This study focuses on enhancing the performance of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) fabricated by electrospinning (ES) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) infused with varying concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.-%) of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Structural changes and the β-phase proportion in nanofibers (NFs) were examined using XRD and FTIR-ATR. Surface morphology and roughness were characterized using FE-SEM and AFM, respectively. The water-repellent characteristics of the NFs were assessed through WCA measurements. Electrical output (voltage and current) was evaluated under mechanical pressure using a customized setup that applied 1.0 kgf at 1.0 Hz. The pristine PVDF-based PENG generated an output of 1.7 V and 0.53 μA, while the composite NF with 5 wt.-% CuO (5PCu) delivered a significantly enhanced output of 13.7 V and 1.6 μA. The 5PCu device was further tested for detecting human activities, including tapping, wrist movements, walking, and jumping, thereby demonstrating its potential for self-powered wearable electronics.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women globally, with postmenopausal hypoestrogenism playing a critical role in its development. Pelvic floor repair faces two major challenges: high recurrence rates and clinical complications that have been associated with permanent impants. Clinical complications may be reduced by using degradable implants. In fact, our previous research showed that absorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) implants result in fewer complications. We hypothesized that the high failure rates stem from impaired tissue regeneration and healing capacity, particularly in postmenopausal women requiring prolapse surgery who experience hypoestrogenism. Since estrogen is essential for tissue regeneration and pelvic floor integrity, we developed electrospun (ES) P4HB scaffolds with controlled estradiol (E2) release to enhance healing at the surgical site. In this study, we aimed to improve tissue regeneration through controlled release of estradiol (E2) at the surgical site. We investigated electrospun (ES) P4HB scaffolds loaded with E2 as a biodegradable alternative for POP repair. P4HB ES scaffolds with varying E2 concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) were fabricated and characterized for their physicochemical, mechanical, degradation, and drug eluting properties. Scaffolds had a suitable pore structure for tissue ingrowth and were strong and elastic enough to comply with native vaginal tissue, even after in vitro degradation for 20 weeks. In vitro drug release followed zero-order kinetics, with sustained E2 elution over 19 to 110 days. To evaluate in vivo host response, scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in an ovariectomized rat model simulating postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. Both ES P4HB and ES P4HB-E2 scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility, with no infections observed. Notably, ES P4HB-E2 scaffolds demonstrated significantly higher collagen type I/III ratio (11.5±6.3 vs 7.3±3.3, p=0.047), indicating enhanced collagen maturation and tissue remodeling. Total collagen deposition was high with no fibrotic response. LC-MS analyses confirmed local E2 delivery without systemic effects. The controlled local E2 release offers a promising therapeutic approach for POP treatment in hypoestrogenic patients.

Antioxidant and antibacterial nanofiber films via electrospinning of ZIF-8-encapsulated nisin in PCL/chitosan matrices.

The aim of this study is to manufacture a nanocomposite of mechanically ground nano red chicken eggshells and PVA polymer with 10% conc. and using five ratios of eggshell nanoparticles like (0.004, 0.005, 0.006, and 0.007) gram. There are many testes like tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and thermal differential scanning (DSC) tests are performed on the resulted nanocomposite threads. Use Electro spinning technique Nano fibers reinforced with nanoparticles are prepared. Results of SEM proved that the nanofibers diameter decreases with increasing the nanoparticles ratio, FTIR results showed that there are a physical reaction between the nanofibers and nanoparticles without any chemical reaction. DSC results proved that increasing the glass transition temperature with increasing the nanoparticles ratio. Tensile strength of nanocomposites fibers increases with increasing the nanoparticles ratio as well as the plastic deformation of nanofibers appeared.

Exploring the possibilities of L-alanine- and L-phenylalanine-based poly(ester amide)s with electrospinning and melt electrowriting for soft tissue biomedical applications

This study aimed to develop inhalable dry powder formulations of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) for pulmonary gene delivery using an electrospinning (ES) technique. Nanofiber mats comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), pDNA encoding firefly luciferase, and either D(-)-mannitol (Man) or lactose monohydrate (Lac) were fabricated and subsequently cryomilled into fine, respirable particles. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed partial degradation of pDNA during both ES and milling processes, with Lac-based nanofiber mat and powder showing greater pDNA integrity than Man-based formulations. Intratracheal administration of the ES-derived powders in mice led to successful in vivo gene expression, with Man-based powders milled for 0.5 min yielding the highest luciferase activity. Pulmonary imaging using indocyanine green showed that dry powders exhibited extended lung residence compared to aqueous formulations, likely due to improved mucosal adhesion and slower dissolution. Remarkably, the ES-generated pDNA powders demonstrated superior transfection efficiency over both naked pDNA and pDNA-polyethyleneimine complexes, despite some loss in pDNA integrity. These findings highlight the importance of dispersibility and lung retention in achieving effective pulmonary gene transfer. The ES approach represents a promising platform for producing inhalable pDNA powders, offering a non-invasive gene therapy option for respiratory diseases.

Electrospinning (ES) has emerged as a cutting-edge technology for the development of next-generation intelligent optoelectronics and flexible electronics, thanks to its high-throughput production capabilities, structural versatility, and multifunctional potential. Electrospun nanofibers (NFs), characterized by their high specific surface area, structural adaptability, and customizable properties, present a compelling alternative to conventional materials and fabrication strategies. Despite notable research advancements, a systematic understanding of the optimization of structure-property relationships and scalable integration techniques for ES-based intelligent (opto)electronic devices remains lacking. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ES NFs for intelligent electronic and optoelectronic systems, including photodetectors, synaptic devices, transistors, and gas sensors. Next, we critically analyze mechanisms for property modulation via control of crystallinity, defect engineering, and heterostructure design, demonstrating how these microscale strategies enhance device performance and multifunctionality. Furthermore, we discuss broader implications and persistent technological bottlenecks in ES technology, identifying key opportunities for future research. Finally, we emphasize the need for precise multi-scale engineering and innovative designs to advance ES NFs toward intelligent, multifunctional, and commercially viable applications.

Abstract Assessment of the toxicity of insoluble particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere is crucially important. However, because of challenges associated with extracting insoluble PM from filters, the toxicity of insoluble PM remains largely uncharacterized. For this study, the water-soluble filter made of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was developed with high particle collection efficiency, durability, and weather resistance, which are necessary for ambient PM sampling. The PVA filter is water-soluble under certain conditions, allowing for the recovery of insoluble PM, which can be exposed directly to cells or animals for toxicological studies. The PVA filter was made from PVA nanofibers using the electrospinning (ES) method. Its durability and weather resistance were comparable to those of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and quartz fiber (QF) filters, and were superior to those of commercially available gelatin filters. The PVA filter particle collection efficiency was evaluated by comparing concentrations of inorganic elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn) and water-soluble ionic components (Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cl − , NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− ) in the PVA filter-collected ambient PM with those in the PTFE filter-collected PM. The concentrations of almost all measured components in the PVA filter-collected PM were comparable to those in the PTFE filter-collected PM. When the PVA filter dissolved in cell culture medium was exposed to cells, no significant difference was found in cell viability compared to a blank solution containing only culture medium, suggesting that the PVA filter has potential use for cell exposure experiments. Graphical Abstract

A 3D-printed gelatin based dual-crosslinking composite dressing loaded with puerarin to enhance wound healing in diabetes.

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals play a central role in urolithiasis, a pathological crystallization process that remains difficult to prevent. In this study, electrospun polymeric fiber (EPF) meshes of poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene sulfonate) P(AA-co-SS) were fabricated by electrospinning (ES) under controlled positive (+) or negative (−) voltages. The influence of PAA and PSS homopolymers, as well as P(AA-co-SS) copolymers with varying compositions, was evaluated as anionic scaffolds in in vitro CaOx electrocrystallization (EC) experiments. The structural and morphological features of the EPF meshes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our results demonstrate that specific EPF meshes can effectively guide CaOx crystal growth, promoting the selective stabilization of either calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) phases. These findings highlight the potential of tailored EPF meshes as anionic scaffolds for modulating pathological CaOx crystallization.

All wounds are contaminated, and there is a risk of developingan infection. Furthermore, most wounds contain biofilm and are contaminatedby two bacteria, termed dual-species, or more bacteria, termed polybacterialbiofilms. New antibacterial and antibiofilm wound care products areconstantly being developed to combat this problem. There is a needto develop more biorelevant and reproducible models to test the efficacyof these wound care products. We used an electrospun (ES) gelatin-glucosematrix (Gel-Gluc) as an artificial skin substrate for dual-speciesbiofilm formation using wound pathogens Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, combiningthem in pairs. When analyzing the biofilms, selective agars were usedto differentiate various bacteria from one another while counting.The developed method supported the growth of dual-species biofilmthat contained both bacteria up to 108 CFU/Gel-Gluc after24 h. Over 48 h, there was a decrease in the number of S.aureus in the biofilms. Confocal microscopy imaging allowedmonitoring of the location of bacteria in the Gel-Gluc and provedthat different species were located closely together. ES polycaprolactone(PCL) fibrous wound dressings containing chloramphenicol (CAM) orciprofloxacin (CIP), or their pristine analogs, were used to testthe model. Both ES fibrous wound dressings were effective in preventingdual-species biofilm formation. PCL-CIP fibrous dressing was alsoeffective in treating biofilms. The efficacy of treatment of E. coli varied in different dual-species combinationsof E. coli. The developed dual-speciesbiofilm model on artificial skin (Gel-Gluc) supported the successfulgrowth of different bacterial combinations and proved to be suitablefor testing the efficacy of ES fibrous wound dressings in preventingand treating biofilms.

Engineering the mitral valve (MV) scaffolds is challenging due to asymmetry, variable thickness, and dynamic motion, making standard electrospinning (ES) methods inadequate. We developed Double Component Deposition (DCD) ES to control scaffold anisotropy, thickness and mechanical properties. This study combines in-silico modeling and in-vitro validation. Electric field (EF) simulations identified the optimal DCD deposition target, while fluid dynamic analysis defined the mandrel rotation axis to guide fiber circumferential alignment and anisotropic scaffold fabrication. Both eccentric and non-eccentric setups were tested. Leaflet thickness distributions (N=3) were analyzed using heatmaps, showing more uniform deposition in the eccentric configuration for optimal DCD deposition target. Structural and functional anisotropy were quantified by biaxial mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and digital image analysis, using the Orientation Index (OI, where 0.5 = random, 1 = fully aligned). A complete engineered MV (N=1, commissural distance 35 mm) with chordae was tested in a custom pulse duplicator system under physiological human pressure conditions (120-80 mmHg ; 70 mL/stroke). The eccentric setup combined with optimal DCD resulted in a more homogeneous EF, leaflet thickness within the desired range (400–600 μm, mean 525 μm), and high fiber alignment (OI = 0.69), closely replicating native MV tissue (OI = 0.68). Hemodynamic testing showed a geometric orifice area (GOA) of 2.3 cm² and a regurgitation fraction (RF) of 7%, aligning with ISO 5840-2:2021 standards. These results demonstrate that optimized DCD electrospinning enables fabrication of biomimetic MV leaflets with controlled thickness and anisotropy, achieving clinically relevant hemodynamic performance.

Abstract Flexible electronics (FE) have emerged as a key technology with applications in various fields, e.g., energy storage and bio-electronics. Electrospinning (ES), inkjet printing (IJP), and intense pulsed light (IPL), constitute a flexible multistage system capable to handle high customization requirements. The ES/IJP/IPL system is used for flexible substrate fabrication, conductive patterns printing, and sintering, respectively. Although the ES/IJP/IPL system seems to be suitable for on-demand FE devices manufacturing, the correlation of materials and process parameters of individual stages (i.e., ES/IJP/IPL) with the FE devices performance (i.e., conductivity) remains unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the integration of ES, IJP, and IPL, for future production of high-performance FE devices. Various materials and process parameters are used to investigate their influence on the FE device resistivity, including different polyacrylonitrile (PAN) concentrations, voltage regimes, flow rates and the collector types in ES, and distinct number of ink layers in IJP. The study includes (1) an experimental assessment of the electrospun membrane morphology (e.g., fiber diameter) and ink coating characteristics (e.g., ink penetration) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (2) a data-driven analysis through logistic regression (LR), Gaussian process (GP), and Bayesian neural network (BNN) classification models to predict FE conductive feasibility. The results indicate that membranes with larger fiber diameters benefit ink penetration, printed layer/multilayer consistency, and conductivity. This is corroborated with the classification models, where the number of printed layers, fiber diameter, and collector type, are identified as significant factors for accurately predicting conductive patterns feasibility.

To address post-harvest issues of litchi, including browning, water loss, and nutrient degradation, a moisture microenvironment-regulating electro spun membrane was prepared by incorporating hydrophobic carnauba wax (CW)@nano silica (SiO2) composite powder into a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrix via electro spinning. The dynamic water penetration equilibrium was evaluated by monitoring the water vapor absorption of the electrospun membrane within 12 h, while the effects of CW@SiO2 on the micro-structure, mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability were investigated. Results showed that the tensile strength of the PET-2.5%CW@SiO2 electro spun membrane increased from 4.64 MPa to 8.49 MPa, the elongation at break rose from 34.67% to 67.56%, and the water contact angle (WCA) improved from 116.53° to 140.82°. Furthermore, the PET-2.5%CW@SiO2 electro spun membrane exhibited excellent thermal stability, effectively blocked moisture evaporation (water vapor absorption of only 0.33 g in 12 h), and maintained the moisture dynamic equilibrium. Freshness preservation experiments on litchi at 25°C revealed that compared to the Control group, PET-2.5%CW@SiO2 electro spun membrane packaging extended the shelf-life of litchis for five days by reducing the weight loss (19.35%), total solids content (15.90%), titratable acid (TA) content (0.12%), and vitamin C content (1080.02 mg/L), inhibiting the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities as well as reducing cell membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analyses confirmed that the PET-2.5%CW@SiO2 electro spun membrane effectively delayed browning and spoilage by inhibiting water loss in litchis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fresh litchi is prone to browning after harvesting. In this study, a moisture microenvironment-regulating electro spun membrane was prepared by incorporating hydrophobic powder CW@SiO2 into the PET matrix, and its structural and physicochemical properties were explored to further validate its post-harvest preservation efficacy for litchis. Compared with the control group, the PET-2.5% CW@SiO2 electro spun membrane extended the shelf-life of litchi by five days by inhibiting water loss, thereby delaying browning and maintaining nutritional quality. This finding provides a new perspective on the post-harvest preservation of litchi.

ABSTRACTThe mechanical integrity of electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) under operational conditions may limit their application in membrane contactors. This study integrated the electrospinning (ESP) with heat treatments to enhance nanofiber integrity in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ENMs. The impact of ESP parameters on the properties of the resulting ENMs was explored, including polymer dope flow rate (1.0–1.2 mL h−1), tip‐to‐collector distance (TCD, 12–18 cm), and needle size (20–22 Ga), along with collector type (flat or rotary drum), needle motion (static or moving at 10 cm s−1), and collector rotation speed were assessed. Heat treatment was evaluated at 130°C–170°C for 1–15 h. The optimized ENM exhibited a 134° ± 5° water contact angle, 200 ± 50 μm thickness, and 3.10 ± 0.02 mg cm−2 surface density. It was fabricated using a 1.20 mL h−1 polymer dope flow rate, 12 cm TCD, and a static 20 Ga needle during an 8‐h ESP session with a rotary collector, followed by treatment at 150°C under 70 Pa for 6 h. It endured over 800 h under high hydraulic stress (21 L h−1 water flow), outperforming a commercial PVDF membrane and highlighting its potential for long‐term operation in gas–liquid membrane contactor applications.

This study exploited the water repelling hydrophobic nature of polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers for efficient filtration of water-based fluids toward development of an affordable sterile membrane filter by the process of electrospinning. Electrospun (ES) nanosized fibrous membranes of different thicknesses presented high force at break and minimal elongation supported syringe filtration. The membrane hydrophobicity facilitated easy filtration of small volumes of biological fluids (∼1 mL) without any wetting media loss. Compared to commercial filters, the developed electrospun PCL membrane filter (EPF) device exhibited excellent bacterial filtration without compromising the media quality. Electron microscopy analysis revealed bacterial entrapment onto PCL nanofibers that are in direct contact with the contaminated media. Mechanistically, an EPF with ∼0.8 mm thickness and high porosity created sinusoidal channels of different diameters that could effectively retard bacterial movement for the efficient filtration of up to 50 mL of contaminated biological media. Despite being hydrophobic, the PCL nanofiber filter had low protein binding, and its filtration quality was similar to commercial controls, assessed by cell viability assays. Thus, the EPF device can be an alternate filter sterilization platform for medical applications without compromising the filtrate's quality.

The performance and degradation of polymeric medical yarns are strongly dependent on their microstructure, which can evolve significantly during fabrication. This work investigates and models how the microstructure of microfibrous electrospun (ES) filaments changes during the critical postprocessing step of uniaxial stretching. Specifically, we studied filaments designed for use in a knee ligament regeneration implant made from biodegradable, semicrystalline polycaprolactone (PCL). Structural changes were characterized at both the fiber and the molecular scales. Stretching led to fiber alignment, thinning, and coalescence, as revealed by microcomputed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At the molecular scale, the crystalline microarchitecture transformed profoundly, as shown by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Based on these findings, we propose a conceptual model for stretch-induced microstructural evolution: at lower strains, chain-folded crystals (CFCs) fragment while amorphous chains extend; at higher strains, CFCs unfold and recrystallize with extended chains into more thermodynamically stable chain-extended crystals (CECs) aligned with the stretch axis. This mechanism clarifies how uniaxial strain reorganizes semicrystalline domains in PCL, with important implications for thermomechanical and degradative properties relevant to implant performance. Understanding how microstructure responds to stretching enables the future development of more accurate simulations of complex fibrous materials under physiological conditions and informs the optimization of fabrication and design parameters for next-generation medical yarns.

Photothermal electrospinning (PTE) represents an innovative fusion of electrospinning (ES) technology and photothermal therapy (PTT), where photothermal agents (PTAs) are incorporated into electrospun fibers to enable localized thermal effects under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The high surface area and tunable architecture of electrospun fibers provide an ideal platform for efficient PTA loading, while the precise temperature control and therapeutic efficacy of PTT significantly broaden its biomedical applications, including antibacterial therapy, anticancer treatment, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. This review mainly focuses on the emerging field of PTE. Following an overview of the basic PTE parts (ES, PTAs, and PTT), the fabrication strategies (one- and two-step methods) of photothermal electrospun fibers and their latest advancements in both antibacterial and non-antibacterial applications are summarized. Furthermore, the current challenges are deliberated at the end of this review.

Electrospinning (ES) is a vital technique for producing ultrafine polymer fibers and is widely used in various applications. However, conventional electrospinning setups with some polymer solutions face challenges like bead formation and inconsistent fiber diameters. Integrating airflow into the system helps stretch the fiber and speed up the evaporation of polymer jets, thereby improving fiber morphology. Despite these benefits, incorporating airflow complicates the setup and makes it less user-friendly, as achieving precise laminar airflow toward the jets is difficult. To address these problems, we developed a novel electrospinning attachment featuring easily adjustable slits incorporating controlled airflow with a pressure regulation system. The design allows for convenient adjustment of airflow direction through replaceable slits and blades. Its simplicity allows for easy blade replacement at different angles to control airflow toward the polymer jet. In our experiments, we tested two different slits angles of 30° and 60° (3D printed) to the setup. The results showed that controlled airflow significantly reduced bead formation and produced more uniform fiber diameters. With a 60° slit angle at 0.1 bar, the average fiber diameter was 647.6 nm, decreasing to 526.4 nm at 0.2 bar. Conversely, fibers spun with a 30° slit angle had an average diameter of 712.6 nm at 0.1 bar, with minimal change at 0.2 bar. These findings indicate that controlled laminar airflow with adjustable slit angles substantially improves the properties of electrospun fiber mats.

Polymer have garnered significant interest owing to their exceptional properties, including a large surface area, high porosity, small pore size, robust mechanical strength and the ability to incorporate surface functionalities. Among the techniques for producing nanofibers, electro spinning stands out due to its simplicity, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. Electrospun polymer nanofibers particularly significant in biomedical applications, acting as carriers for the controlled delivery of bioactive molecules like cytokines, growth factors, anticancer drugs, enzymes and vitamins. The ability to fine-tune the physical and chemical properties of nanofibers enables precise control over drug release profiles, enhancing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects. Their high porosity and large surface area enhance drug loading capacity and ensure effective diffusion. Applications of polymer nanofibers extend beyond drug delivery to include tissue engineering, wound dressings, filtration membranes and energy storage devices. Their versatility and potential for innovation make polymer nanofibers a cornerstone of advanced material science. The fabrication of nanofibers employs techniques such as, electro spinning, phase separation, template synthesis and self-assembly. Electro spinning, the most prevalent method, uses an electric field to draw polymer solutions into continuous nanofibers. Critical parameters influencing this process include polymer concentration, solution viscosity, applied voltage, flow rate and environmental factors like humidity and temperature. These parameters directly impact fiber morphology, diameter and uniformity. This article provides an overview of nanofibers, highlighting the various fabrication techniques, methods for their characterization, the key parameters influencing the electro spinning process and their diverse applications.