Electronic Signatures Research Articles

МЕХАНІЗМ ОБЛІКУ ЗАХИЩЕНИХ НОСІЇВ КЛЮЧОВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ В БАНКАХ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the essence and components of the bank’s accounting policy, which affect the accounting of inventories of the bank in general and protected media in particular. It is specified that each credit institution develops and approves mandatory accounting policy provisions, which contain a set of principles, methods and procedures used for accounting, preparation and presentation of financial statements. The bank’s accounting and financial reporting are based on the principles defined in the conceptual basis of international financial reporting standards. Protected media have been identified as components of inventories. Commercial banks generate keys for their customers to access remote service systems. These keys are essentially an electronic signature and seal of the client to sign the electronic payment documents created by him before sending them to the bank. In order to prevent the copying of electronic signature keys, secure media (Secure Token) have been developed, on which the bank writes digital signatures of customers. Accounting models of accounting for transactions on the sale of protected media are presented. Protected media according to a number of criteria in accordance with accounting standards can be classified as inventories, and therefore they are accounted for by the same rules. Transactions on the sale of protected key information carriers, depending on the method of payment and the sale price can be reflected in the financial statements in accordance with the four accounting models. The probable operational risks of the bank, which may arise in the process of selling protected media, have been identified and it has been determined that in order to reduce the operational risk of penalties for late registration of tax invoices, it is recommended to implement Secure Token for non-cash funds.

К вопросу о совершенствовании регулирования рынка недвижимости в Российской Федерации

The purpose of writing a scientific work is to study the regulation of the real estate market, the role of the notary in ensuring the protection of the rights of participants in civil turnover and the formation of proposals to expand the powers of the notary to certify real estate transactions. Examining the dynamics of litigation in relation to real estate objects, it is stated that a significant number of them, undoubtedly, arise due to the functioning of various kinds of fraudulent schemes when making the transactions in question. It is noted that in recent years, fraudulent schemes for the unauthorized use of electronic digital signatures for processing transactions have become widespread in the real estate market. Based on the analysis of judicial practice in cases of challenging registered rights to real estate, on invalidating contracts for the sale of residential premises, it was concluded that state registration cannot fully provide for cases of unfair actions in the field of real estate turnover. The best option to ensure the interests of the owners of rights to real estate when concluding transactions with it is notarization of the transaction. For this reason, the paper concludes that it is advisable to diversify the range of transactions, the notarization of which is most appropriate in modern conditions.

Czech perspective on validity of international arbitration clauses contained in an exchange of emails under the New York Convention

The article deals with the writing requirement of the arbitration clause under the New York Convention (the “Convention”). The discussion has been triggered by the recent Czech Supreme Court decision on the formal validity of an arbitration clause contained in an exchange of emails. The author first recalls the drafting history of the Convention and rationale behind the writing requirement. Then he analyses its interpretation in the practice of court before and after the 2006 UNCITRAL Recommendation, which suggested extending the interpretation to modern forms of communication such as email. The main part of the article closely scrutinizes the Czech Supreme Court’s decision on the issue. The Court followed the 2006 Recommendation and the majority of its foreign counterparts. However, it also had to deal with the question of whether an email has to be accompanied by a qualified electronic signature for the written form to be met, as this is (unfortunately) the Court’s requirement when it comes to relations governed by Czech law. Fortunately, the Court has taken an international approach looking both to foreign courts’ practice and to its own case-law under other international conventions such as the CISG or the CMR. Thus it has arrived at the conclusion that the writing requirement under the Convention is met also in the case of an arbitration agreement contained in an exchange of simple emails.

Identifying Ionic and Electronic Charge Transfer at Oxide Heterointerfaces.

The ability to tailor oxide heterointerfaces has led to novel properties in low-dimensional oxide systems. A fundamental understanding of these properties is based on the concept of electronic charge transfer. However, the electronic properties of oxide heterointerfaces crucially depend on their ionic constitution and defect structure: ionic charges contribute to charge transfer and screening at oxide interfaces, triggering a thermodynamic balance of ionic and electronic structures. Quantitative understanding of the electronic and ionic roles regarding charge-transfer phenomena poses a central challenge. Here, the electronic and ionic structure is simultaneously investigated at the prototypical charge-transfer heterointerface, LaAlO3 /SrTiO3 . Applying in situ photoemission spectroscopy under oxygen ambient, ionic and electronic charge transfer is deconvoluted in response to the oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures. In this way, both the rich and variable chemistry of complex oxides and the associated electronic properties are equally embraced. The interfacial electron gas is depleted through an ionic rearrangement in the strontium cation sublattice when oxygen is applied, resulting in an inverse and reversible balance between cation vacancies and electrons, while the mobility of ionic species is found to be considerably enhanced as compared to the bulk. Triggered by these ionic phenomena, the electronic transport and magnetic signature of the heterointerface are significantly altered.

Mutual recognition mechanism of legally significant e-documents and data in cross-border document flow

In this article we will observe mutual recognition mechanism that can provide transparent and reliable environment for data and documents in electronic form exchange across borders. Implementation of the Mutual recognition mechanism concept will help to facilitate interaction and ensure trust between parties taking part in cross-border legally significant e-documents exchange.Mutual recognition mechanism is a set of legal, organizational, semantic and technical conditions for reciprocal recognition of the validity of data and documents in electronic form exchanged across borders among two or more countries. Mutual recognition mechanism allows public authorities, physical and legal entities to interact in the framework of relations arising during generation, sending, transmission, reception, storage and use of legally significant data and documents in electronic form exchange across borders. Cross-border exchange of legally significant data and documents in electronic form between countries can be exercised by the trust ensured by the Trust services providers. Trust in paperless transboundary interaction is a set of objective signs that are used in electronic interaction. For example, electronic signatures are recognized as electronic signatures and their signed electronic documents are validated as documents signed by subjects of legal relations (owners of electronic signatures), the identity of which is confirmed. In this article we will observe Transboundary trust environment (TTE). TTE is a set of normative and organizational-technical conditions which implementation provides the mode of trust in electronic interaction with the participation of a limited or unlimited number of members. TTE as an integral structure operates based on a set of trusted services and may include a trusted third party. Trusted Third Party (TTP) is the organization responsible for the relevant trust that should be provided to complex information technologies and organizational-legal measures to ensure legally significant electronic interaction. Also, the article describes conceptual model of the mutual recognition mechanism.

Electronic Record Authenticity in Evidence

With the adoption of the legislator to the principle of functional equivalent, the individuals dealing with electronic transactions became more confident in the electronic record as a tool used to save their procedures that are conducted through the electronic means , and where it has become possible to present electronic record as an evidence in the lawsuit , the judge no longer has the right to refuse the electronic record as an evidence as long as it includes the necessary conditions, and is provided on an electronic mean "which is the reason for which the court rejected the electronic record as evidence "By referring to the Electronic Transactions Law, we find that the legislator graded in the authenticity of the electronic record, by the difference in the type of signature associated with the electronic record until , we reach the state in which the electronic record is not associated with a signature . Therefore, a research will be conducted regarding the authenticity of each record separately, indicating the extent of the evidential power it has, in addition to the research for the adequacy of the provisions that the legislator applied to the electronic record and to what extent the electronic record as a means of. proof is able to dispense with the traditional means of evidence.Until we come to a conclusion that the legislator granted the electronic record th evidential power that it granted to the traditional means, by referring the determination of its evidential power to the general rules. However, we sometimes find that such a matter is not commensurate with the nature that the electronic record enjoys, especially when searching in the electronic commercial record .This study has been divided into two requirements. The first requirement discusses the cases in which the authenticity of the electronic record is presumed and the second requirement discusses the cases in which the authenticity of the electronic record is not presume Keywords: electronic record, electronic signature, unsigned documents, electronic commercial books, the principle of written evidence . DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/104-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

Полномочия федеральной инспекции труда: проблемы реализации надзорной функции государства в условиях цифровой экономики

This paper discusses the implementation of the Federal labor Inspectorate’s powers in the digital economy during the ongoing administrative reform. The effectiveness of this state structure is affected by its dual legal nature, such as the power of labor inspectors is aimed at protecting the rights of em-ployees. In the conditions of the digital economy and the presence of a pandemic, labor rights are fully protected, and the power of Rostrud is limited in relation to supervised objects by prohibiting cer-tain inspections. Under current conditions, the most essential activity of Rostrud is the need to form an electronic supervision system based on the results of the ongoing legal experiment on the introduction of electronic personnel document management. The use of an electronic signature in the activities of Rostrud is the first step in the possibility of imple-menting an electronic surveillance system, which was catalyzed by the pandemic. We believe that elec-tronic supervision will be the next stage of moderni-zation of Rostrud’s activities in the digital economy.

High intensity x-ray interaction with a model bio-molecule system: double-core-hole states and fragmentation of formamide

Formamide, a simple model bio-molecule (HCONH2), is irradiated with high intensity, ultrashort pulses from an x-ray free electron laser. Ionic fragments resulting from photoionization and subsequent decay processes are recorded, as well as the electronic signature of the different inner shell ionization events that can take place during the x-ray pulses. The formation of double-core-hole states, where a second inner shell electron is removed before the first core hole has been refilled is observed in the electron spectra, recorded at all three sites (C, N, O) of the molecule. The individual ionization potentials are compared with results of ab initio calculations at different level of theory. Based on our results, future opportunities for advanced studies of inner-shell-induced electronic and nuclear dynamics are explored.

البلوک تشین والإثبات الرقمى فى مجال حق المؤلف

Blockchain has the distinction of affirming the concept of trust through an intelligent digital system. This study deals with the authenticity of the blockchain in the field of digital proof, and its application in the scope of copyright verification. This imposes many questions and problems about the reality of blockchain technology, the idea of smart contracts within the framework of this technology, and to what extent are the technical and legal conditions applicable to both electronic writing and electronic signature in this technology? How can this technology play an effective role in enhancing the proof of copyright on its digital works? The study deals with the authenticity of the blockchain in the field of digital proof, and its application in the scope of copyright verification. This imposes many questions and problems about the reality of blockchain technology, the idea of smart contracts within the framework of this technology, and to what extent are the technical and legal conditions applicable to both electronic writing and electronic signature in this technology? How can this technology play an effective role in enhancing the proof of copyright on its digital works? Through this study, we have concluded that the blockchain has the conditions for electronic writing, in terms of readability, continuity, and the availability of technical controls that ensure its integrity. It also provides the ability to attribute writing to its editor at the time of its creation through the encryption mechanism that uses the “timestamp” process. Also, some of the conditions for electronic signature are also available in this technology, while some of these conditions are facing difficulty.

PhD Research

Register of completed and current PhD research regarding an element of electronic evidence and electronic signatures.

Parameters evaluation of the developed combined authentication schemes with increasing level of resistance

Due to the increasing probability of a quantum computer appearance in the near future, there is a need to develop new tools for cryptographic information protection. Such tools are related to post-quantum cryptography. This article evaluates the performance characteristics, compactness, and computational complexity of previously developed combined electronic signature schemes. Such schemes consist of a combination of two independent electronic signature schemes, one of which is a post-quantum scheme, and the other is one of the well-known classical asymmetric electronic signature schemes. In all the schemes under consideration, the level of cryptographic security increases, and the probability of their hacking even with the help of a quantum computing device decreases. The results obtained in this paper may be useful to other researchers for further post-quantum cryptographic protection tools development.

Force-induced charge carrier storage: a new route for stress recording

Stress sensing is the basis of human-machine interface, biomedical engineering, and mechanical structure detection systems. Stress sensing based on mechanoluminescence (ML) shows significant advantages of distributed detection and remote response to mechanical stimuli and is thus expected to be a key technology of next-generation tactile sensors and stress recorders. However, the instantaneous photon emission in ML materials generally requires real-time recording with a photodetector, thus limiting their application fields to real-time stress sensing. In this paper, we report a force-induced charge carrier storage (FICS) effect in deep-trap ML materials, which enables storage of the applied mechanical energy in deep traps and then release of the stored energy as photon emission under thermal stimulation. The FICS effect was confirmed in five ML materials with piezoelectric structures, efficient emission centres and deep trap distributions, and its mechanism was investigated through detailed spectroscopic characterizations. Furthermore, we demonstrated three applications of the FICS effect in electronic signature recording, falling point monitoring and vehicle collision recording, which exhibited outstanding advantages of distributed recording, long-term storage, and no need for a continuous power supply. The FICS effect reported in this paper provides not only a breakthrough for ML materials in the field of stress recording but also a new idea for developing mechanical energy storage and conversion systems.

A blockchain-based IoT data management scheme using Bernoulli distribution convergence in the mobile edge computing

With the creation of a mobile edge computing environment in which IoT technologies are converged on cloud services, the importance of high-capacity data processing technologies is increasing. In this paper, we propose a block chain–based convergence data management technique to efficiently handle different kinds of data processed in mobile edge computing environment. The proposed technique minimized data loss by connecting information from specific IoT devices to multiple hash boxes and adding electronic signatures to the first and last information. In addition, the similarity of IoT data is applied stochastically to respond flexibly to changes in the system. Since the proposed technique links IoT data with different probabilities, it has distributed and deployed IoT data of n bits according to certain rules to reduce the load that can occur on the server. As a result of performance evaluation, the proposed technique has improved the conversion performance assessment of average transcoding propit because block password hash increases depending on AP density and scope when managing blockchain-based IoT data. In addition, the time to generate IoT data was improved because the cumulative use of transactions processed through similarity of blockchain-based IoT data was managed in a group of certain sizes to link the blocks consistently.

COVID-19 highlights the policy barriers and complexities of postpartum sterilization

Multiple barriers exist to sterilization in the postpartum period. One such barrier, the Medicaid Title XIX sterilization policy, requires publicly insured patients to complete a sterilization consent form at least 30 days prior to their scheduled procedure. While this policy was set in place in the 1970s to address the practice of coerced sterilization among marginalized women, it has served as a significant barrier to obtaining the procedure in the contemporary period. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted specific complexities surrounding postpartum sterilization and created additional barriers for women desiring this contraceptive method. Despite the time constraints to perform postpartum sterilization, some hospital administrators, elective officials, and state Medicaid offices deemed sterilization as “elective.” Additionally, as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has revised telemedicine reimbursement and encouraged its increased use, it has provided no guidance for the sterilization consent form, use of oral consents, and change to the sterilization consent form expiration date. This leaves individual states to create policies and recommended procedures that may not be accepted or recognized by CMS. These barriers put significant strain on patients attempting to obtain postpartum sterilization, specifically for patients with lower incomes and women of color. CMS can support reproductive health for vulnerable populations by providing clear guidance to state Medicaid offices, extending the 180-day expiration of a sterilization consent form signed prior to the pandemic, and allowing for telemedicine oral consents with witnesses or electronic signatures.

Analisis Penerapan RME Pada Unit Coding Rawat Jalan RSUD K.R.M.T Wongsonegoro Semarang

RSUD K.R.M.T Wongsonegoro Semarang City is one of the hospitals that have implemented an electronic medical record at the end of December 2017. Information systems that support management and service to patients are electronic medical records, especially in outpatient coding units. One factor that plays an important role in the successful application and use of information technology is the user factor. The level of user readiness to accept information technology has a major influence in determining the success or failure of the application of the technology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of electronic medical records in outpatient coding units based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) method. This type of research is qualitative research with the data collection methods, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The subjects of this study were outpatient coding officers. The results showed that based on the aspects of usefulness in the use of electronic medical records in outpatient coding units be very beneficial for officers. Based on the aspect of ease in showing the acceptance of electronic medical records, it is considered easy to understand, flexible enough with the work of officers and easy to used to assist with work. Based on the aspect of interest, it is obtained that outpatient coding officers also show their interest in the system, and plan to use the system in the future, although there are some obstacles. The solution obtained from the problem is making guidelines for the use of electronic medical records, adding electronic signature features to electronic medical records for patient medical resume forms, striving for electricity and electricity networks to remain stable, making updates or updating electronic medical records.

Digitization of activities of the pension fund of Ukraine

Problem setting. A rapid leap in the digital development of society marked the beginning of the “fourth industrial revolution”, also called Industry 4.0. In a broad sense, Industry 4.0 characterizes the current trend in the development of automation and data sharing, which includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things and cloud computing. Industry 4.0 is a new level of production and value chain organization throughout the entire product lifecycle. Digitalization is the saturation of the physical world with electronic-digital devices, means, systems (digital technologies) and the establishment of electronic-communication interaction between them. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problem of the functioning of electronic administrative services was the interest of leading scientists Y.A. Drachuk, Y.A. Mikhailuk, S.A. Chukut, V.L. Polarnaya, V.V. Ryabets. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to consider the problems of digitalization of the Pension Fund of Ukraine on the example of legal regulation and implementation of the features of electronic services and electronic identification of citizens. Article’s main body. The digitalization of the Pension Fund of Ukraine is expressed in providing citizens with the provision of electronic services in the field of pension provision and keeping records of persons subject to compulsory state social insurance. The legal basis for the implementation and development of state electronic services is the Concept for the development of electronic services in Ukraine for 2016-2020. This document laid the foundations of state policy in this area and provides an appropriate set of measures for their implementation. The Pension Fund of Ukraine has its own portal of electronic services on the website, which, unfortunately, is not grouped by type of payment provided by the government, but by the category of recipients. By the category of recipients, all electronic services of PFCs are divided into services for pensioners, insured persons and insurers. A prerequisite for applying and receiving state electronic services in Ukraine is the use of electronic identification of individuals and legal entities. Among Ukrainian citizens, the most common is the mobile identification service, it is the simplest means of electronic identification, in addition, all state electronic services that are currently being implemented already by default contain the ability to log in using MobileID. The next most widely used means of electronic identification of individuals is BankID - verification of citizens through Ukrainian banks to provide administrative and other services via the Internet. The less popular types of electronic identification of citizens, as already noted, is electronic digital signature. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In order to receive the service in an online format, firstly, you need to have computer and Internet skills, and secondly, you need to receive an electronic digital signature, because without this a number of services are not available on the web portal, you can order a service, however, the result of the service will have to go to the PFU office, and thirdly, in the absence of an EDS, you must contact the fund office to obtain a login and password from the web portal for initial registration as a user of services. To improve the implementation and functioning of electronic services of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, it is recommended: conduct a study on the use of electronic services of PFCs among citizens in order to identify the most popular services and problems that citizens face in the process of using the web portal; to develop a program and introduce training courses for the population in order to increase the computer literacy of citizens on the use of electronic services of PFCs, within which they provide general information on working on the Internet, teach how to register on the PFU web portal and receive digital signatures, how to use the web portal; provide for regular demonstrations of the use of the PFU web portal and the benefits of applying for online services in PFC offices.

Research on the Integrated Electronic Signature Service Platform of Energy and Power

In view of the many problems faced by the electronic signature service in the power industry, such as the increase of the media and types of storing digital certificates, the diversity of service modes of electronic signature, and the comprehensive support of the national secret algorithm, this paper proposes a scheme of the integrated electronic signature service platform. The platform adopts SDK interface to call its signature and verify signature, middleware and certificate service provide the interaction between application and digital certificate, realize the coexistence of multiple signature modes, meet the diversified electronic signature services of power users, improve the security of signature, and better serve the development of power business.

Completion of clinical trials in light of COVID-19

Completion of clinical trials in light of COVID-19

A novel method for digital data encoding-decoding

Cryptography is one of the paramount and most vital data treatment processes, it allows us to be secure in our electronic transactions. The process of cryptography protects our valuable data such as private account numbers and transaction amounts, electronic signatures replace handwritten signatures or credit card authorizations, and public-key encryption provides confidentiality. The objective of data encryption is to keep digital data confidentiality save as it is stored on computer systems and transferred using the internet or other computer networks. In this paper we will focus in enhancing security level of the encryption-decryption process by introducing a novel method, which uses any digital color image to encode-decode secret message, the using of a special key to encrypt-decrypt the encoded-decoded message, the color image will be known only by the transmitter and receiver to keep the process of data treatment confidential, the obtained experimental results by the proposed method will be analyzed to prove the enhancement in process efficiency and confidentiality.

Digital Chain of Contemporary Global Economy: E-Commerce through E-Banking and E-Signature

Rapid technological development significantly changes our everyday life. The fairy tale’s magic world of magic mirrors, flying carpets, mysterious powers, moving pictures, and est. becomes reality in the 21st century due to the limitless opportunities offered by digital technologies. Despite the fact that traditional business models are prevailing in contemporary Global Economy, new digital structure of economic performance is gaining speed. Against tough international and domestic competition more and more business translate into practice digital technologies to suggest new products to customers via modern channels of interaction. Electronic commerce is becoming increasingly popular in business operations and among customers. Development of e-commerce entails e-banking progress. Transforming of business and banking model into digital ones requires new changes in the fields of regulation, economic environment, physical infrastructure, customers’ awareness and skills, technology and est. Among these factors one can differentiate the one, which is the most important to support all these things to happen smoothly – the development of electronic signature, making reliable and operable business and banking models. Thus, the new digital chain – e-commerce through e-banking and e-signature is one of the most characteristic features of contemporary global economy. The paper discusses the clear correlation between these variables and concludes that simultaneously development of these variables inevitably leads to better positioning of national economies in international competition. National economies have to adjust its policies in the fields of regulations, infrastructure, education and so on to meet the modern requirements raised due to the rapid development and spread of information and communication systems.