Electronic Switching Research Articles

Switch fault identification scheme based on machine learning algorithms for PV-Fed three-phase neutral point clamped inverter

Any faults in power electronic switches must be detected and located promptly to certify the unchanging operation and reliability of multilevel inverter (MLI) systems. Machine learning (ML) techniques are increasingly being utilized to diagnose faults in MLIs due to their advantages, such as high precision, less calculation time, and reduced complexity. A faulty switch identification and phase identification method based on different ML classifiers is presented in this paper, explicitly targeting open-circuit faults in switches in a PV-fed 3-phase three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter. The NPC MLI output voltage and current signals are input signals to classify faults. The information or essential feature from the raw voltage and current data is extracted using a recursive discrete Fourier (RDF) followed by a discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Finally, the standard deviations of the approximate and detailed coefficients are used as input for ML algorithms. To do the comparative analysis, a variety of ML techniques are then applied to these features, including logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), quadratic discriminate analysis (QDA), K-nearest neighbour (K-NN), and support vector machines (SVM). The experiment results indicate that the RF algorithms achieve the highest classification accuracy of 99.59 % for various switch fault conditions.

Impact of Chaos on MOSFET Thermal Stress and Lifetime

The reliability of power electronic switching components is of great concern for many researchers. For their usage in many mission profiles, it is crucial for them to perform for the duration of their intended lifetime; however, they can fail because of thermal stress. Thus, it is essential to analyze their thermal performance. Non-linear switching action, bifurcation and chaotic events may occur in DC-DC power converters. Consequently, they show different behaviors when their parameters change. However, this is an opportunity to study these bifurcation phenomena and the existence of chaos, e.g., in boost converters, on their performance as the effects of load variations (mission profiles) on the system’s behavior. These variations generate many non-linear phenomena such as periodic behavior, repeated period-doubling bifurcations and chaos in the MOSFET drain-source current. Thus, we propose, for the first time, an analysis of the influence of chaos on the junction temperature. First of all, this paper provides a step-by-step procedure to establish an electrothermal model of a C2M0080120D MOSFET with integrated power loss. Then, the junction temperature is estimated by computing the power losses and a thermal impedance model of the switch. Additionally, this model is used to investigate the bifurcation and chaotic behavior of the MOSFET junction temperature. The paper contributes by providing a mathematical model to calculate several coefficients based on experimental data and thermal oscillations. Estimation of the number of cycles to failure is given by the Coffin–Manson equation, while temperature cycles are counted using the rainflow counting algorithm. Further, the accumulated damage results are calculated using the Miner’s model. Finally, a comparison is made between the damage accumulated during different mission profiles: significant degradation of the MOSFET’s lifetime is pointed out for chaotic currents compared to periodic ones.

High‐Speed Wide‐Angle Sensing and Imaging by WideBand Metasurfaces with Joint Frequency, Polarization, and Spatial Diversities

AbstractHigh‐speed wide‐angle radio detection is crucial for intelligent wireless systems, autonomous vehicles, rescue operations in urgent situations, and security in various fields. This can be achieved through diverse controls of electromagnetic waves. Currently, multidimensional manipulations of electromagnetic waves are determined by dynamic antennas like phased arrays, mechanical beam‐steering radars, and programmable metasurface imagers. However, these methods face challenges in achieving rapid responses and large data collection intervals for high‐speed sensing and imaging, due to limitations in the speedy explication of analog‐to‐digital (AD) converters, electronic switches, phase shifters, and stepped motors for radiation beam reconfigurations. To address these challenges, advanced microwave‐to‐millimeter‐wave metasurfaces are introduced, designed to offer joint frequency, polarization, and spatial diversities. The metasurface with a disordered atom permutation enables wide‐angle sensing for accurate trajectory tracking of moving objects. On the other hand, a dispersion‐engineered atom arrangement allows the metasurfaces to facilitate wide‐angle through‐wall imaging, effective in detecting objects of varied shapes and positions. The experiments reveal that these metasurfaces can reconstruct objects at 100 frames per second (fps) from a single‐shot measurement, allowing 0.3x speed playback for detailed analysis. This demonstrates their potential in high‐speed sensing and imaging. Such a breakthrough is pivotal in unveiling new modalities and expanding possibilities in real‐time radio applications, including smart transportation, all‐condition surveillance, perspective radio, and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, especially relevant to technologies of 6G and beyond.

Comparison of Magnetostrictive-Actuated Semi-Active Control Methods Based on Synchronized Switching

Three distinct synchronized switching circuits based on a magnetostrictive actuator are compared in this paper to examine their control mechanisms and circuit characteristics. These circuits include a semi-active shunt circuit, a semi-active current inversion and amplification circuit, and a semi-active automatic current inversion and amplification circuit. Each circuit type employs an additional electronic switch. The synchronized switching method enables the rational control of the circuit current generated by the magnetostrictive actuator to fulfill any desired control strategy. Simulation and experimental results on a 10-bay truss structure reveal that the three circuits can effectively adjust the polarity of the induced current as needed. The three circuits are then compared to thoroughly analyze their unique characteristics and explain their respective advantages and dis-advantages. Using the comparison results, various options available for control circuit design are demonstrated.

A Comparative Study of 9-Level Inverter and 15-Level Multi Inverter for a Grid Connected System

Abstract: Recently, the emergence of single phase multilevel inverter has been increased due to its advantages over traditional one. Multilevel Inverters [MLI] are the ones which can give out a stepwise output waveform with the use of power electronic switches, power diodes and some DC voltage source which might be a series/parallel connected PV cells, a renewable source or a battery. Multilevel inverters not only produce low harmonic distortion but also decrease the dv/dt stresses on the equipment Multilevel inverters is a good option as the output voltage of a Multilevel inverter is a stepped waveform which approaches a sinusoid providing lesser harmonic distortion. As the number of levels are increased the harmonic distortion reduces but at the same time the number of switching devices and the DC voltage sources required increases, thus increasing the complexity of the system design and control. Multilevel inverter proposed in this paper uses only 7 switches to provide 9 levels and 15 levels of output voltage. A symmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multi level inverter (SCHBMLI) and Asymmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multilevel Inverter (ASCHBMLI) using PD-PWM technique have been analysed in this paper for grid connection. The Asymmetric Cascade H Bridge [ASCHMLI] implemented in real time system using PIC16F877A microcontroller with RL load. This type of proposed system is used for high power applications in photovoltaic and it’s reduce overall cost as well as size of the system.

UWB TAPERED-SLOT PATCH ANTENNA WITH RECONFIGURABLE DUAL BAND-NOTCHES CHARACTERISTICS

An ultra-wideband patch antenna (UWB) that makes use of tapered slot technology is designed and analyzed in this article. Coplanar waveguide feeds the projected antenna. The presented antenna displayed superior UWB performances with -10 dB return-loss bandwidth, ranging from 1.9 to 12 GHz. The projected slot antenna has another benefit of minimizing the interference effect of the narrow band communications conducted by two notch bands operating at 3.3–3.8 GHz (WiMAX) and 5.1-6 GHz (WLAN and HIPERLAN/2), respectively. The Dual-Bands rejection is generated by etching out a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) from the patch and placing a trapezoidal split ring resonator (TSRR). Adaptable single or dual-band rejection characteristics have been added to the behavior of the UWB antenna, by mounting electronic switching across SRR and CSRR. Furthermore, the presented UWB slot antenna is printed on an FR4-epoxy substrate (εr = 4.4) and it has an overall size of . 55x48x1.5 mm3

Switching reactive oxygen species reactions derived from Mn–Pt anchored zeolite for selective catalytic ozonation

Rationally switching reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactions in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is urgently needed to improve the adaptability and efficiency for the engineering application. Herein we synthesized bimetallic Mn–Pt catalysts based on zeolite to realize the switching of ROS reactions in catalytic ozonation for sustainable degradation of organic pollutants from water. The ROS reactions switched from singlet oxygen (1O2, 71.01%) to radical-dominated (93.79%) pathway by simply introducing defects and changing Pt/Mn ratios. The oxygen vacancy induced by anchoring Mn–Pt species from zeolite external surface (MnPt/H-Beta) to internal framework (MnPt@Si-Beta) exposes more electron-rich Pt2+/Pt4+ redox sites, accelerating the decomposition of O3 to generate •OH via electron transfer and switching ROS reactions. The Mn site acted as a bridge plays a critical role in conducting electrons from organic pollutants to Pt sites, which solidly solves the electron loss of catalysts, facilitating the efficient degradation of pollutants. A 34.7-fold increase in phenol degradation compared with the non-catalytic ozonation and an excellent catalytic stability are achieved by MnPt@Si-Beta/O3. The 1O2-dominated ROS reaction originated from MnPt/H-Beta/O3 exhibits superior performances in anti-interference for Cl−, HCO3−, NO3−, and SO4−. This work establishes a novel strategy for switching ROS reactions to expand the targeted applications of O3 based AOPs for environmental remediation.

A programmable hybrid digital chemical information processor based on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction

The exponential growth of the power of modern digital computers is based upon the miniaturization of vast nanoscale arrays of electronic switches, but this will be eventually constrained by fabrication limits and power dissipation. Chemical processes have the potential to scale beyond these limits by performing computations through chemical reactions, yet the lack of well-defined programmability limits their scalability and performance. Here, we present a hybrid digitally programmable chemical array as a probabilistic computational machine that uses chemical oscillators using Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction partitioned in interconnected cells as a computational substrate. This hybrid architecture performs efficient computation by distributing information between chemical and digital domains together with inbuilt error correction logic. The efficiency is gained by combining digital logic with probabilistic chemical logic based on nearest neighbour interactions and hysteresis effects. We demonstrated the computational capabilities of our hybrid processor by implementing one- and two-dimensional Chemical Cellular Automata demonstrating emergent dynamics of life-like entities called Chemits. Additionally, we demonstrate hybrid probabilistic logic as a viable logic for solving combinatorial optimization problems.

An overview on Modulated Scattering Sensors and their applications

Modulated scattering sensors are based on the scattering properties of small antennas. They operate similarly to radio frequency identifier RFIDs but they don't require a radio front-end, and with respect to RFIDs, which are characterized by a limited operative range, MST sensors can theoretically reach any distance up to kilometres. The information is carried on by modulating an impinging/interrogating electromagnetic wave by properly change the load impedance of the antenna sensor, with suitable resistive loads and electronic switches. MST sensors can also operate at microwave frequency bands thanks to the introduction of suitable MEMs switches able to operate up to 100 GHz, moreover they are simple, low invasive and very cheap. In this work the evolution and some recent advancements in the development and application of MST sensors at different engineering scenarios will be reported and commented.

Research on simultaneous switch and multiple switch processing methods

In the simulation of complex power electronic equipment containing multiple power electronic switches, it is often encountered that the same switch occurs several times in one step, or there are multiple switch actions in one step, that is, multiple switches. When the switching event occurs between two moments, because the voltage value can only be updated at the end of the simulation step, there is a cumulative error in the current obtained by the integration. In traditional electromagnetic transient simulation, the interpolation algorithm and its deformation are commonly used to solve this problem. However, due to the complexity of the conventional interpolation algorithm, it will seriously affect the efficiency in large-scale power grid simulation, and can only be applied to offline simulation, which cannot meet the needs of real-time simulation. In this paper, a method is presented to deal with synchronous switches and multiple switches, which can reliably solve the problem of synchronous switches and multiple switches encountered in real-time simulation of complex power electronic systems.

Electronic Battery Switch for UAV BLDC Motor

Electronic Battery Switch for UAV BLDC Motor

The Time Response Analysis of a Hybrid Electronic Switch and Residual Current Devices System

The Time Response Analysis of a Hybrid Electronic Switch and Residual Current Devices System

A Review of Intelligent Techniques Based Speed Control of Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)

This study uses intelligent techniques to regulate brushless direct current speed (BLDC) motors. After these motors solved the problem of using brushes and commutators in traditional DC motors, they succeeded in replacing brushes and commutators with electronic commutators. Due to the use of electronic switching, brushless motor algorithms are more complex than those of conventional motors. In this study, to adjust the PID controller's settings (Kp, Ki, and Kd), a trial-and-error approach was taken, and a completely new method known as the settings of known PID controllers have been modified using the new Gray Wolf algorithm. A BLDC motor's main benefit is that it has easy speed adjustment across a broad range, whereas AC motors often cannot be controlled in this way. Through the use of Matlab/Simulink, the BLDC motor's mathematical model was developed and implemented. The simulation results show that in the first case, a PID controller effectively induces the turbulent dynamic behavior of BLDC under load and no-load conditions, and in the second case, the speed shows the lowest rise time, stability, overshoot, and stability conditions, and performs at its best. The characteristics of the traditional PID controller that regulates the engine speed must be regulated online to achieve the use of intelligent technologies, and the adjustment is done online using the neural network. The results showed that this technology, or feature - online tuning - is the most effective and reliable of all.

A new scheme of all-optical 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) and MUX-based combinational circuits using nonlinear kerr-type materials

Optoelectronics, often known as photon-based electronics, is well recognised for being more effective than conventional electronics for communication. To create a superfast computer, several devices have previously been developed in the field of all optical computing systems. Here, we have put forth an all-optical 2:1 multiplexer with the usage of nonlinear material exhibiting a strong ac Kerr effect and 2:1 Multiplexer (MUX) based all optical -photonic switches - NOT, OR, AND, NAND, NOR etc The sole method for building combinational logic circuits is to utilise MUX. This work is made simpler by the Shannon decomposition theorem than by other approaches. In this study, input and output are expressed as the presence of a light signal with a prefixed intensity as binary 1 and the absence of a light signal as binary 0 using an intensity-based all-optical device and positive logic. Since the system is entirely optical, our current design enables very-high speed (terahertz) computation, which is not possible with typical semiconductor electronic switches. Validation through mathematical computations-based PYTHON simulations establishes the efficacy of the proposed approach. This research holds promise for applications in industrial and commercial contexts, offering enhanced performance and versatility.

Polarization‐Sensitive and Self‐Driven Pyro‐Phototronic Photodetectors Based on MoS2‐Water Heterojunctions

AbstractPolarization‐sensitive and self‐driven pyroelectric‐based photodetectors have recently gained interest due to their potential application in artificial electronic eyes, biomedical imaging, and optical switches. Here, a photodetector based on light modulation‐induced polarization and depolarization of water molecules on the surface of a 2D MoS2 crystal is reported. The MoS2‐water heterostructure photodetector serves as a self‐driven pyro‐phototronic device that converts light‐induced thermal energy to electrical signals, leading to a transient photoresponsivity as high as 24.6 mA W−1 and a specific detectivity of 2.85 × 108 Jones under 470 nm wavelength at zero bias. Due to the formation of a built‐in electric field at the MoS2‐water interface, this structure also has a high steady–state responsivity of 3.62 A W−1 and detectivity of 9.18 × 108 Jones at 3 V bias, along with a fast response time of ≈0.74 ms. Moreover, due to the rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network in the liquid water upon visible light illumination, the MoS2‐water photodetector is light polarization‐sensitive. The simple fabrication process, low cost, polarization sensitivity, and high performance of the MoS2‐water structure make it an excellent candidate for liquid‐compatible photodetectors.

The Principles of Controlled DC-Reactor Fault Current Limiter for Battery Energy Storage Protection

The significance of battery energy storage systems (BESS) technology has been growing rapidly, mostly due to the need for microgrid applications and the integration of renewables. Relevant to the importance of utilization of BESS in microgrids, the protection of the BESS during microgrid faults has become a concern too. The short-circuit in a microgrid cause over-current for all of the integrated sources. BESS, as one of the sources in the microgrid, is heavily influenced by fault occurrence. The overcurrent can easily damage power electronic converter switches, battery management systems (BMS), and damage battery banks. Fault current limiters (FCLs) are appropriate protection devices that have been massively studied. This paper proposes a controllable reactor fault current limiter (CRFCL) to protect the BESS against fault currents. The proposed CRFCL can control the fault current value supplied by BESS during a fault condition as a current regulator. It is realized by means of the operation of solid-state switches and series DC reactor behavior. The main achievement of CRFCL is the protection of BESS against fault currents without delay. The simulations of the proposed structure are carried out in a MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, and they are confirmed and validated by experimental test results.

Optimal siting and sizing of custom power system and smart parking lot in the active distribution network

AbstractNon‐linear loads, electrical vehicles (EVs) and power electronics are the sources of harmonic generation in the power system. Harmonics are the reason for the disturbance in the technical constraints and quality of the power system. These disadvantages are formed in the current and the voltage of the system branches and buses. To reduce these harmonics, active and passive power filters are used. Since active power filters (APFs) include electronic power switching devices, they are used to eliminate or reduce current or voltage harmonics. To properly reduce these harmonics and supply consumer demand, private investors (PIs) are considered to enhance the power quality, by investing in the APF units and the distribution network operator (DNO) coordinating and feeding the EVs, by equipping the network with smart parking lots. Total harmonic distortion, bus voltage profile, active power loss and energy not supplied (ENS) are considered problem attributes. Using techniques for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS), it is determined how the addition of photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system, and batteries affects the ranking of attributes from the perspectives of both DNO and PI. The best solutions are obtained in the first stage using a genetic algorithm (GA), and the attributes have been prioritized from a utility perspective in the second stage by TOPSIS. To verify the performance of GA and TOPSIS, all of the obtained results are compared with the other algorithms. As seen clearly, active, reactive power loss and ENS in scenarios with the participation PV are reduced. Furthermore, comparing the results of different algorithms confirms the efficiency of GA and TOPSIS.

Comparison of different voltage dip detection techniques

To accurately determine the beginning and the end of voltage sags is very important for the actuation of a system that is connected to the grid and must have ride-through capability. This paper analyses four voltage sag detection methods, comparing both detection speed and reliability, not presenting false detections and providing a consistent signal during all the gap duration. In particular, it has been analysed the behaviour of the detection methods when voltage waveforms present harmonics due to power electronics switching.

A Programmable Source Based on Multi-level Buck EIE inverter connected to a power factor correction stage composed by a single-phase hybrid rectifier

This paper presents a power factor correction stage connected to a programmable source based on the Buck EIE converter Topology. The strategy used to ensure the unitary power factor is based on the use of the single-phase hybrid rectifier, which has the purpose of providing voltages at their outputs for the correct supply of the two cells that make up the Buck EIE converter. It was developed the computational simulation model, including the calculations of the passive elements and the control strategy applied to trigger the electronic switches.

Investigation of healing electronic pressure-sensitive soft switch based on liquid metal microfiber

Flexible and wearable electronics have gained extensive attention in health monitoring, electronic skin, and sensors due to their flexibility, portability, sensitivity, and biocompatibility. Liquid metal (LM) is an optimum conductive material for soft electronic devices because of its high conductivity and fluidity at room temperature. Nevertheless, LM electronic devices with stable dimension is a formidable challenge due to its relatively high surface tension and mass density. In this study, we introduce a wet spinning approach that utilises sodium alginate as the exterior phase and LM as the interior phase. Calcium lactate is used to solidify the sodium alginate, thereby producing liquid metal microfibers (LMMs). The LMMs can be modified by adjusting the flow rate of the two-phase materials. The encapsulated LM microcapsule can serve as a healing electronic soft switch that is suitable for use in wearable and flexible electronic devices. Initially, the liquid metal soft switch (LMSS) has a high resistance value. Once a specific amount of pressure is applied, the resistance value drops considerably resulting in the switch’s activation. And LMMs coated by the sodium alginate can dissolve in a trisodium citrate solution, so that the LM can be reshaped under mixed each other. It achieves LMSS’s reusability and recycling.