Electronic Signatures Research Articles

PRICING ON LOW-LIQUIDITY EXCHANGES, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

This article examines the technology of futures supply, which includes three directions in its structure: trading, clearing (clearing organization, position calculations), supply process (non-deliverable contracts, deliveries of goods at a specific elevator, electronic warehouse document management, electronic digital signature system). The schemes of application of futures instruments at grain elevators have been singled out. It was found out that the domestic system of grain accounting at grain elevators loses much in comparison with the system of custodial (depositary) accounting, in centralization, in the presence of unified rules, as well as in other parameters. It is proposed to use market makers to provide a continuous flow of exchange liquidity (that is, to provide liquidity to both buyers and sellers at the same time). Methodology. The scientific research is based on the developments of domestic and foreign economists, as well as own observations and conclusions. Results. It turned out that, in theory, every trader can become a market maker by placing a pending limit order in the trading blotter. Specific examples are given, with figures, of how exactly the same product can be traded on a low-liquid and a high-liquid exchange. Three scenarios are proposed and it is concluded that the probability of the third scenario is quite high. Practical implications. It is proved that the Last Look system is one of the methods for solving the problem of market maker risk. It is shown that the main data transfer protocols between the exchange and its institutional participants can be Fix and Fast Data Protocols. The advantages and disadvantages of Fix and Fast data protocols are highlighted. It was found that the Fast protocol is actively implemented on trading floors, but it is still inferior in prevalence to the "classic" protocol Fix. Value/originality. Ensure the use of futures instruments in elevators. It is proposed to use market makers to provide a continuous flow of exchange liquidity.

Presidential Address: The Next Generation Workforce, A Call to Action

Presidential Address: The Next Generation Workforce, A Call to Action

Data Protection Heterogeneity in the European Union

In light of digitalisation, we are witnessing an increased volume of collected data and data generation and exchange acceleration. Therefore, the European Union (EU) has introduced the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a new framework for data protection on the European level. However, GDPR allows the member states to change some parts of the regulation, and the member states can always build on top of the GDPR. An example is the collection of biometric data with electronic signatures. This paper aims to compare the legislation on data protection topics in the various EU member states. The findings show that the member states included in the study generally do not have many additional/specific laws (only in 29.4% of the cases). However, almost all have other/additional legislation to the GDPR on at least one topic. The most additional legislation is on the topics of video surveillance, biometry, genetic data and health data. We also introduce a dynamic map that allows for quick navigating between different information categories and comparisons of the EU member states at a glance.

Approved handing down of judgment: England & Wales - Bates v The Post Office Ltd (No 6: Horizon Issues) Rev 1 16 December 2019

Case citation:
 Bates v The Post Office Ltd (No 6: Horizon Issues) Rev 1 16 December 2019 Approved handing down of Judgment by Fraser J, No. QB-2016-004710, Supplement, 18 Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review (2021)

Case Judgment: England & Wales - Bates v Post Office Ltd (No 4: Recusal Application) Judgment by Coulson LJ

Case citation: 
 Bates v Post Office Ltd (No.4: Recusal Application) Judgment by Coulson LJ on the application by the Post Office Limited to appeal the recusal decision, 9 May 2019 (A1/2019/0855), Court of Appeal, not reported, Supplement, 18 Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review (2021)

Case Judgment: England & Wales - Bates v Post Office Ltd (No 3: Common Issues) Judgment by Coulson LJ

Case citation:
 Bates v Post Office Ltd ((No 3) Common Issues) Judgment by Coulson LJ on the application by the Post Office Limited to appeal against the decision in Bates v Post Office Ltd ((No 3) Common Issues) [2019] EWHC 606 (QB), (Case No A1/2019/1387/PTA), Supplement, 18 Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review (2021)

Case Judgment: England & Wales - R v Trousdale

Case citation:
 R v Trousdale A20200057 in the Crown Court at Southwark before Her Honour Judge Taylor, Supplement, 18 Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review (2021)

Association Between Acute Otitis Media and Inner Ear Disorders Among Adults in Aseer Region.

IntroductionAcute otitis media (AOM) is an infection of the middle ear that produces pain, fever, and discharge, as well as hearing loss. It is one of the most common problems that pediatricians encounter. Almost 80% of children have had at least one episode of AOM, and between 80% and 90% have had at least one episode of otitis media with effusion before entering school.MethodsThe cross-sectional study is conducted among male and female patients, adults, and children who visited two of the largest government hospitals in the Aseer region in Southern Saudi Arabia (Aseer Central Hospital and Khamis Mushait General Hospital). The children and adults with AOM who visited the hospitals were traced by searching the medical record system by the keyword “acute otitis media.” Two authors extracted data from the medical record and patients. After extracting data, the patient will be called through mobile phone to invite them to participate in the study. If the patient agrees to participate, she/he would be sent through email link containing an encrypted and high-security electronic signature to obtain his/her consent.ConclusionOne of the most common pediatric infections is otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear). Children are more often than adults to get otitis media, and the majority of cases are treated with antibiotics. Clinicians commonly miss the acute stage of the disease, especially in children under the age of five. Delay or omission of diagnoses leads to inefficient management and an increased risk of negative effects.

Completed PhD Research

Register of completed PhD research regarding an element of electronic evidence and electronic signatures.

PhD Research in process

Register of current PhD research regarding an element of electronic evidence and electronic signatures.

A Service for Parallel Processing of Protected Information Queries in a Multi-Server Environment

The principles of organizing an Internet service designed to implement parallel processing of protected queries in distributed information systems that are oriented to work in complex network environments with many processing servers are considered. Distinctive feature of the service consists in a possibility to combine sequential ("pipelined") and parallel query processing in a multi-server environment. The service architecture is based on the concept of a "Protected message" corresponding to a container for electronic documents (information query or response) that can be provided with one or more electronic digital signatures. In contrast, for example, to the Web services technology, the described service is based not on the model of calling methods of remote objects, but on the message exchange model. In this case, this means that all service processing functions (methods) have the same strict specification: they receive an array of objects of the "Protected message" program class as a parameter and return an array of objects of the same class. In sequential processing, both arrays usually contain one "Protected message" object each. However, when using parallel processing, arrays can contain multiple elements that correspond to the results of processing by multiple software threads. These processing functions are grouped into one or more dynamic libraries, which are connected to the PMS server when it starts working (each library can be considered as a remote analogue of a Web service), and become available to clients.

Forensic examination of electronic signatures: A comparative study

The writing of names or signatures has great importance due to its use in authentication, validation, and authorization of documents. Moreover, handwritten signatures present an aura of personality and make an impression on many people. But now, with the emergence of new technologies, a variety of electronic writing media such as digital tablets and pens are being used to produce writings and signatures; and the conventional way to produce the writing using pen and paper is waning. With the changing ways of writing and signature production, the means of producing forged writing or signature are also bound to change. This has brought new challenges for handwriting examiners. In the present study, a comparative analysis of electronically captured signatures with pen-paper signatures has been performed to study the effect of changes in writing media. Signature samples were taken from the same subjects on paper and electronic pads. The similarities and differences with respect to class and line quality features between both signatures were analysed. It was observed that despite differences between the signatures produced by the same author, it is still possible to establish the authorship of signatures in the case of electronic signatures.

EKSISTENSI PERJANJIAN ELEKTRONIK SEBAGAI ALAT BUKTI DALAM HUKUM ACARA PERDATA

ABSTRACTOne form of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 that we can recognize in everyday life is electronic commerce, namely the use of communication networks and computers to carry out business processes that are agreed upon and carried out by the parties and set forth in electronic agreements/contracts. The electronic agreement/contract is carried out on the basis of trust obtained by providing legal recognition of electronic written form in the form of an electronic signature. If there is a broken promise/default by one of the parties entering into an electronic agreement/contract with electronic document evidence signed with electronic signature as evidence, then it must be known carefully the strength of the evidence of electronic agreement on the electronic document and the method of settling the civil dispute.This study aimed to examine and analyze the strength of the evidence of electronic agreements on authentic deeds and patterns of settlement of civil case disputes submitted by the parties with evidence in the form of electronic agreements. The study used a normative juridical method with legal and conceptual approaches and primary and secondary sources of legal material.From the results of the study it can be concluded that the strength of proof of electronic documents signed with electronic signatures is contrary to the strength of proof of authentic deeds made by or in front of public officials in charge where the deed was made or by the authorized public official. In addition, related to the recognition of electronic documents in the judicial system, there is a void in procedural law because it does not regulate electronic documents as evidence but rather electronic documents in the form of decisions or indictments as appeals for cassation requests and reconsideration.Keywords: Electronic Agreement, Electronic Signature, Authentic Deed, Evidence

Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Persuratan di Badan Informasi Geospasial

<p><em>This study aims to produce a website-based correspondence management information system that creates a smooth, effective and efficient written communication in accordance with official scripts in the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The research method used in this research is the Observation and Literature Study method with the Waterfall development model, the system modeling tools with the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and the programming language used is PHP & MYSQL as a database. The Correspondence Management Information System built is a system that features the compose of official scripts / letters and the drafting process can be carried out not only in the office, the realization of integration in making official manuscripts / letters in terms of format, procedure, authority, validity and control, and can suppress the use of paper so as to save costs in the process of drafting manuscripts / letters that support the government program in bureaucratic reform. This correspondence application can be redeveloped so that you can add an electronic signature or digital signature with a QR Code or the like.</em></p>

The transformation of medical statistic during pandemic of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

The pandemic of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) directly effected medical statistics service. The amendments to the Federal Law "On the Official Statistical Accounting and the System of State Statistics in the Russian Federation" adopted in December 2020, regulated the provision of primary statistical data according forms of Federal and industrial statistical observation in the format of electronic document signed with electronic signature. This required the development of system of collecting and processing statistical data at the Federal level applying new technological solutions. The purpose of the study. To analyze the changes in the system of collecting and processing annual reporting on medical statistics for 2020 during the pandemic of new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The analysis was made concerning both normative legal base regulating implementation of information systems and system of receiving annual reports for current and previous years. Also content analysis was applied and materials distributed Internet were used. In conditions of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic, instead of classical system of informational interaction at face-to-face coordination of annual report data, in extremely short terms new model of informational interaction of remote coordination and processing of annual report data was developed. The updated technological scheme was applied that included data transmission, remote coordination in VKS format, informing thriugh Telegram-channels and signing finalized forms with enhanced electronic digital signature. The complicated epidemiological situation regarding morbidity of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and as well as adoption of amendments in Federal legislation regarding provision of statistical observation forms in format of electronic document signed with electronic signature, required revision of format of statistical reports reception in 2020. The application of developed technology of collecting and processing annual reports data on medical statistics in online format permitted to dispense with both provision of hard copies versions of forms and reports and business trips of specialists from the subjects of the Russian Federation to Moscow that reduced expenses of the subjects of the Russian Federation when submitting annual reports. The developed mechanism of signing with unqualified electronic digital signature permitted to control data integrity. The applied mechanism for signing finalized concerted forms with enhanced electronic digital signature of public authority of the subject of the Russian Federation in the field of health protection ensured juridical significance of document provided. The establishment of base for further modernization of system of collecting statistical information from primary data, including subsequent implementation of structured electronic medical documents is proposed.

TYPES OF DOCUMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE TURKESTAN CENTURY KEPT IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF UZBEKISTAN

This article provides a brief overview of the diversity, quantity, purpose and requirements for documentation of documents on the history of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. The role of the electronic document, registered in electronic form, confirmed by the electronic digital signature, the external analysis of the source of paper documents, the order of the documents, the order documents, organizational documents, information documents, service correspondence were studied from the source.

New hybrid signature schemes with increasing level of resistance

Post-quantum cryptography is becoming an increasingly popular topic for research around the world. The global cryptographic community is on the verge of standardizing new post-quantum algorithms. The world’s largest organizations conduct their own research in this direction. In this article, two hybrid schemes are proposed. They are constructed on generalized methods of increasing resistance of authentication schemes. Hybrid schemes consist of a combination of two independent signature schemes, one of which is the well-known classical asymmetric electronic signature scheme and another one is post-quantum scheme. Thus, this paper suggests the combining Crystals-Dilithium scheme with Rabin scheme and Elgamal scheme respectively. The paper also provides estimates of public key and signature lengths. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of using generalized methods of combining with such kind of schemes.

Electronic Transferable Records: A Gap in Qatari Law That Urgently Needs Filling

Abstract Qatar has sought to encourage the development of international trade and investment through advancements in its law. In light of the growing importance of electronic operations, it has adopted the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law’s (UNCITRAL) model laws on electronic commerce and electronic signatures. However, they alone are insufficient to respond fully to the present-day needs of international trade. An area in which Qatari law is still wanting is the electronic transfer of records that originated on paper. This article assesses the extent to which current Qatari legislation relating to the assignment of rights, bills of lading, and commercial papers is suited to the transfer of such records by electronic means and identifies aspects on which it falls short. To fill this gap, Qatar should adopt the 2017 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records and ensure that it is applied as widely as possible, internally, internationally, and in civil and commercial dealings.

EFEKTIVITAS PELAYANAN PENERBITAN KARTU KELUARGA MELALUI TANDA TANGAN ELEKTRONIK DI DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN PENCATATAN SIPIL KOTA SOLOK PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

Electronic signatures are an innovation of the population acceleration program, aimed at making population documents more efficient without having to meet face-to-face. There are still damaged documents in the issuance of family cards and the limited number of employees who understand services through electronic signatures are problems. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures, obstacles and efforts to overcome them. The method used is descriptive qualitative inductive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by triangulation which included in-depth interviews (10 informants), observation and documentation. In this paper, an analysis of the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures is carried out with the indicators studied, namely (1) Production or productivity, (2) Quality, (3) Efficiency, (4) Flexibility, and (5) Satisfaction. (Gibson and Steers in Sumaryadi (2005:107)).The results showed that the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures had been implemented quite well, but still needed improvements in efficiency indicators. Barriers to the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures, namely (1) Unstable Network Connections, (2) Lack of Human Resources, (3) Lack of supporting facilities. Efforts are being made to overcome obstacles, namely (1) repairing the server network that is experiencing disruptions, (2) Involving existing employees in training or technical guidance, (3) Adding supporting facilities. Suggestions from the research: (1) reform the system related to optimizing the central network as the organizer of the Electronic Signature policy, (2) increase the number of employees and (3) improve infrastructure facilities.
 Keywords: Electronic Signature, Effectiveness, Family Card.

International legal regulation of electronic document circulation

Electronic documents are a type of document that exists only in digital form. These electronic documents are the information product of the latest electronic information technologies such as Internet technologies, WWW technologies, multimedia. Electronic document circulation is known as a system of electronic document management, the relations between the participants of which are regulated by national law and other regulatory legal acts. On the basis of international legislation and legislation of foreign countries, the analysis of the essence and content of electronic document circulation is carried out, the legal relations that make up this concept are defined, the concepts and use of electronic documents and electronic signatures are studied. The unification of rules on electronic documents and their use in contractual relations are the cause of economic and legal issues. The article examines and conducts a comparative analysis of the features and effectiveness of the laws of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the directives of the European Union and the Convention laws in the emergence of electronic document management.