements are evenly distributed within its surface, confirming the formation of uniform cross-linking network. The inclusion of phosphorus-and boron-containing groups endows PU-DP 1–7 with a vertical combustion (UL-94) V-0 rating, indicative of desired flame retardancy. In addition, PU-DP 1–7 exhibits a tensile strength of 42.7 MPa and an elongation at break of 616.9 %, with high adhesion strengths towards various substrates due to abundant hydrogen bonds within its network. Furthermore, the dynamic borate ester bonds endow PU-DP 1–7 with superior physical recycling and shape-memory properties. After hot-pressing at 130 °C, the reformed PU-DP 1–7 film shows an 83.6 % recovery efficiency in terms of elongation at break. This work presents an integrated strategy to create flame-retardant, recyclable polyurethane elastomers with great mechanical and shape-memory performances by introducing phosphorus-containing segments and dynamic boronic ester bonds.

Pollution resistance and removal efficiency of mesophytic plants of polluted water bodies

With the development of cities and economic growth, the eutrophication of urban park landscape water has become a hot topic in environmental governance and research at home and abroad. Using indoor water pollution simulation experiments, the decontamination and pollution resistance performance of six aquatic plants were studied. The research results found that all six aquatic plants can reduce the pH value of eutrophic water bodies. The pH of the Lythrum salicaria L. (Q) and Iris tectorum Maxim (Y) treatment systems was the lowest which are 7.34 and 7.48, respectively. They were significantly lower than the control group (CK). The content of nitrogen and phosphorus elements were reduced by six types of plants in the wastewater. After the completion of the experiment, the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of Y was as high as 66.2%, and its content decreased from 9.49 to 3.21 mg/l. The removal rates of total phosphorus (TP) by six types of plants ranged from 59.1 to 81.3% and they were significantly higher than the CK. Among them, the removal rate of TP in wastewater by Y treatment exceeded 80%, which is superior to other plants and significantly different from CK. After the completion of the experiment, the content of chlorophyll a (chl a) in the water treated with Y was the lowest (6.6 mg/l). It was significantly lower than the other treatments (P&lt;0.05). The contents of chl a in Y decreased by 37.1% compared to the initial level. Compared to CK, it is 54.1% lower and the content of chl a in CK showed an increasing trend with time delay. Overall analysis shows that the microsystems formed by the six plants all have a certain improvement effect on water quality, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of algae in eutrophic water bodies. Among them, planting iris has the best effect. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 757-763, 2024 (September) Special

6463 A Case of Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia Which Remitted After Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Abstract Disclosure: J. Chua: None. M. Chuah: None. A case Tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO) which remitted after treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Dr Chua Jia Min, Dr Matthew Chuah Bingfeng Abstract Case report: A 69-year-old gentleman with a known history of bladder cancer presented to the emergency department with fatigue, lower back pain and bilateral lower limb weakness worsening over the past one month. MRI and bone scan revealed extensive osteoblastic bone metastases across the skeletal system. This gentleman was referred to the Endocrinology service for the evaluation of high PTH. His corrected calcium was normal at 2.17mmol/L (2.09-2.46mmol/L) and iPTH was raised at 8.74pmol/L (1.60-6.90pmol/L). He was noted to have severe hypophosphatemia 0.34mmol/L (0.94-1.50mmol/L). Bicarbonate levels were normal, there was no glycosuria or proteinuria. There was no history of IV ferrous carboxymaltose use. Further investigations were consistent with urinary phosphate loss - TRP was 0.398 and TMP-GFR was 0.199. ALP was elevated at 282ug/L (39-99ug/L). 25-hydroxyvitamin D was low at 12 ug/L, which accounted for the high PTH levels (secondary hyperparathyroidism). FGF-23 levels returned high at 1293 RU/ml (&amp;lt;180 RU/ml). BMD showed osteoporosis with T-score of -2.6 at the left femoral neck. He was subsequently diagnosed with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, based on histology from a bone biopsy of an affected vertebrae. PSA was markedly raised at 606ug/L. A diagnosis of TIO secondary to metastatic prostate cancer was made. The patient was started on PO sodium-phosphate solution 4ml TDS (approximately 3mmol/kg/day of elemental phosphorus), calcitriol 0.25mcg BD and vitamin D was replaced. After phosphate was replete, the patient's weakness and fatigue improved. He was subsequently started on androgen deprivation therapy with leuprorelin acetate injection once every 3 months and apalutamide daily. SC denosumab 60mg Q6monthly was also commenced in view of extensive bone metastases. Repeat imaging showed response to treatment with decrease in the size of the prostate and bone lesions. His PSA levels are now undetectable and TMP-GFR has normalised. His oral phosphate and calcitriol doses were gradually reduced and subsequently stopped. His calcium and phosphate levels remain within normal limits on no supplementation, suggesting remission of his TIO. PTH levels normalised after vitamin D repletion. Learning points TIO is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome usually associated with mesenchymal tumours, and treatment involves resection of the causative tumour. Cases of TIO secondary to prostate cancer (an epithelial cancer) are exceedingly rare. Despite metastatic disease, this patient responded exceedingly well to his cancer therapy. Suppression of the tumour cells with androgen deprivation therapy resulted in the lack of phosphotonin production and remission of his TIO. Presentation: 6/1/2024

A novel conjugated microporous polymer nano hollow sphere containing N, P and Si flame retardant elements with both thermal insulation and flame retardant properties

It is particularly important to develop new materials with both thermal insulation and flame retardant properties for addressing the severe issues caused by fire accidents. Herein, a kind of conjugated microporous polymer nanospheres with hollow structure (HCMPNS) was synthesized by Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling reaction using SiO2 nanospheres as hard template and 1,3,5-triacetylenebenzene, as alkynyl monomer. Then, HCMPNS was chemically graft-modified with azidotrimethylsilane (TMSA) by "click" chemistry (HCMPNS-FRSi), and the HCMPNS-FRSi obtained from the reaction was introduced into flammable epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP based composites, i.e. EP-Ⅰ and EP-Ⅱ. The thermal conductivities were found to be 0.0341 W m−1 K−1 and 0.0268 W m−1 K−1 for EP-Ⅰ and EP-Ⅱ, respectively, showing excellent thermal insulation performance. The total heat release (THR), the total smoke production (TSP) and the peak CO2 produced (CO2P) of EP-Ⅰ were reduced by 18.0 %, 8.0 %, 14.3 % compared with pure EP as measured by cone calorimetry (CC), respectively, indicating a certain extent flame retardant effect. In order to further improve its flame retardant properties, phosphoric acid containing the flame retardant phosphorus element was added to HCMPNS-FRSi (HCMPNS-FRSi-P), followed by the introduction of the resulting HCMPNS-FRSi-P into EP matrix to form EP based composites with Si and P dual incorporation (EP-III and EP-IV), with the thermal conductivities of 0.0470 W m−1 K−1 and 0.0855 W m−1 K−1, respectively. Through the cone calorimetry (CC) of EP-III, EP-IV, total heat release (THR) were reduced by 17.0 %, 23.8 %, total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 6.2 %, 7.2 %, respectively. The peak heat release rate (HRR) and the peak CO2 produced (CO2P) of EP-Ⅳ were reduced by 16 % and 25 %, respectively, compared with pure EP. It has good thermal insulation and flame retardant effect. Therefore, HCMPNS-FRSi-P, as a new type of flame retardant material, has great potential in the fields of electronics, construction, transportation and so on.