Electronic Sensors Research Articles

Flexible transparent wood with reversible photoresponsive property

Flexible photoresponsive transparent wood (FPTW) has potential applications in electronic equipment, sensors, and other fields. In this study, flexible and photoresponsive transparent wood was synthesized through the impregnation process, utilizing epoxy resin and a spiropyran solution. This process endowed the wood with intelligent response and flexible capabilities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the impregnation of the flexible polymer into the porous structure of natural wood. Further validation was conducted to affirm the sample responds to ultraviolet light, employing analyses of infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through the measurement of chromaticity parameters, encompassing lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and total color difference (ΔE*), before and after UV irradiation, it is indicated that the wooden samples manifest commendable photoresponsive properties. Testing the fluorescence properties of the samples, the spiropyran completed the opened-loop and closed-loop transitions under irradiation with UV and visible light. In addition, the FPTW has excellent mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 0.98 GPa and an elastic modulus of 0.65 GPa.

Effectiveness of Sensing and Feedback Alerting Smart Cane System: An Assisted Device for Geriatric Population to Prevent Falling

Background: The main cause of injury-related death among the elderly is falling. The smart cane is a type ofassistive tool. A smart cane’s electronic sensors provide feedback and alert users to potential hazards, assistingusers in keeping their balance while moving around.Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a smart cane system for the elderly population that integrates feedbackalerts and sensors to reduce falls.Materials and Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial was done in elderly resort with 30 sample allocated intotwo group using lottery method .group-A receives conventional training using cane with quadripod base , whilethe group-B receives smart cane training using quadripod base .modified two-point gait pattern is employed for2 months of training. The outcome measure used for physical measure is Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS) and forpsychological is Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC,s).Results: According to the statistical analysis of the elderly mobility scale outcome measure, there were substantial changesin mobility and a decreased risk of falling .Based on the ABCs scale, when comparing the pre-test and post-test values, theexperimental group’s confidence in daily living is superior to the control group.Conclusion: According to the study’s findings, a smart assistive cane can help the elderly population both physically andpsychologically. During the gait training, the user of the smart assistive gadget did not encounter any unfavorable therapyrelatedconsequences.

Stress-driven recrystallization of pentacene films via diffusion-induced ingress of MOF nanocrystals into the grain boundaries

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been identified as versatile candidates for producing functional materials for various applications. However, the growth of MOF thin film becomes challenging due to non-availability of a proper solvent that restricts the use of the materials in electronic sensor fabrication. The receptor molecules in sensors are often used to functionalize the semiconducting channel. However, integrating such molecules degrade the crystallinity of channel materials, leading to poor sensor performance. In this work, we report the growth of a MOF (CPO-27-Ni) thin film and the recrystallization of semiconducting pentacene thin films due to diffusion of the crystallites into the grain boundaries. MOF films were successfully spin coated at various revolutions per minute (rpm) on pentacene surfaces. The growth of MOF films was studied using statistical analysis of rough surfaces by utilizing scaling theory to capture the evolution of surface morphologies. The x-ray reflectivity study unveiled the diffusion-induced ingress of the MOF through the grain boundaries of pentacene films that imparts compressive stress within the grains leading to subsequent rearrangement of pentacene molecules in the thin-film phase and recrystallizes the bulk crystallographic phase, which in a way will enhance the device performance.

DESIGN OF LABM2M PLATFORM AS IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) GATEWAY USING WEB SERVICE

The creation of a platform is one of the advancements in technology and the internet which refers to industrial 4.0, to implement industrial 4.0 one of the main supporting factors is the availability of digital infrastructure. One of them is the internet of things (IoT). IoT itself refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles, household appliances, and other items that are embedded with electronic devices, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity that make it possible to connect to the internet network and collect and exchange data. However, IoT devices have certain limitations on their storage loads and computing power. Storage refers to how and where data will be stored, while computing power refers to processing power, memory, network, and is processed in such a way that it is displayed to end users and has the ability to transfer data over the network without requiring human-to-human (P2P) interaction. or human to computer (P2M). Judging from the existing limitations, there is a way out, namely by using PaaS (platform as a service) which utilizes web services as the main foundation of this IoT Gateway. Where end users can integrate IoT projects that are being developed easily and quickly without thinking about the storage load and computing power limitations. To find out the performance of the system created, an analysis is carried out by monitoring simultaneously and using different devices. And the system is able to handle every request and response from the client.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Freshness of Prepackaged Penaeus vannamei.

The effect of temperature fluctuations on the freshness of shrimp in simulated trays was investigated by setting a freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle of 12 h after freezing at -20 °C and thawing at 1 °C under refrigeration. The results showed that the shrimp's physicochemical properties deteriorated to different extents with the increase in F-T cycles. The total colony count of shrimp was 6.07 lg CFU/g after 21 cycles, and the volatile saline nitrogen content reached 30.36 mg/100 g, which exceeded the edible standard. In addition, the sensory quality and textural properties (hardness, elasticity, chewiness, and adhesion) declined to different degrees with increased F-T cycles. LF-NMR and protein property measurements showed that F-T cycles resulted in reduced water holding capacity and protein denaturation, which were the main factors leading to the deterioration of shrimp quality. Furthermore, flavor changes were analyzed using an electronic nose sensor to establish a freshness model. The W1W, W1S, W2S, and W5S sensors were correlated with the quality changes in shrimp and used as the main sensors for detecting the freshness of Penaeus vannamei. As a result, to better maintain the overall freshness, temperature fluctuations should be minimized in sales and storage, and fewer than 8 F-T cycles should be performed.

Effects of the Mutual inductances on the Switched Reluctance Machines

There are many studies which discuss the mutual inductances in the Switched Reluctance Machine – SRM. Most of these studies said that the influence of inductance is negligible. In this paper the influences of those inductances are analyzed. This work presents experimental measures and analysis of these quantities on prototypes of SRM with various settings aiming to contribute to the knowledge of the subject. The variations of the inductance profile due to the current in the active phase, the angular position of the rotor and saturation are taken into account. Surfaces are presented to summarize the behavior of the self inductance and of the mutual inductances gotten from different machines. It is presented the simulation of the SRM in generator mode taking into account the mutual inductances. The results are presented and discussed conclusively, and then some propositions are made. The results presented here reveal the relative dimension and the influence of the mutual inductances and show that they have the potential to indicate the position of the rotor of the machine, thus avoiding the use of electronic sensors allowing sensorless techniques. Furthermore, this article highlights the importance of considering the mutual inductances in the design, mathematical modeling and simulation of SRM in order to improve de machine performance.

Masking Strategy Constructed Metal Coordination Hydrogels with Improved Mechanical Properties for Flexible Electronic Sensors.

Metal coordination hydrogels (MC-HGs) that introduce dynamically coordinate bonds together with metal ionic conduction have attracted considerable attention in flexible electronics. However, the traditional soaking method alleged to have technical scalability faces the challenge of forming MC-HGs with a "core-shell" structure, which undoubtedly reduces the whole mechanical properties and ionic stimulation responsiveness required for flexible electronics materials. Herein, a novel strategy referred to as "masking" has been proposed based on the theory of the valence bond and coordination chemistry. By regulating the masking agents and their concentrations as well as pairing mode with the metal ions, the whole mechanical properties of the resulting composites (MC-HGsMasking) show nearly double the values of their traditional soaking samples (MC-HGsSoaking). For example, the fracture stress and toughness of Fe-HGsMasking(SA,5.0g/L) are 1.55 MPa and 2.14 MJ/m3, almost twice those of Fe-HGsSoaking (0.83 MPa and 0.93 MJ/m3, respectively). Microstructure characterization combined with finite element analysis, molecular dynamics, and first-principles simulations demonstrates that the masking strategy first facilitating interfacial permeation of metal complexes and then effective coordination with functional ligands (carboxylates) of the hydrogels is the mechanism to strengthen the mechanical properties of composites MC-HGsMasking, which has the potential to break through the limitations of current MC-HGs in flexible electronic sensor applications.

Parafilm Enabled Rapid and Scalable Delamination/Integration of Graphene for High‐Performance Capacitive Touch Sensor

The high electrical conductivity and bendability of graphene makes it versatile for flexible electronic sensor applications. The fabrication of such flexible sensors necessitates two important prerequisites: defect‐free transfer of graphene to a flexible substrate and creating appropriate patterns without altering graphene's inherent properties. Here, a potentially rapid and scalable method to delaminate graphene non‐destructively from a metal substrate by using flexible parafilm is reported. This method allows not only the scalable transfer of continuous graphene, but also the realization of graphene patterns on the parafilm substrate. Graphene on parafilm showed negligible doping effect with high room temperature carrier mobility exceeding 6 × 103 cm2 V−1 s−1 for a centimeter‐scale sample. Using parafilm as a substrate‐cum‐dielectric medium, a proof‐of‐concept capacitive touch sensor (CTS) arrays is demonstrated without the use of lithography, by simple cross‐assembling and mild heating. The graphene sensor thus realized in its simplistic device configuration had an enhanced sensitivity of 43% when touch and release cycles are performed on the device. The nearly non‐destructive and user‐friendly route for directly integrating graphene with a flexible substrate is expected to play a potential role in the design of graphene‐based flexible electronics.

Sea level rise from climate change is expected to increase the release of arsenic into Bangladesh's drinking well water by reduction and by the salt effect.

Over 165,000,000 people live in Bangladesh; approximately 97% of Bangladeshis drink well water. Approximately 49% of Bangladesh's area has drinking well water with arsenic (As) concentrations that exceed the 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L) World Health Organization (WHO) guideline. This exposure to a potent carcinogen is a significant threat to public health. About 21% of Bangladesh is flooded each year during a typical monsoon season. As climate change progresses, sea levels will continue to rise, and the area and duration of these annual floods will increase. We hypothesize that these consequences of climate change can increase the release of arsenic from sediments into Bangladesh's drinking well water. Drinking well water samples were collected during a national-scale survey in Bangladesh. The dissolved oxygen concentration, oxidation-reduction potential, specific conductance, pH, and temperature were measured at sampling with calibrated portable electronic sensors. The arsenic concentration was measured by the silver diethyldithiocarbamate method. As the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, the concentration of arsenic increases (p-value = 0.0028). Relatedly, as the oxidation-reduction potential decreases, the concentration of arsenic increases (p-value = 1.3×10-5). This suggests that arsenic is released from sediments into Bangladesh's drinking well drinking water by reduction. As the specific conductance increases, the concentration of arsenic increases (p-value = 0.023). This suggests that arsenic is also released from sediments into water by the salt effect. Rising sea levels can cause a decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration and oxidation-reduction potential of the underlying aquifer; this should increase the dissolution of insoluble arsenate (H3-xAs(V)O4x-) in sediments by reduction. This, in turn, should release soluble arsenite (H3-xAs(III)O3x-) into the drinking well water. Rising sea levels can cause an increase in the salt concentration of the underlying aquifer; this should increase the release of arsenic from sediments into the drinking well water by the salt effect.

MXene-Based Fiber-Optic Humidity Sensor for Fast Human Breath Monitoring

Breath is one of the most important physiological features of human life. In particular, it is significant to monitor the physical characteristics of breath, such as breath frequency and tidal volume. Breath sensors play an important role in the field of human health monitoring. However, an electronic breath sensor is not stable or even safe when the patient is in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system or during any oncology treatment that requires radiation and other high electric/magnetic fields. Fiber-optic-based sensors have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers since they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Here, we propose and demonstrate a fiber-optic-based relative-humidity (RH)-sensing strategy by depositing Ti3C2Tx nanosheets onto an etched single-mode fiber (ESMF). The humidity sensor function is realized by modulating the transmitted light in the ESMF using the excellent hydrophilic properties of Ti3C2Tx. Experiments show that the coated Ti3C2Tx nanosheets can effectively modulate the transmitted light in the ESMF in the relative humidity range of 30~80% RH. The sensor’s fast response time of 0.176 s and recovery time of 0.521 s allow it to be suitable for real-time human breath monitoring. The effective recognition of different breath rhythms, including fast, normal, deep, and strong breathing patterns, has been realized. This work demonstrates an all-optical Ti3C2Tx-based sensing platform that combines Ti3C2Tx with an optical fiber for humidity sensing for the first time, which has great promise for breath monitoring and presents novel options for gas-monitoring applications in the biomedical and chemical fields.

Bionic-leaf vein inspired breathable anti-impact wearable electronics with health monitoring, electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management

Breathable and stretchable conductive materials are ideal for healthcare wearable electronic devices. However, the tradeoff between the sensitivity and detection range of electronic sensors and the challenge posed by simple-functional electronics limits their development. Here, inspired by the bionic-leaf vein conductive path, silver nanowires (AgNWs)-Ti3C2Tx (MXene) hybrid structure assembled on the nonwoven fabrics (NWF) is well sandwiched between porous polyborosiloxane elastomer (PBSE) to construct the multifunctional breathable wearable electronics with both high anti-impact performance and good sensing behavior. Benefiting from the high conductive AgNWs-MXene hybrid structure, the NWF/AgNWs-MXene/PBSE nanocomposite exhibits high sensitivity (GF = 1158.1), wide monitoring range (57 %), controllable thermal management properties, and excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effect (SET = 41.46 dB). Moreover, owing to the wonderful shear stiffening effect of PBSE, the NWF/AgNWs-MXene/PBSE possesses a high energy absorption performance. Combining with deep learning, this breathable electronic device can be further applied to wireless sensing gloves and multifunctional medical belts, which will drive the development of electronic skin, human-machine interaction, and personalized healthcare monitoring applications.

Impact of roasting conditions on physicochemical, taste, volatile, and odor-active compound profiles of Coffea arabica L. (cv. Yellow Bourbon) using electronic sensors and GC–MS-O using a multivariate approach

This study investigated the effects of roasting conditions on the physicochemical, taste, and volatile and odor-active compound (OAC) profiles of Coffea arabica L. At 150 ℃, roasting increased chlorogenic acid, total flavonoids, and caffeine concentrations. However, umami and sourness sensor decreased during the roasting process. At 210 ℃ roasting, total flavonoid and caffeine concentrations increased during the roasting process. Aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur-containing compounds dramatically increased during the roasting at 210 ℃ for 20 and 30 min in E-nose analysis. Pyrazines were mainly generated during the roasting at 210 ℃ for 20 and 30 min, and pyrazines showed the highest concentrations among all OACs in GC-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis. E-tongue data showed the separation of beans by roasting temperature. However, the E-nose and GC-O data showed the separation of beans by both roasting temperature and time via multivariate analysis. We identified similar results and patterns in the E-nose and GC-O analyses.

Triboelectric gait sensing analysis system for self‐powered IoT‐based human motion monitoring

AbstractQuantitative analysis of gait parameters, such as stride frequency and step speed, is essential for optimizing physical exercise for the human body. However, the current electronic sensors used in human motion monitoring remain constrained by factors such as battery life and accuracy. This study developed a self‐powered gait analysis system (SGAS) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) fabricated electrospun composite nanofibers for motion monitoring and gait analysis for regulating exercise programs. The SGAS consists of a sensing module, a charging module, a data acquisition and processing module, and an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Within the sensing module, two specialized sensing units, TENG‐S1 and TENG‐S2, are positioned at the forefoot and heel to generate synchronized signals in tandem with the user's footsteps. These signals are instrumental for real‐time step count and step speed monitoring. The output of the two TENG units is significantly improved by systematically investigating and optimizing the electrospun composite nanofibers' composition, strength, and wear resistance. Additionally, a charge amplifier circuit is implemented to process the raw voltage signal, consequently bolstering the reliability of the sensing signal. This refined data is then ready for further reading and calculation by the micro‐controller unit (MCU) during the signal transmission process. Finally, the well‐conditioned signals are wirelessly transmitted to the IoT platform for data analysis, storage, and visualization, enhancing human motion monitoring.image

Energy­efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Recently, self-organizing networks have gained popularity, which are distinguished by the possibility of connecting terminals anywhere and at any time without the need for a centralized network infrastructure. Mobile self-organizing networks are a promising direction for the development of information and communication systems. However, one should take into account the problems arising from the very nature of such networks: mobile nodes lead to an increase in the dynamism of the network topology due to the possibility of disconnection and the probability of movement; the limited supply of power sources of nodes requires careful management of power consumption in the design of hardware and protocols. Energy-saving design in self-organizing networks is more complex and important than in other wireless networks. The lack of infrastructure requires mobile nodes to act as routers, which increases traffic and therefore power consumption. Also, the energy-saving mode must take into account different network performance criteria, which can be caused by different protocols and power limitations. Thanks to the latest advances in technology and the rapid development of the production of small and affordable sensors, it has become possible to use them technically and economically effectively. These electronic sensors, which have high sensitivity, measure environmental parameters and convert the received data into an electronic signal that is transmitted over a wireless channel. After processing this signal, you can get information about the properties of objects or events that occur near the sensor. The application of a large number of such sensors, which can monitor a large area and exchange data wirelessly, forms a single wireless sensor network. Route allocation is a key challenge for resource-constrained networks. With the growth of computing power in wireless sensor technology, these sensor nodes are required to be equipped with more and more capabilities to perform more complex tasks. Each sensor is limited by its energy level, processing power, and ability to perceive information. Thus, the network of these sensors forms a more reliable and accurate structure. The article discusses the issue of using the HABRP protocol for its application in wireless sensor networks. The use of the HABRP protocol allows for improvement in the efficiency of wireless sensor networks, namely their energy efficiency. Therefore, the energy efficiency and simplicity of the HABRP protocol make it an excellent candidate for use in wireless sensor networks.

Physiological characterisation of aquatic traps in the epiphytic carnivorous plant Utricularia humboldtii

The suction traps of aquatic Utricularia species are discoid bladders, 1-6 mm long, with their lumen isolated by a mobile trapdoor from the ambient medium. Water is pumped out of the traps to maintain the negative pressure in the reset traps. When a prey animal touches the sensory hairs on the trapdoor it opens, the ambient water along with the prey is sucked inside and the trapdoor is closed again. Utricularia humboldtii is a robust, semiaquatic-epiphytic or terrestrial species from the generic section Orchidioides from South America. The efficiency of its aquatic traps was measured based on trap firing and resetting rates as well as changes in trap thickness due to both mechanically stimulated and spontaneous firings using an electronic sensor. The U. humboldtii traps exhibited relatively low firing and resetting rates. These values are 2 to 20 times lower than those in other aquatic Utricularia species reported in the literature. These results together with the low aerobic respiration rate of sliced traps indicate that the less efficient aquatic traps in U. humboldtii are specialised for catching fine prey items in bromeliad water tanks. A marked lag-period in trap resetting was found to occur during the first 30 min after firing, contradicting the accepted concept of continuous water pumping. Spontaneous trap firings were also observed with the same magnitude as that in stimulated firings. This implies that spontaneous firings occur consistently in all the tested aquatic Utricularia species. However, although they relate to the continuous water pumping mechanism of the traps, their physiological importance has not been fully elucidated.

Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Tears Lead to Changes in Joint Contact Mechanics at Low Flexion Angles During Simulated Gait

Background: Previous biomechanical studies evaluating medial meniscus posterior root tears (MMPRTs) are limited to low loads applied at specified loading angles, which cannot capture the effects of MMPRTs during the multidirectional forces and moments placed across the knee during physiological activities. Purpose: To quantify the effects of MMPRTs on knee joint contact mechanics during simulated gait. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six human cadaveric knees were mounted on a robotic simulator programmed to apply dynamic forces, moments, and flexion angles to mimic level walking. Twelve cycles of multidirectional and dynamic standard gait input waveforms, normalized to specimen-specific body weight, were applied to the following conditions: (1) native, intact meniscus and (2) MMPRT. Peak contact stress, contact area, and the position of the weighted center of contact across the medial tibial plateau throughout the stance phase of gait were quantified using an electronic sensor placed across the medial tibial plateau. The difference between the intact state and MMPRT condition was calculated for each metric, and then the means and 95% CIs were computed. Results: Despite heterogeneity in knee contact forces, MMPRTs significantly increased peak contact stress by a mean of 2 MPa across 20% to 37% of the simulated gait cycle and significantly decreased the contact area by a mean of 200 mm2 across 16% to 60% of the simulated gait cycle in comparison with the native state. There was no significant difference in the position of the weighted center of contact, in either the anterior-posterior or medial-lateral directions, after MMPRT. Conclusion: MMPRTs led to both a significant increase in peak contact stress and decreased contact areas for a portion of the simulated gait cycle ranging from 20% to 37% of gait, during which time the femur was flexed <15°. Clinical Relevance: Contact mechanics are significantly affected after MMPRTs during early to midstance and at knee flexion angles lower than demonstrated previously. These data provide further biomechanical justification for treating MMPRTs.

Food adulteration: Causes, risks, and detection techniques-review.

Food adulteration is the intentional addition of foreign or inferior substances to original food products for a variety of reasons. It takes place in a variety of forms, like mixing, substitution, hiding poor quality in packaging material, putting decomposed food for sale, misbranding or giving false labels, and adding toxicants. Several analytical methods (such as chromatography, spectroscopy, electronic sensors) are used to detect the quality of foodstuffs. This review provides concise but detailed information to understand the scope and scale of food adulteration as a way to further detect, combat, and prevent future adulterations. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the causes, risks, and detection techniques associated with food adulteration. It also aimed to highlight the potential health risks posed by consuming adulterated food products and the importance of detecting and preventing such practices. During the review, books, regulatory guidelines, articles, and reports on food adulteration were analyzed critically. Furthermore, the review assessed key findings to present a well-rounded analysis of the challenges and opportunities associated with combating food adulteration. This review included different causes and health impacts of food adulteration. The analytical techniques for food adulteration detection have also been documented in brief. In addition, the review emphasized the urgency of addressing food adulteration through a combination of regulatory measures, technological advancements, and consumer awareness. In conclusion, food adulteration causes many diseases such as cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and nervous system-related diseases. So, ensuring food safety is the backbone of health and customer satisfaction. Strengthening regulations, taking legal enforcement action, enhancing testing, and quality control can prevent and mitigate the adulteration of food products. Moreover, proper law enforcement and regular inspection of food quality can bring about drastic changes.

Home Automation using Artificial Intelligent &amp; Internet of Things

Nowadays home automation is based on the automation process or else the Internet of Things. This paper presents combination of artificial intelligence and the Internet of things-based automation system. Here we develop some fundamental algorithms of artificial intelligence and then integrate them with electronic sensors. The main part of the Internet of Things is a Controller, we are using an Arduino based controller module here. All the sensors used in home automation are in turn connect to this Arduino controller. These Sensors will read the data based on the specifications, then that data will send to the microcontroller to analyze and process and later the Artificial Intelligence starts working as per the data received. Our home appliances start acting depending on the sensor's values obtained. For suppose, if the climate is too cool it will automatically switch OFF the FAN (or) AC. Using AI based face recognition system will operate the doors to close and open, also it can give alerts. By using a water level sensor, we will come to know the water level of the tank, with the help of this ta the motor pump will be ON or OFF according to the values of the water level sensor. And using an MQ-08 sensor the smoke value will be measured in the house, if the smoke value will be HIGH, it may give an alert.

Modeling tracking the influence of factors on functioning of transport nodes

The research focuses on simulation modeling of the influence of factors on transport nodes. The utilization of electronic devices and sensors to track factors that are difficult to take into account by conventional methods is considered. The research emphasizes the importance of simulation modeling for the analysis of complex systems and offers the concept of applying modern technologies to accurately collect real data and create more realistic impact models. In the course of the research, current theories and developments concerning modern trends in simulation modeling were analyzed, areas that require clarification and additions were identified. In the experimental part, a simplified electronic circuit of a device for generating pulses, which is sensitive to the readings of real-time sensors, is proposed. The use of such devices can facilitate the collection of primary information about operational changes in the city’s road network, the formation of data arrays for traffic management systems. The development is of significant importance for identifying stochastic factors in certain areas and transport hubs, as well as determining the intensity of stochastic effects.

Rhodium and Rhodium-Alloy Films and Nanoparticles: Part II

Part I of this review covered the synthesis methods for synthesis of rhodium films and nanoparticles (). In Part II, we review the literature on the current and potential applications of rhodium and rhodium alloy films and nanoparticles in catalysis, components for the glass, chemical and electronic industries, thermal sensors and anticancer drugs.