Electronic Skin Applications Research Articles

Flexible Thermoelectric BiSbTe/Carbon Paper/BiSbTe Sandwiches for Bimode Temperature‐Pressure Sensors

AbstractBimode temperature‐pressure sensors hold significant promise in personal health monitoring, wearables and robotic signal detection. Traditional bimode sensors typically combine two independent sensors, leading to fabrication complexity. This study develops a bimode temperature‐pressure sensor by using a facile electrodeposition method to create sandwiched BiSbTe/Carbon Paper/BiSbTe thin films and stacking them to a vertical structure. It demonstrates high sensitivity for temperature sensing, capable of detecting temperature difference as low as 1 K, and a rapid response time of 0.92 s due to a vertical structure. Utilizing its thermoelectric mechanism, the sensor achieves self‐powered sensing for finger touch and respiration states. Furthermore, its island‐like contact surface ensures high sensitivity with an extremely fast response time of 0.17 s, by rapidly changing contact resistance under pressure, allowing it to detect various human behaviors, including body movements and micro‐expressions. Beyond its sensing capabilities, the film excels in flexibility, electromagnetic interference shielding, and stability, presenting significant potential for integration into self‐powered electronic skin systems for health monitoring, wearables, artificial intelligence, and other electronic skin applications.

Percolation network study of highly sensitive buckled elastomeric piezoresistive sensors

Abstract Flexible pressure sensors are needed for future artificial electronic skin applications. Carbon black (CB)-enhanced elastomers are known for their unique conductivity, allowing for special uses in sensor technology. This research analyzes the sensitivity of elastomeric sensors reinforced with CB, under a pre-strained buckle, using a modified percolation network model to enhance performance in sensing applications. The finite element method is employed to analyze the piezoresistive characteristics of the sensors across various thicknesses. The research involves analyzing the strain patterns of buckled piezoresistive sensors when an indenter applies a load, and how this influences the sensors’ resistivity. The mechanical parameter is directly correlated to the sensor sensitivity through the maximum principal strain. The model shows a good agreement with the experimental data. The pressure sensitivity resulting from indenter compressive contact is 0.03 and 0.0061 kPa−1 in the pressure range of 0–1 and 0–5 kPa for wavy and straight 1000 μm buckled sensors, respectively. The results show that the film with 50% taller waves has a 40%–60% narrower pressure sensing ranges. Moreover, results indicate that adding waves to the geometry of the sensor improves the piezoresistive behavior by increasing the relative displacements of edges. Results also reveal more stable performance from fewer waves and a higher working range by thicker sensors.

A skin-inspired anisotropic multidimensional sensor based on low hysteresis organohydrogel with linear sensitivity and excellent robustness for directional perception

Human skin has complex sensors to perceive three-dimensional stimuli from the environment. Skin-inspired flexible sensors with multidimensional and directional perception are desirable for applications in intelligent robots and human–machine interaction. Herein, wearable multidimensional sensors have been fabricated by macroscopically assembling 3D-printed microstructured anisotropic organohydrogel sensory units through robust interfacial adhesion. The organohydrogel is crosslinked using microgels and starch microparticles through non-covalent interactions, and composited with short carbon fibers as conductive fillers. The physical network exhibits low hysteresis against 5000 cyclic loadings, which demonstrates excellent robustness in both mechanical properties and sensory performance. The organohydrogel precursor is printed into a cone-shaped sensor with a pressure sensitivity 50 times higher than that of its bulk counterpart. A sea cucumber epidermis-like microstructured sensor with abundant highly sensitive cone array is assembled with 3D-printed anisotropic gels with highly aligned carbon fibers inside, generating a multidimensional sensor capable of perceiving stimuli along X-, Y-, and Z-axis. The assembled sensor can directionally distinguish external forces and identify human motions. This study demonstrates a promising strategy to fabricate well-structured organohydrogel sensors for applications in electronic skin, biomimetic flexible electronics, and artificial intelligence.

Ultrahighly Sensitive Flexible Pressure Sensors with Dual-Mode Response Based on Monolayer Films of Calcium Niobate Nanosheets.

Flexible pressure sensors present enormous potential for applications in health monitoring, human-machine interfacing, and electronic skins (e-skin). However, at the cost of flexibility, the design of flexible pressure sensors has been facing the trade off between high sensitivity and wide sensing range. Herein, we propose a sandwiched structure composed of monolayer films of calcium niobate nanosheets to endow the device with both ultrahigh sensitivity and a wide sensing range. Tunable contact between the two electrodes of the pressure sensor through the gaps in the insulative monolayer film and precise thickness modulation of the monolayer films at the nanoscale result in an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide sensing range of the sensors. By virtue of these two traits, the pressure sensor distinguishes itself with unprecedented performances of ultrahigh sensitivity (6.43 × 104 kPa-1), a wide sensing range (1.94-60.00 kPa), a fast response time (<165 ms), and reliable repeatability. In addition, the sensor has a sensing mechanism transition from capacitive mode to piezoresistive mode from low pressure to high pressure. The sensors demonstrates the ability for motion detection of the human body. This work sheds light on the development of highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors.

Myelin Sheath-Inspired Hydrogel Electrode for Artificial Skin and Physiological Monitoring.

Significant advancements in hydrogel-based epidermal electrodes have been made in recent years. However, inherent limitations, such as adaptability, adhesion, and conductivity, have presented challenges, thereby limiting the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and stability of the physiological-electrode interface. In this study, we propose the concept of myelin sheath-inspired hydrogel epidermal electronics by incorporating numerous interpenetrating core-sheath-structured conductive nanofibers within a physically cross-linked polyelectrolyte network. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated sulfonated cellulose nanofibers (PEDOT:SCNFs) are synthesized through a simple solvent-catalyzed sulfonation process, followed by oxidative self-polymerization and ionic liquid (IL) shielding steps, achieving a low electrochemical impedance of 42 Ω. The physical associations within the composite hydrogel network include complexation, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction, and weak entanglements. These properties confer the hydrogel with high stretchability (770%), superconformability, self-adhesion (28 kPa on pigskin), and self-healing capabilities. By simulating the saltatory propagation effect of the nodes of Ranvier in the nervous system, the biomimetic hydrogel establishes high-fidelity epidermal electronic interfaces, offering benefits such as low interfacial contact impedance, significantly increased SNR (30 dB), as well as large-scale sensor array integration. The advanced biomimetic hydrogel holds tremendous potential for applications in electronic skin (e-skin), human-machine interfaces (HMIs), and healthcare assessment devices.

Environmentally stable, Adhesive, Self-healing, Stretchable and Transparent Gelatin based Eutectogels for Self-Powered Humidity Sensors

Intrinsic environmental and stability limitations of hydrogels have inhibited their practical applications as a flexible wearable device due to water evaporation or freezing in complex environments such as low temperatures and arid environments. In this work, a multifunctional gelatin based ionic conductive eutectogel with double network structure is designed via ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) (acrylic acid (AA), choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG)). In this system, the introduction of ethylene glycol (EG) can be used to dissolve gelatin. The resulting DESG eutectogel exhibited excellent adhesion, mechanical robustness, anti-freeze, anti-drying, and self-healing. Interestingly, the DESG gels showed high humidity sensitivity in a wide humidity detection range (11 %–83 %), which can be assembled as a self-powdered humidity sensor to monitor human mouth and nose breathing. This work is expected to bring new prospect to construct high performance humidity sensors using gelatin based humidity-responsive materials for a wide range of potential applications in respiratory diagnostics, sleep monitoring, electronic skin and wearable electronics.

Hierarchically structured hollow PVDF nanofibers for flexible piezoelectric sensor

The emergence of flexible sensors addresses the limitations of traditional detection equipment, such as large size, high cost, and inconvenient portability. These sensors have significantly advanced the development of wearable electronic devices for applications in electronic skin, energy harvesting, and energy storage. To enhance the sensitivity of flexible sensors, we developed a hierarchical polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber-based piezoelectric sensor. By utilizing coaxial electrospinning, we fabricated nanofibers with hollow interiors and porous outer walls. Additionally, microstructures were constructed on the fiber membrane surface by modifying the collector’s shape. The resulting microstructured hollow PVDF nanofiber membrane exhibited high β-phase content (91.31 %), excellent flexibility (maximum strain 56.9 %), and high porosity (88.94 %). The sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 2.7 V/N (1.08 V/kPa) and a maximum output voltage of 10.1 V, approximately three times higher than that of solid PVDF nanofibers without microstructures. Even after 14,400 cycles of impact, the sensor maintained stable output. The sensor was successfully applied to human activity monitoring and gesture recognition, showcasing its ability to monitor various human activities, respond rapidly (60.4 ms), and synchronously control a mechanical palm to perform different gestures. This work highlights the potential of hierarchically structured hollow PVDF nanofibers in advancing the performance and application scope of flexible piezoelectric sensors.

A high sensing performance piezoresistive sensor based on TPU/c-MWCNTs/ V2CTX-MXene electrospun film for human motion detection

Since wearable pressure sensors have promising applications in the fields of human physiological signal detection and bionic robots, there is an urgent need for wearable pressure sensors with comprehensive attributes such as high sensitivity and wide detection range. Here, we introduce a facile electrospinning process to fabricate a film composed of thermoplastic polyurethane/carboxyl multiwalled carbon nanotube/V2CTX-MXene (TPU/c-MWCNTs/V2C). This film has high sensitivity and great linearity, designed for flexible piezoresistive sensors. To further enhance sensor performance, we applied a spin-coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the sandpaper surface to create a top substrate with intermittent spinosum structures. Additionally, a layer of TPU fibers was electrospun between the conductive film and the interdigitated electrodes. The assembled components form a flexible piezoresistive sensor with a wide detection range of 0–200 kPa, a high sensitivity of 545.2 kPa−1, a low detection limit of 5 Pa, a short response time of 48 ms, and excellent long-term durability after 7000 loading/unloading cycles, making the piezoresistive sensor highly discriminating for detecting complex human movements. Thanks to the great sensing performance and stable structure, we conducted various demonstrations to capture human physiological signals, including signals of muscle activity and pulse. These findings indicate the potential of the designed flexible pressure sensor for applications in electronic skin and smart devices.

Rechargeable Self-Powered pressure sensor based on Zn-ion battery with high sensitivity and Broad-Range response

Flexible pressure sensors find broad applications in electronic skin, human–computer interaction, and health monitoring. However, developing self-powered flexible sensors capable of detecting both dynamic and static pressures with high sensitivity and a wide detection range remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the design and fabrication of a new rechargeable Zn-ion battery-type flexible self-powered pressure sensor (RZIB-FPS). In the device, the anode of a flexible Zn-ion battery is designed into a sandwich configuration with a porous isolation layer in between a conductive layer decorated with polymethylmethacrylate microspheres and a flexible Zn electrode. The self-powered pressure sensing mechanism relies on the variation in output voltage resulting from the resistance change of the anode when subjected to external pressure. This RZIB-FPS exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.46 V, an energy density of 392 µWh cm−2, a high sensitivity (up to 42.6 mV kPa−1), a wide pressure detection range (up to 330 kPa), and excellent cycling stability (up to 12,000 cycles). Furthermore, the proposed all-in-one device design demonstrates excellent charge–discharge performance, manifesting its high integration level and potential for sensor miniaturization. This study introduces a new strategy for developing high-performance sensors for future self-powered smart wearable electronics.

Unmatched resilience and fatigue resistance in a novel cellulose-derived ionic gel with hierarchical superstructured synergy for advanced human-computer interaction

Unlike traditional hydrogels, solvent-free ionic gels eliminate leakage and solvent volatilization, making them suitable for applications in electronic skin, sensing, and other fields due to their excellent conductivity and flexibility. However, designing solvent-free ionic gels with exceptional fatigue resistance, high ionic conductivity, and toughness remains a significant challenge. We address this challenge by employing small molecule/polymer heating self-assembly to regulate the synergistic effects of various components on the hierarchical superstructure. A multi-stage network was formed through the free radical polymerization of 3-Ethyl-1-vinyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide ([C2VIm]Br), lipoic acid (LA), acrylic acid (AA), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), stabilized by dense hydrogen bonding and polymer chain entanglement. The resulting HPC/LA/AA/iLs (HLAI) ionic gel exhibits exceptional properties: excellent flexibility (with an elongation at break of 4222 %), toughness (1.03 MJ/m3), high ionic conductivity (3.29 × 10−2 S/m), and outstanding fatigue resistance (with a resilience of 91.9 % after 1000 load-unloading cycles at 50 % strain). Additionally, it shows low sensitivity to crack propagation (50 % notched sample can be stretched to 9 times without breaking) and good environmental stability, demonstrating excellent sensing sensitivity and stability (GF=3.23). The conductive ionic gel features a sophisticated hierarchical superstructure that synergistically enhances its properties at the molecular level. The integration of dynamic disulfide bonds, achieved through the polymerization of Lipoic acid, imparts remarkable self-healing capabilities and superior fatigue resistance. Additionally, the incorporation of a rigid HPC structure with dense cross-linking points bolsters elasticity, fracture resistance, and resilience. The gel’s ionic conductivity and sensing sensitivity are significantly enhanced by the inclusion of ionic liquids with polymerizable double bonds, making it an ideal material for applications requiring both flexibility and conductivity. This work presents a novel strategy for designing high-performance multi-stage network solvent-free ionic gels, opening up exciting possibilities for biomimetic electronic skin applications.

(Invited) Supramolecular Hydrogels for Fabrications of Wearable Sensors and Medical Scaffolds

While hydrogels have enabled a variety of applications in wearable sensors and electronic skins, they are susceptible to fatigue fracture during their cyclic deformations owing to the inefficient fatigue resistance. Design of hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and highly stable performance during the practical long-term applications of produced wearable sensors and medical scaffolds remains a tremendous challenge. The supramolecular hydrogels with the topological networks consisting of mechanical interlocked units lead to high toughness and robust fracture resistance. In our studies, a type of polymerizable crosslinker is assembled by the precise host-guest recognition, which is then photocured to construct the conductive hydrogel system. This polymerizable crosslinker having the mobile junctions simultaneously endows the resulting conductive hydrogels with three important features in the applications of strain sensors and scaffolds: (1) high stretchability along with superior fatigue resistance, (2) hydrogels applicable for sensors with high conductivity and sensitivity, and (3) suitability for 3D printing fabrication of sensors with altitude complexity. In addition, we have developed a biological metabolism-inspired hydrogel from the dynamic cross-linked natural polymer for reshaping the hostile rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment. The engineered hydrogel exhibits injectable performance and self-healing ability. When the hydrogel is engineered as a 3D stem cell-laden scaffold, the satisfactory reconstruction of large-scale bone defects in rheumatoid arthritis is achieved with effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory performance simultaneously.

Wide-temperature-range pressure sensing by an aramid nanofibers/reduced graphene oxide flakes composite aerogel

Aerogel-based conductive materials have emerged as a major candidate for piezoresistive pressure sensors due to their excellent mechanical and electrical performance besides light-weighted and low-cost characteristics, showing great potential for applications in electronic skins, biomedicine, robot controlling and intelligent recognition. However, it remains a grand challenge for these piezoresistive sensors to achieve a high sensitivity across a wide working temperature range. Herein, we report a highly flexible and ultra-light composite aerogel consisting of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and reduced graphene oxide flakes (rGOFs) for application as a high-performance pressure sensing material in a wide temperature range. By controlling the orientations of pores in the composite framework, the aerogel promotes pressure transfer by aligning its conductive channels. As a result, the ANFs/rGOFs aerogel-based piezoresistive sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of up to 7.10 kPa−1, an excellent stability over 12,000 cycles, and an ultra-wide working temperature range from −196 to 200 °C. It is anticipated that the ANFs/rGOFs composite aerogel can be used as reliable sensing materials in extreme environments.

Self‐Healing Waterborne Polyurethanes as a Sustainable Gel Electrolyte for Flexible Electrochromic Devices

Self‐healing polymers are promising for diverse applications in wearable technology and electronic skin. Polyurethanes are versatile polymers that can incorporate various monomer structures. Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) emerge as an environmentally conscious choice due to water usage instead of organic solvents, thereby minimizing the generation of volatile organic compounds. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the self‐healing properties of WPUs by integrating disulfide bonds. These dynamic disulfide bonds undergo exchange reactions upon heating, facilitating the renewal of cross‐links on damaged film surfaces. Self‐healing WPUs with a low glass transition temperature achieve excellent self‐healing efficiency under mild conditions. Self‐healing adhesives applied to various flexible substrates retain stable peel strength, which confirms their potential as self‐healing solutions. Furthermore, the WPU hydrogel electrolyte is prepared with dihydroxyhexyl viologen (DHHV), and the prepared electrochromic gel exhibits good ionic conductivity while maintaining high transparency. The flexible electrochromic device exhibited excellent performances, including low coloration voltage, high coloration efficiency, and long‐term stability. The transmittance difference is exceptional, with over 99%, and no decay after repeated bending cycles is observed. The current results demonstrate the feasibility of self‐healing WPUs in improving the operation and durability of high‐performance flexible electrochromic devices.

Organic Flexible Electronics for Innovative Applications in Electronic Skin

Organic Flexible Electronics for Innovative Applications in Electronic Skin

Bioinspired High-Linearity, Wide-Sensing-Range Flexible Stretchable Bioelectronics Based on MWCNTs/GR/Nd2Fe14B/PDMS Nanocomposites for Human-Computer Interaction and Biomechanics Detection.

In recent years, flexible and stretchable strain sensors have emerged as a prominent area of research, primarily due to their remarkable stretchability and extremely low strain detection threshold. Nevertheless, the advancement of sensors is currently constrained by issues such as complexity, high costs, and limited durability. To tackle the aforementioned issues, this study introduces a lepidophyte-inspired flexible, stretchable strain sensor (LIFSSS). The stretchable bioelectronics composites were composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, neodymium iron boron, and polydimethylsiloxane. Unique biolepidophyted microstructures and magnetic conductive nanocomposites interact with each other through synergistic interactions, resulting in the effective detection of tensile strain and magnetic excitation. The LIFSSS exhibits a 170% tensile range, a linearity of 0.99 in 50-170% strain (0.96 for full-scale range), and a fine durability of 7000 cycles at 110% tensile range. The sensor accurately detects variations in linear tensile force, human movement, and microexpressions. Moreover, LIFSSS demonstrates enhanced efficacy in sign language recognition for individuals with hearing impairments and magnetic grasping for robotic manipulators. Hence, the LIFSSS proposed in this study shows potential applications in various fields, including bioelectronics, electronic skin, and physiological activity monitoring.

Ultra-adherable dual-network conductive hydrogel with moistening and anti-freezing as a flexible sensor

Multifunctional conductive hydrogels have shown great promise in wearable flexible sensor application. This paper reported a dual-network self-healing electrically hydrogel through simple one-pot polymerization, which initiated from Ag+- lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) -APS redox system. Owing to the reversible metal coordination and hydrogen bonding cross-linked among polymer network, the resulting conductive hydrogel-based sensor demonstrated excellent stretchable, adhesion strength, and fatigue resistance. Additionally, the complex hydrogel (PHEMA/SA/Gly/Ca) incorporating with glycerol and CaCl2 in particular exhibited strong frost resistance (−40oC) and moisturizing qualities to monitor the motion signals in the low-temperature dry state. Therefore, the fabricated wearable sensor is sufficient for detecting large and small human motions, suggesting lots of promising applications in electronic skins, information identification and encryption, and human-motion monitoring.

Nanocomposite hydrogel for skin motion sensing – An antifreezing, nanoreinforced hydrogel with decorated AuNP as a multicrosslinker

In this study, we present a nanocomposite hydrogel designed for skin motion sensing. The hydrogel is based on poly(acrylamide) crosslinked with gold nanoparticles covalently bound to the polymer matrix, yielding a robust, highly elastic and conductive material. The choice of amino acid derivative – N,N’-diacryloylcystine salt (BISS) – as a crosslinker allows for the introduction of gold nanoparticles, due to the presence of sulfide groups in its structure. During the nanoparticle modification process, covalent bonds between gold and sulfur atoms are formed as the disulfide bond is cleaved. In result of this self-assembly process, a multifunctional Au–BISS crosslinker is formed, enhancing the material’s mechanical properties and introducing electrical conductivity. To confer anti-freezing properties and limit water evaporation, a binary mixture of water and glycerol was used. The resultant hydrogel exhibits high elasticity, strain sensitivity across a wide strain range and various types of deformation (elongation, bending, compression) with exceptional response time (120 ms) and recovery time (90 ms). The material’s cold-resistance, resilience, and conductivity make it well-suited for real-time monitoring of joint movements and speech recognition, with potential applications in electronic skin and healthcare monitoring devices.

Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) blocked polyurethane/carbon nanotubes coated cotton fabric prepared by ultrasonic-assisted inkjet printing for high performance strain sensors

In order to fulfill the demands for degradability, a broad working range, and heightened sensitivity in flexible sensors, biodegradable polyurethane (BTPU) was synthesized and combined with CNTs to produce BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric using an ultrasonic-assisted inkjet printing process. The synthesized BTPU displayed a capacity for degradation in a phosphate buffered saline solution, resulting in a weight loss of 25 % after 12 weeks of degradation. The BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric sensor achieved an extensive strain sensing range of 0–137.5 %, characterized by high linearity and a notable sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) of 126.8). Notably, it demonstrated a low strain detection limit (1 %), rapid response (within 280 ms), and robust durability, enabling precise monitoring of both large and subtle human body movements such as finger, wrist, neck, and knee bending, as well as swallowing. Moreover, the BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric exhibited favorable biocompatibility with human epidermis, enabling potential applications as wearable skin-contact sensors. This work provides insight into the development of degradable and high sensing performance sensors suitable for applications in electronic skins and health monitoring devices.

Cellulose nanofiber-mediated manifold dynamic synergy enabling adhesive and photo-detachable hydrogel for self-powered E-skin

Self-powered skin attachable and detachable electronics are under intense development to enable the internet of everything and everyone in new and useful ways. Existing on-demand separation strategies rely on complicated pretreatments and physical properties of the adherends, achieving detachable-on-demand in a facile, rapid, and universal way remains challenging. To overcome this challenge, an ingenious cellulose nanofiber-mediated manifold dynamic synergy strategy is developed to construct a supramolecular hydrogel with both reversible tough adhesion and easy photodetachment. The cellulose nanofiber-reinforced network and the coordination between Fe ions and polymer chains endow the dynamic reconfiguration of supramolecular networks and the adhesion behavior of the hydrogel. This strategy enables the simple and rapid fabrication of strong yet reversible hydrogels with tunable toughness ((Valuemax-Valuemin)/Valuemax of up to 86%), on-demand adhesion energy ((Valuemax-Valuemin)/Valuemax of up to 93%), and stable conductivity up to 12 mS cm−1. We further extend this strategy to fabricate different cellulose nanofiber/Fe3+-based hydrogels from various biomacromolecules and petroleum polymers, and shed light on exploration of fundamental dynamic supramolecular network reconfiguration. Simultaneously, we prepare an adhesive-detachable triboelectric nanogenerator as a human-machine interface for a self-powered wireless monitoring system based on this strategy, which can acquire the real-time, self-powered monitoring, and wireless whole-body movement signal, opening up possibilities for diversifying potential applications in electronic skins and intelligent devices.

Microstructured Porous Capacitive Bio-pressure Sensor Using Droplet-based Microfluidics.

Devices that mimic the functions of human skin are known as "electronic skin," and they must have characteristics like high sensitivity, a wide dynamic range, high spatial homogeneity, cheap cost, wide area easy processing, and the ability to distinguish between diverse external inputs. This study introduces a novel approach, termed microfluidic droplet-based emulsion self-assembly (DMESA), for fabricating 3D microstructured elastomer layers using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The method aims to produce accurate capacitive pressure sensors suitable for electronic skin (e-skin) applications. The DMESA method facilitates the creation of uniform-sized spherical micropores dispersed across a significant area without requiring a template, ensuring excellent spatial homogeneity. Micropore size adjustment, ranging from 100 to 600 μm, allows for customization of pressure sensor sensitivity. The active layer of the capacitive pressure sensor is formed by the three-dimensional elastomer itself. Experimental results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the DMESA approach. It offers simplicity in processing, the ability to adjust performance parameters, excellent spatial homogeneity, and the capability to differentiate varied inputs. Capacitive pressure sensors fabricated using this method exhibit high sensitivity and dynamic amplitude, making them promising candidates for various e-skin applications. The DMESA method presents a highly promising solution for fabricating 3D microstructured elastomer layers for capacitive pressure sensors in e-skin technology. Its simplicity, performance adjustability, spatial homogeneity, and sensitivity to different inputs make it suitable for a wide range of electronic skin applications.