Electrophoretic Deposition Research Articles

Practical Pouch Cell Supercapacitor Electrodes by Electrophoretic Deposition of Activated Carbon on Nickel Foam

AbstractThis study highlights for the first‐time the utilization of nickel foam coated with activated carbon (AC) via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method in the fabrication of A7 sized pouch cell supercapacitors. The scale‐up of electrodes via EPD from coin to pouch cells with mass loadings (10 mg cm−2) and thicknesses (>130 μm) that match industrial standards is also reported. Research investigations include: (a) comparison of a two dimensional (2D) aluminum foil current collector's performance with three dimensional (3D) microporous nickel foam current collectors, (b) impact of EPD of AC onto small (10 cm2) and large areas (50 cm2) of nickel foam, and (c) scaling‐up of coin to pouch cells along with a comparison against electrodes prepared via the standard doctor blade coating (or slurry casting) method. We demonstrate practical cell performance, including specific current loading (40 A g−1), hundred thousand of successive charge and discharge operation (150,000 cycles), power (27 kW kg−1) and energy densities (37.7 W h kg−1), capacitance (174 F g−1), capacitance retention (80 %) and coulombic efficiency (close to 100 %).

Enhancing the Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Coatings: Ag@Chitosan and Chitosan from Insects

In this study, the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to prepare chitosan-based coatings with enhanced antibacterial activity suitable for bone implant applications. We designed, prepared, and compared the physico-chemical and biological properties of coatings obtained with commercial chitosan, chitosan enriched with silver nanoparticles, and chitosan obtained from insects. With the aim to consider the issue of sustainability, silver nanoparticles were directly prepared in the chitosan solution by laser ablation via a liquid technique, avoiding the use of chemicals and limiting the production of wastes. Moreover, a sustainable source of chitosan, such as Hermetia Illucens exuviae, was considered. The EPD process was optimized by adjusting parameters like voltage and deposition time to achieve ideal coating thickness and adhesion. The prepared films were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli and S. aureus revealed that silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibacterial properties of the polymer, whereas the biological evaluation using the WST8 test on MG63 human osteoblast-like cells showed that all coatings were non-toxic. Finally, chitosan obtained from insect showed comparable properties with respect to the commercial polymer, suggesting it could replace seafood-derived chitosan in biomedical applications, whereas the Ag@chitosan composite demonstrated superior antibacterial activity without compromising its biocompatibility.

Platinum-Iridium Alloy Nanoparticle Coatings Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition Reduce Impedance in 3D Neural Electrodes.

Platinum-based neural electrodes, frequently alloyed with Ir or W, are routinely used to treat neurological disorders. However, their performance is impaired by an increase in impedance that compromises long-term implant functionality. Though there are multiple coating techniques available to address this issue, electrode, and base material often exhibit a compositional mismatch, which impairs mechanical stability and may lead to toxicological side effects. In this work, we coated Pt wire electrodes with ligand-free electrostatically stabilized colloidal Pt90Ir10, Pt90W10, and Pt50W50 alloy nanoparticles (NPs) matching electrode compositions using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) with direct-current (DC) and pulsed-DC fields in aqueous medium. The generated alloy NPs exhibit a solid solution structure as evidenced by HR-TEM-EDX and XRD, though additional WOx phases were identified in the Pt50W50 samples. Consequently, coating efficiency was also impaired in the presence of high W mass fractions in the alloy NPs. Characterization of the NP coatings by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy yielded a significant reduction of the impedance in the Pt90Ir10 sample in comparison to the control coated with Pt NPs. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the PtW alloy coatings, on the other hand, was significantly reduced.

Nanomechanical characterization of carbon nanotube-based composite interfaces tailored by electrophoretic deposition

Carbon nanotube (CNT) addition to composite materials can offer both nanoscale reinforcement and a multifunctional element due to their extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) offers a scalable processing technique to incorporate CNTs into conventional fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs), facilitating the production of unique nanoscale structures in the critical interphase region. In this study, CNTs functionalized with polyethyleneimine (CNT-PEI) were deposited onto a planar substrate via EPD followed by the infusion of epoxy matrix in order to replicate the nanocomposite interphase region present in nanomodified FRPCs. The nanocomposite films have thicknesses ranging from several hundred nanometers to a few microns to represent different fiber-matrix interphase regions found in FRPCs. The morphology and mechanical performance of CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposites are examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in both tapping and nanoindentation modes. The EPD creates a homogeneously distributed porous CNT network bridged by PEI, forming the pathway of epoxy resin infusion through interconnected pores with diameters less than 100 nm. CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited significant improvements in stiffness, hardness, and creep resistance compared to constituent porous CNT-PEI films and neat epoxy. The improvement was directly related to the ability of the load bearing CNTs chemically bonded with the epoxy matrix through the grafted PEI, providing an efficient load transfer mechanism. The chemical bond between the porous CNT-PEI and epoxy also produced far greater fracture surface in nanoscale scratch tests compared to unmodified epoxy, indicating the CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposite is capable of distributing load and absorbing more energy prior to fracture.

Electrophoretic deposition of CNTs on a Cu foam interlayer for enhancing Cf/SiC–Nb brazed joint performance

The high residual stress and low toughness of ceramic matrix composite/metallic brazed joints poses severe challenges for the stable operation of high-speed aircraft under harsh conditions. This article innovatively tackles this issue with electrophoretic deposition (EPD), creating a CNT covered Cu foam composite interlayer for brazing Cf/SiC and Nb with an Ag–Cu–Ti alloy filler. A layer of mass ratio-controllable and percolated CNTs was physically adsorbed on the surface of the Cu foam substrate. EPD time was systematically investigated for its impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Results indicate that during brazing, the CNTs reacted with the active Ti element, transforming into ultrafine TiC grains with particle sizes ranging from 6 to 16 nm. These were dispersed evenly in the Ag solid solution. The elastic recovery rate of the cluster regions showed an increase of 123 % compared to the Ag solid solution, showing improved toughness of the seam. When the EPD time was 80 min, the shear strength of the joint produced with the composite interlayer reached 128.6 MPa, a 69 % increase over the directly brazed joint. Moreover, the fracture location of the joint shifted from the brazed seam towards the interior of the bulk Cf/SiC. Additionally, finite element analysis was utilized to confirm a significant decrease in residual stresses within the joint, and verified the findings.

Purely Optical, Reversible, Read‐Write‐Erase Cycling Using Photoswitchable Beads in Micropatterned Arrays

AbstractUsing surface‐templated electrophoretic deposition, arrays of polymer beads (photonic units) incorporating photo‐switchable DAE molecules are created, which can be reversibly and individually switched between high and low emission states by direct photo‐excitation, without any energy or electron transfer processes within the molecular system. The micropatterned array of these photonic units is spectroscopically characterized in detail and optimized with respect to both signal contrast and cross‐talk. The optimum optical parameters including laser intensity, wavelength and duration of irradiation are elucidated and ideal conditions for creating reversible on/off cycles in a micropatterned array are determined. 500 such cycles are demonstrated with no obvious on/off contrast attenuation. The ability to process binary information is demonstrated by selectively writing information to the given photonic unit, reading the resultant emissive signal pattern and finally erasing the information again, which in turn demonstrates the possibility of continuous recording. This basic study paves the way for building complex circuits using spatially well‐arranged photonic units.

NC Meets CN: Porous Photoanodes with Polymeric Carbon Nitride/ZnSe Nanocrystal Heterojunctions for Photoelectrochemical Applications.

The utilization of photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) for converting solar energy into fuels (e.g., hydrogen) is a promising method for sustainable energy generation. We demonstrate a strategy to enhance the performance of PEC devices by integrating surface-functionalized zinc selenide (ZnSe) semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) into porous polymeric carbon nitride (CN) matrices to form a uniformly distributed blend of NCs within the CN layer via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The achieved type II heterojunction at the CN/NC interface exhibits intimate contact between the NCs and the CN backbone since it does not contain insulating binders. This configuration promotes efficient charge separation and suppresses carrier recombination. The reported CN/NC composite structure serves as a photoanode, demonstrating a photocurrent density of 160 ± 8 μA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), 75% higher compared with a CN-based photoelectrode, for approximately 12 h. Spectral and photoelectrochemical analyses reveal extended photoresponse, reduced charge recombination, and successful charge transfer at the formed heterojunction; these properties result in enhanced PEC oxygen production activity with a Faradaic efficiency of 87%. The methodology allows the integration of high-quality colloidal NCs within porous CN-based photoelectrodes and provides numerous knobs for tuning the functionality of the composite systems, thus showing promise for achieving enhanced solar fuel production using PEC.

Enhanced mechanical properties and tribological performance of anodic oxide coating by using thermal power plant waste material

Numerous researchers have dedicated their efforts to exploring the utilization of industrial waste, specifically fly ash (FA), as a reinforcement for developing economical composites and minimizing ecological pollution problems. FA consists of multiple phases, including quartz (SiO2) and mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), which can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of materials. In tribological applications, incorporating FA into surface coatings can offer a cost-effective alternative to enhance surface properties. Meanwhile, the usage of FA and its difference from other commercial ceramics (e.g., SiO2) is still unknown. Thus, the present study aims to clarify the role of FA and factors that contribute to improving mechanical properties and tribological performance with commercial SiO2 as a comparison using electrochemical anodization. The growth mechanism was investigated by varying the anodizing times while maintaining a constant (100 g/L FA) in the electrolyte for the first phase. Meanwhile, the mechanical and tribological properties of different reinforcement content (0, 10, 50, and 100 g/L) were determined for the second phase. Then, evaluations were conducted on the surface morphology, chemical composition, surface hardness, and tribological properties. The results revealed that growth of oxide coating was initiated within the first 5–10 min by forming the barrier layer. Pores began to appear visibly after 30 min of anodizing time, while the complete formation of porous anodic oxide coating was achieved at 60-min with pores dimension (width: 30.75 ± 14.45 μm and depth: 13.4 ± 6.43 μm). Interestingly, 100 g/L of FA-reinforced anodic oxide coating demonstrated lower surface roughness (4.08 ± 0.41 μm), higher surface hardness (444.4 ± 8.63 HV), lowest coefficient of friction (COF) (0.46), and low wear rate (reduction almost 31.8 %) compared to 100 g/L of commercial SiO2 reinforced anodic oxide coating. The electrophoretic deposition effect, combined with the quartz (SiO2) and mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) phase structure, enhances mechanical properties and tribological performance.

Enhancement of thermal–mechanical performances via a selective CNTs configuration in laminated CNTs/AZ31B composite

Magnesium alloy is an excellent lightweight material. While the alloying process improves mechanical properties, it often reduces material thermal conductivity. An effective way to balance these two properties is to add CNTs. In this paper, a novel laminated CNTs/AZ31B composite was fabricated by introducing CNTs with selective configuration. First, the specific configuration of CNTs was built onto AZ31B sheets with a reticle mask using the electrophoretic deposition process. Then, the CNTs/AZ31B composite was obtained by the hot-pressing process. The effect of deposition factors on composite forming quality was studied to seek a satisfactory interlayer binding. Finally, the mechanical and thermal properties of CNTs/AZ31B composites with different CNTs content and deposition orientations were tested. The results show that the mechanical and thermal properties of CNTs/AZ31B composites were noticeably anisotropic. By adding 0.5 wt% CNTs, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the CNTs/AZ31B composite were effectively enhanced by 30.3 % and 10.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity of the composites increased to 84.2 W/ (m·K) when adding 0.25 wt% CNTs, with heat conduction and dissipation performance enhanced. The studies of tensile fracture and CNT-Mg interfaces of CNTs/AZ31B composite show that CNTs can act as a shortcut of heat flow and load transfer.

Porous GaP/g‐C3N4 Photoanode for Enhanced Hydrogen Production

AbstractThe g‐C3N4 decorated porous gallium phosphide have been fabricated by a facile electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The morphology, element composition and light absorption of the GaP/g‐C3N4 photoanode were observed using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer, respectively. When acting as photoanode, porous GaP/g‐C3N4 serves as a direct Z‐scheme system, where photogenerated holes in GaP are expended by electrons generated from the g‐C3N4, inhibiting the corrosion of GaP. Therefore, the porous GaP/g‐C3N4 showed a larger photocurrent density, which is 2.1 times as large as that of the porous GaP without g‐C3N4, and a more stable photocurrent density for over 10000 s (at 0 V vs RHE). Thus, this work delivers a practical way to improve the photoelectrochemical stability and property of III–V semiconductor materials, which could be used in solar energy conversion fields.

Electrophoretic Deposition of Chitosan Coatings on the Porous Titanium Substrate.

Medicine is looking for solutions to help implant patients recover more smoothly. The porous implants promote osteointegration, thereby providing better stabilization. Introducing porosity into metallic implants enhances their biocompatibility and facilitates osteointegration. The introduction of porosity is also associated with a reduction in Young's modulus, which reduces the risk of tissue outgrowth around the implant. However, the risk of chronic inflammation remains a concern, necessitating the development of coatings to mitigate adverse reactions. An interesting biomaterial for such modifications is chitosan, which has antimicrobial, antifungal, and osteointegration properties. In the present work, a porous titanium biomaterial was obtained by powder metallurgy, and electrophoretic deposition of chitosan coatings was used to modify its surface. This study investigated the influence of ethanol content in the deposition solution on the quality of chitosan coatings. The EPD process facilitates the control of coating thickness and morphology, with higher voltages resulting in thicker coatings and increased pore formation. Ethanol concentration in the solution affects coating quality, with higher concentrations leading to cracking and peeling. Optimal coating conditions (30 min/10 V) yield high-quality coatings, demonstrating excellent cell viability and negligible cytotoxicity. The GIXD and ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of deposited chitosan coatings on Ti substrates. The microstructure of the chitosan coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Biological tests showed no cytotoxicity of the obtained materials, which allows for further research and the possibility of their use in medicine. In conclusion, EPD offers a viable method for producing chitosan-based coatings with controlled properties for biomedical applications, ensuring enhanced patient outcomes and implant performance.

Electrophoretic deposition of graphene coating on copper for improved thermoelectric performance of wire rods

Electrophoretic deposition of graphene coating on copper for improved thermoelectric performance of wire rods

Enhancing electrochemical kinetics in electrophoretic-deposited lithium iron phosphate Li-metal batteries through additives

This study demonstrates that the introduction of additives into the Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) process significantly enhances the electrochemical performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) electrodes. Incorporating these additives resulted in achieving a battery capacity of around 100 mAh/g at a 2 C rate, demonstrating a significantly higher capacity compared to configurations without additives. The additives enhance the surface capacitive effect, thus improving the efficiency of energy storage. This performance boost is attributed to a carefully optimized mixture of binders and conductive agents, resulting in a denser electrode surface. Such a surface facilitates improved Li-ion diffusion and capacitive charge storage, leading to enhanced electrochemical kinetics. These developments highlight the efficacy of the EPD method in advancing LFP electrode technology, providing a significant improvement in performance by enabling pseudocapacitive behavior and better Li-ion transport. Our findings suggest promising avenues for the evolution of future battery technologies, marking a notable step forward in electrode fabrication methods.

Study on the preparation and fretting behavior of bonded oriented MoS2 solid lubricant coating

The bonded MoS2 solid lubricant coating is an effective measure to mitigate the fretting wear of AISI 1045 steel. In this work, the amino functionalized MoS2 was protonated with acetic acid to make the MoS2 positively charged. The directional arrangement of protonated MoS2 in the coating was achieved by electrophoretic deposition under the electric field force. The bonded directionally aligned MoS2 solid lubricant coating showed high adaptability to various loads and excellent lubrication performance under all three working conditions. At a load of 10 N, the friction coefficient and wear volume of the coating with 5 wt% protonated MoS2 decreased by 20.0% and 37.2% compared to the pure epoxy coating, respectively, and by 0.07% and 16.8% than the randomly arranged MoS2 sample, respectively. The remarkable lubricating properties of MoS2 with directional alignment were attributed to its effective load-bearing and mechanical support, barrier effect on longitudinal extension of cracks, and the formation of a continuous and uniform transfer film.

Optimized Electrophoretic Deposition of Chitosan/Mesoporous Glass Nanoparticles with Gentamicin on Titanium Implants: Enhancing Hemocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity.

Titanium-based implants have long been studied and used for applications in bone tissue engineering, thanks to their outstanding mechanical properties and appropriate biocompatibility. However, many implants struggle with osseointegration and attachment and can be vulnerable to the development of infections. In this work, we have developed a composite coating via electrophoretic deposition, which is both bioactive and antibacterial. Mesoporous bioactive glass particles with gentamicin were electrophoretically deposited onto a titanium substrate. In order to validate the hypothesis that the quantity of particles in the coatings is sufficiently high and uniform in each deposition process, an easy-to-use image processing algorithm was designed to minimize human dependence and ensure reproducible results. The addition of loaded mesoporous particles did not affect the good adhesion of the coating to the substrate although roughness was clearly enhanced. After 7 days of immersion, the composite coatings were almost dissolved and released, but phosphate-related compounds started to nucleate at the surface. With a simple and low-cost technique like electrophoretic deposition, and optimized stir and suspension times, we were able to synthesize a hemocompatible coating that significantly improves the antibacterial activity when compared to the bare substrate for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Hydroxyapatite coating of TiNi shape memory alloy via Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD)

ABSTRACT In this study, hydroxyl apatite (HA) as a bio-ceramic is coated on the TiNi shape memory. In this approach, Tri-ethanolamine and butanol were used as suspensions. To set up Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) process, voltages of 20, 30 and 40 volts were applied on the cathode for 1-5 minutes. The sintering process was done in the Ar atmosphere for two hours at 800°C. SEM and XRD were used to investigate surface morphologies and phases. Obtained results showed that higher electrical currents led to generation of thicker coatings registering 105% and 12.3% improvement for weight and thickness after 6 minutes, respectively. Moreover, Transformation of HA to other calcium phosphate phases doesn’t happen at a sintering temperature of 800°C. Moreover, a uniform, homogeneous and crackles coating can be reached in the voltage of 30 volts at low sintering temperatures. This process can be utilized an alternative technique for bioactive coatings.

Inducing and Understanding Pseudocapacitive Behavior in an Electrophoretically Deposited Lithium Iron Phosphate Li-Metal Battery as an Electrochemical Test Platform.

Our study has effectively employed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using AC voltage to develop a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) Li-ion battery featuring pseudocapacitive properties and improved high C-rate performance. This method has significantly improved the battery's specific capacity, achieving an impressive 100 mAhg-1 at a 5 C discharge rate, which showcases its superior high-rate capability. Additionally, the battery displayed excellent reversibility during its performance cycles. These results confirm the EPD method's efficacy in improving LFP electrode performance, yielding notable improvements in cycling stability and high-rate capability. The enhanced capacity and high-rate performance of the electrophoretic-deposited LFP electrodes are largely due to the fast kinetics facilitated by pseudocapacitive behavior-induced charge storage and a high Li-ion diffusion constant measured in our EPD-deposited LFP electrodes. This underscores the practicality of our approach and the development of a fundamental test platform to investigate the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism in electrodes with typical battery-like behavior.

Study the Structure and Properties of Antibacterial TiO2/HAP Coating onto Ti Alloy Using Electrophoretic Deposition Technique for Biomedical Application

In the present study, single layer, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and TiO2/HAP nano-particles coatings were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. As a result of accidents, diseases and other causes, efforts and research are continued to reach results closest. The damaged that occur to some of them in the living of the organism in general and the human being in particular, this can be done throughout the existing the implantation of medical minerals, ligaments of bones, teeth and other parts that compensate. Through science, opportunities and experiments have been provided to obtain satisfactory results in terms of the biocompatibility of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V implants and their alloys, which are classified as one of the best biocompatible materials within vivo tissues. This study aims to increase improve this alloy antibacterial properties by coating the surface with a bio ceramic (TiO2 and TiO2/HAP) nano-powders. were made on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V substrate using an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique, charged particles suspended in ethanol at a concentration of 50 g/L, for each powder with ideal conditions of 20V and a deposition time of (4 min). The surface characteristics of coated substrates, such as micro-hardness, surface roughness and wettability antibacterial test were evaluated and compared to that of the uncoated substrates. The results showed that the EPD is a promising technique to create a bio coating on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V substrate with outstanding structure and properties for biomedical applications. The results demonstrated that the coated sample under coating conditions (20V, 4min) which is close to the ratio found in living bone. The results also of the wettability test showed that the contact angle of the deposited paint is 5.9 degrees, and this positive result is useful for biomedical applications and proved that the coating is hydrophilic.

Structural Positive Electrodes Engineered for Multifunctionality.

Multifunctional structural batteries are of high and emerging interest in a wide variety of high-strength and lightweight applications. Structural batteries typically use pristine carbon fiber as the negative electrode, functionalized carbon fiber as the positive electrode, and a mechanically robust lithium-ion transporting electrolyte. However, electrochemical cycling of carbon fibre-based positive electrodes is still limited to tests in liquid electrolytes, which does not allow for to introduction of multifunctionality in real terms. To overcome these limitations, structural batteries with a structural battery electrolyte (SBE) are developed. This approach offers massless energy storage. The electrodes are manufactured using economically friendly, abundant, cheap, and non-toxic iron-based materials like olivine LiFePO4. Reduced graphene oxide, renowned for its high surface area and electrical conductivity, is incorporated to enhance the ion transport mechanism. Furthermore, a vacuum-infused solid-liquid electrolyte is cured to bolster the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers and provide a medium for lithium-ion migration. Electrophoretic deposition is selected as a green process to manufacture the structural positive electrodes with homogeneous mass loading. A specific capacity of 112mAhg-1 can be reached at C/20, allowing the smooth transport of Li-ion in the presence of SBE. The modulus of positive electrodes exceeded 80GPa. Structural battery-positive half-cells are demonstrated across various mass-loadings, enabling them to be tailored for a diverse array of applications in consumer technology, electric vehicles, and aerospace sectors.

Binder-Free Anodes for Potassium-ion Batteries Comprising Antimony Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes Obtained Using Electrophoretic Deposition.

Antimony has a high theoretical capacity and suitable alloying/dealloying potentials to make it a future anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs); however, substantial volumetric changes, severe pulverization, and active mass delamination from the Cu foil during potassiation/depotassiation need to be overcome. Herein, we present the use of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to fabricate binder-free electrodes consisting of Sb nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in interconnected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The anode architecture allows volume changes to be accommodated and prevents Sb delamination within the binder-free electrodes. The Sb mass ratio of the Sb/CNT nanocomposites was varied, with the optimized Sb/CNT nanocomposite delivering a high reversible capacity of 341.30 mA h g-1 (∼90% of the initial charge capacity) after 300 cycles at C/5 and 185.69 mA h g-1 after 300 cycles at 1C. Postcycling investigations reveal that the stable performance is due to the unique Sb/CNT nanocomposite structure, which can be retained over extended cycling, protecting Sb NPs from volume changes and retaining the integrity of the electrode. Our findings not only suggest a facile fabrication method for high-performance alloy-based anodes in PIBs but also encourage the development of alloying-based anodes for next-generation PIBs.