Electronic Revolution Research Articles

The Leap of Faith.

This issue of Behavior Analysis and Practice marks yet another milestone in the evolution of the journal. From this point forward, Behavior Analysis and Practice (BAP) will be published through a joint agreement between the Association for Behavior Analysis International and Springer Publishing. At one level, nothing will appear to have changed. However, if you look deeper, you will see that almost everything about BAP has changed. First, BAP submissions are now handled exclusively through the Springer submission portal. This web-based interface automates all aspects of the submission and review process. Additionally, the system provides a variety of data from reviewer lag times to real time updates of manuscript status. Many other journals have adopted similar systems for manuscript management, and I will say that the Springer interface is an excellent product. Once your account is established, manuscripts can be submitted in minutes. For reviewers, the system is a life saver. It reminds you regularly what your assignments and deadlines are. Second, accepted manuscripts for BAP will enjoy the luxury of Springer First, a service that will produce a final version of your accepted manuscript online before publication of the print issue of the journal. This opportunity is great for authors seeking immediate dissemination of their work, as well as for readers who want to read the latest developments in our field as soon as possible. The time from acceptance to manuscript production is less than 21 days. This is an amazing feature not imaginable a few years ago. Finally, BAP has become entangled within an electronic web of access by many more libraries, subscribers, and social networkers than ever before. Springer allows for BAP to join their complex network of bundled services from Facebook and Twitter referencing to cross journal marketing efforts. In other words, BAP has moved from a scholarly orphan to a close family member within a well-connected family. Change is fought by most of us. Change in leadership, ownership, layout, design, and content of a journal. However, with change comes opportunities that may never have been possible if we had not taken a leap of faith. It was not too long ago that the scholarly folks among us completely discounted the value of any online publication. Science was protected within the print pages and online journals were little more than glorified websites. I have watched other fields around us abandon print while we clutched to those aging pages that we were familiar with. Little by little, the contingencies have changed and we are reluctantly coming among. As the page-generation continues to be overshadowed by the e-generation, print versions of a journal will become the discounted topography. My students laughed at my need for a printed copy of their dissertation drafts one too many times, so I reluctantly took up my iPad for digital edits. Man, change is hard. BAP will still be offered in print for the forseeable future, but now subscribers will have the chance for an electronic-only version as well. To avoid the agism, my students will jestingly emit, I know what modality I will choose. The change that I am most excited about as BAP moves forward is that of mainstreaming our journal’s content. There is a difference between mainstreaming and diluting and the latter is far from the plan. My agenda, which is heavily endorsed through Springer’s marketing program, is to make sure that the 99.9 % of the world that is not behavioral hears what BAP had to say. This agenda will be met through a wide variety of initiatives from press releases and media blasts to deeper indexing and development of an impact factor for the journal. Many of us in behavior analysis think the world should come find us and hear what we have to say. Sorry folks. After 100 years, it has not happened. It’s time to change. It’s time to get in the game, not just play our own. At some point in our behavioral training, we probably read that social communities respond to contingencies of reinforcement just like individual organisms do. Certain behaviors of that culture are selected and strengthened, while others weaken and die. This process is often considered a cultural evolution of sorts. While rather tiny, BAP is such a social community. We too must adapt to the electronic revolution around us, because if not, we too shall die. Change is very difficult, and often avoided. It often requires a reluctant leap of faith. Jump in, the water actually is quite nice.

Book Review: The Librarian’s Legal Companion for Licensing Information Resources and Services

The Librarian's Legal Companion for Licensing Information Resources and Services. By Thomas A. Lipinski. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, 2013. 734 p. $130 paper (ISBN: 9781-5-5570-610-4). The Legal Advisor for Libraries, Educators, & Information Professionals. When the electronic publishing revolution launched with CD-ROM based abstract and index services (AI he seemingly cannot repeat this enough, but given the widely and wildly variant contexts in which he makes this point, the admonition does not come off as hectoring. The Librarian's Legal Companion for Licensing Information Resources and Services has much to recommend. For starters, the title signals Lipinski's acceptance that the line between databases and software is often arbitrary. Indeed, he makes clear that software has always been licensed, with licensing and copyright existing side-by-side in tension and contradiction from the first stirrings of the information technology ecosystem. For every named mention of a database platform, e.g., Cengage, there is another to a software colossus like Microsoft. As if to underscore the difficulty in unraveling software's inevitable entanglement of content, he introduces a third element, hardware in the form of the e-reader. The Kindle is sold, and under the doctrine of first-sale, libraries may lend them. But Amazon's software is licensed, restrictively. Books for the Kindle are nontransferrable. Can libraries lend Kindles even if they have not set up a complicated arrangement with OverDrive? Lipinski himself is unsure, but anyone who reads his analysis will find it less than exhaustive and illuminating. Lipinski ventures beyond the right to distribute gadgetry, boldly venturing into the property regime of the web itself. He dissects the multiplicity of terms of use (TOU) and end user license agreements (EULA) proliferating throughout the web generally. Their language binds individuals accessing web-enabled services through any library or institution of higher education, but few patrons read these agreements and fewer understand them. Fortunately, as Lipinski points out, courts have sometimes, perhaps with surprising frequency, sided with plaintiffs claiming unconscionability (148), i.e., bullying by contract. His chapter on the open source movement and the development of the Creative Commons and General Public (GNU) licenses could stand alone as an essay. This is not to suggest there is any false advertising by Lipinski or his publisher, the American Library Association; this is a legal guide, after all. But the few librarians who will approach this as narrative are likely to make it to the end only if they possess more than a layperson's grasp of US copyright statute and theory. …

Narcisos Contemporâneos: Maquinaria da Imagem e Ufanismo Tecnológico

The electronic revolution became so sophisticated that a chip’s potentials would by themselves determine a technological age capable of integrating the individual and technology in a way never imagined. The cyber-technical innovations caused a definite impact, not only in social relations, but within technology itself. Advances in this area have provided changes in the human body, stimulated the economic and productive systems and eventually overcame their own limits faster than human genetics. Considering the advances and the impact of this level of scientific and technological development on the new generations, what reflections must be made as a critique to the technological exacerbation and to the level of social regression? Is the prospect of a dialectics of enlightenment (Aufklarung) formulated by Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer in 1947 still possible? The purpose of the authors remains, however, as a reflective and critical potential necessary to situate the irrationality contained in the instrumental principles of modern reason and its social determinants nowadays. The analysis is based on the Frankfurt School‘s critical theory to demonstrate that in the advanced features of the new technologies, the overcoming of technical limitations hides the still unsurpassed modern heritage of social domination

Martin Luther's Use of Rhetorical Masks for Jews, Princes, Clerics, and other Enemies: The Problem of Meaning in a Post Modern Age

In modern times, there is a common widespread and common misunderstanding of Martin Luther's views on Jews, Peasants, Clergy, Women, and Princes. An analysis of Luther's rhetorical use of “masks” as metaphors will help us understand that he was not the father of anti-Semitism, or of political and social elitism. The purpose of this article is to explore and understand Luther's rhetorical intent in the context of early modern German culture. The central thesis of this article is that Martin Luther may have had in his use of rhetorical masks in his public discourse a hidden communicative strategy. Often his masks involved vulgar, crude, and violent words in his attempt to stimulate and persuade public opinion. Does language have consistent long-term meaning regardless of context? Michael Giesecke, a professor of German linguistics, correctly argues that each cultural period develops its own ways of triadic perception that involves thinking, acting, and communicating. New ways of processing information as we now see in the electronic revolution holds true in the cultural shift in the sixteenth century fostered by the printing press. The new medium of printed works forces a new way of thinking in every affected age. Our problem is to understand the “new way.”

EFFECTIVE LOCATION OF THYRISTOR CONTROLLED PHASE ANGLE REGULATOR (TC-PAR) FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMENT

FACTS is one aspect of the power electronics revolution that is taking place in all areas of electric energy. FACTS devices can be an alternative to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, resulting in an increased loadability, low system loss, improved stability of the network, reduced cost of production and fulfilled contractual requirement by controlling the power flows in the network. This paper investigates a methodology for placement of thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) in order to relieve congestion in the transmission lines while increasing static security margin and voltage profile of a given power system. Sensitivity-Based Methodology is opted for finding the optimal location The effectiveness of the purposed methods is demonstrated on modified IEEE 30-bus system by using Power World Simulator Software version 12.0.

An introduction to the memristor

In recent years there has been a revolution in electronics, with a variety of physical phenomena being utilized in the construction of new types of memory circuits for computer application. A device which has had an increasing role is the memristor, whose description and properties have so far had little mention in physics education. This paper provides a simple introduction to the concept of the memristor and how it is possible to fabricate and test a working device in the teaching laboratory.

Adopting E-Learning Tools for Yohagshemam Vahamyeham

Indian education system was once said to be running 200 odd hundred years behind America. No more it is the same as we are living in the era of information explosion where when education liberates all, e-literacy could enable all. The amount of information that one is bestowed with could directly be correlated to his well-being. The digital revolution has changed this world to an easily accessible knowledge hub. The society has become knowledge based and it is getting realized that the age old system of learning within the walls of the class room will never be sufficient to face the emerging challenges of today. The multi cultural social fabric, multinational work environment and fierce competition to secure good jobs that are getting scarcer warrant every student at school or college to keep abreast every passing minute. The electronic revolution that started in the late seventies has now turned every one computer centric. It has become imperative to keep students tuned to new learning techniques through latest communication gadgets. In this context new and advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools such as Computers, Internet and other web devices and their applications along with mobile phones have tremendous potential to facilitate learning activity to student community. But to attain universal and eternal well being digital divide should not be tolerated at any cost. It could be said that effective innovations and more effective norms and regulations of dissemination could only enable these e-learning tools to deliver the intended audience by circumnavigating all odds. It should be understood that resources which are not created, are not shared. E-learning would hasten resource creation and teachers as regulators are more and more required to fine-tune and shipshape such resources towards universal well-being.

The Digital and Electronic Revolution in Social Work: Rethinking the Meaning of Ethical Practice

The recent and dramatic emergence of digital and other electronic technology in social work—such as online counseling, video counseling, avatar therapy, and e-mail therapy—has tested and challenged the profession's longstanding and widely accepted perspectives on the nature of both clinical relationships and core ethics concepts. These developments have transformed key elements of social work practice and require critical examination of the meaning and application of relevant ethical concepts in diverse cultures. This article explores pertinent ethical implications related to social workers' commitment to clients; privacy/confidentiality; client self-determination and professional paternalism; informed consent; and professional–client boundaries and dual relationships. The author discusses the need for social workers to re-examine time-honored ethics concepts and explore their implications for the profession's ethical standards pertaining to the practitioner–client relationship.

Radiology Education 2.0—On the Cusp of Change: Part 2. eBooks; File Sharing and Synchronization Tools; Websites/Teaching Files; Reference Management Tools and Note Taking Applications

Increasing use of smartphones and handheld computers is accompanied by a rapid growth in the other related industries. Electronic books have revolutionized the centuries-old conventional books and magazines markets and have simplified publishing by reducing the cost and processing time required to create and distribute any given book. We are now able to read, review, store, and share various types of documents via several electronic tools, many of which are available free of charge. Additionally, this electronic revolution has resulted in an explosion of readily available Internet-based educational resources for the residents and has paved the path for educators to reach out to a larger and more diverse student population.

Negative dielectric constant manifested by static electricity

Negative dielectric constant has long been pursued for a possible revolution in electronics and photonics. It is usually found in systems containing free electrons under high frequency oscillating field, but not involving static charges or insulating materials. Here, we report the observation of the phenomenon in an insulating polymer containing static electricity, which lasts for several weeks, where negative capacitance persists from <1 Hz up to MHz frequency, also presenting an unusual spiral curve in impedance spectrum, producing inductors without bulky magnetic coils.

Evidence Based Dentistry- A Review

The practice of dentistry is becoming more complex and challenging. Changing socio-demographic patterns, patients as knowledgeable health care consumers, rapid technical advances and the information “explosion” all place greater demands on clinical decision making. The need for reliable information and the electronic revolution have come together to allow the “paradigm shift” towards evidence-based health care to progress swiftly. Evidence-based dentistry closes the gap between clinical research and real world dental practice and provides dentists with powerful tools to interpret and apply research findings. Central to evidence-based practice is the systematic literature review, which synthesizes the best evidence and provides the basis for clinical practice guidelines.

Generating a Domain Specific Inspection Evaluation Method through an Adaptive Framework

The electronic information revolution and the use of computers as an essential part of everyday life are now more widespread than ever before, as the Internet is exploited for the speedy transfer of data and business. Social networking sites (SNSs), such as LinkedIn, Ecademy and Google+ are growing in use worldwide, and they present popular business channels on the Internet. However, they need to be continuously evaluated and monitored to measure their levels of efficiency, effectiveness and user satisfaction, ultimately to improve quality. Nearly all previous studies have used Heuristic Evaluation (HE) and User Testing (UT) methodologies, which have become the accepted methods for the usability evaluation of User Interface Design (UID); however, the former is general, and unlikely to encompass all usability attributes for all website domains. The latter is expensive, time consuming and misses consistency problems. To address this need, a new evaluation method is developed using traditional evaluations (HE and UT) in novel ways. The lack of an adaptive methodological framework that can be used to generate a domain- specific evaluation method, which can then be used to improve the usability assessment process for a product in any chosen domain, represents a missing area in usability testing. This paper proposes an adaptive framework that is readily capable of adaptation to any domain, and then evaluates it by generating an evaluation method for assessing and improving the usability of products in a particular domain. The evaluation method is called Domain Specific Inspection (DSI), and it is empirically, analytically and statistically tested by applying it on three websites in the social networks domain. Our experiments show that the adaptive framework is able to build a formative and summative evaluation method that provides optimal results with regard to our newly identified set of comprehensive usability problem areas as well as relevant usability evaluation method (UEM) metrics, with minimum input in terms of the cost and time usually spent on employing traditional usability evaluation methods (UEMs).

Introduction and Foreword to Focus Issue on Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Batteries

This issue is a first for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society; an issue devoted to a single topic, in this case Battery Intercalation Electrodes. Many of these papers were presented at the 222nd meeting of The Electrochemical Society in Honolulu, Hawaii, in October 2012. This issue is very timely, as 2013 represents 40 years of research on intercalation compounds for battery electrodes. Some of the precursor research that generated interest in solid-state electrochemistry, mixed conductors, “insertion” compounds, and rechargeable batteries came out of the research group of Prof. Bob Huggins at Stanford University. We are very pleased that Bob has contributed to this issue. Out of Bob’s lab in 1972 came a very predictive article “Beta Alumina, Prelude to a Revolution in Solid State Electrochemistry,”1 and several future pioneers in the field. Without the resulting breakthroughs leading to today’s lithium-ion batteries, the portable electronics revolution would not have been enabled.2 In 1972, both Exxon and Bell Laboratories mounted major, but fairly quiet, efforts on lithium battery research. These studies resulted in the discovery of the key role of intercalation reactions3 and the first commercial lithium batteries, and recently showed the longevity of such cells. Figure 1 shows a solar-recharged Li/TiS2 cell clock, built in the mid-1970s and still operating today. Ongoing testing of such cells at Rutgers University have shown that they still retain the majority of their capacity,4 demonstrating the remarkable lifetime of lithium cells. Around 1991, a second breakthrough occurred when SONY embarked on the very successful commercialization of the Li-ion battery5 based on a carbon anode and a LiCoO2 cathode.6 This cell configuration led to lithium-ion batteries becoming the dominant power source for portable devices, driving out NiMH. However, the high cost of cobalt, which is driven by its use in batteries, has resulted in that material being partially replaced by a combination of nickel and manganese, leading to the NMC class of materials such as LiNi0.6Mn0.4Co0.2O2. In addition to lower costs, these compounds are also more thermally stable. Another breakthrough occurred in 1997 with the discovery of the electrochemical activity of the olivine LiFePO4. This discovery enabled the construction of safer large batteries, with a minimal risk of oxygen evolution on charging. Such batteries have found application in all-electric drive HEV buses, where an 11 kWh battery system is used, and over 25 million miles have been driven in the United States. Olivine batteries are also in use in 8 – 32 MW size grid systems; one such system is used in West Virginia for smoothing and load leveling (Fig. 2). Spinel LiM2O4 intercalation compounds remain one of the key players in both positive and negative electrodes of lithium ion batteries since LiMn2O4 was found to be electrochemically active in 1983.8 Today, 4V Spinel is used in electric vehicles such as the Nissan Leaf, and major research efforts are being carried out on both the high

Instructors’ View about Implementation of E-learning System: An Analysis based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

The electronic revolution has brought significant impact on pedagogical approach and resulted in the formation of a new teaching and learning platform i.e. e-learning. Nowadays, instructors are expected to integrate this method into their instructional activities. There are a number of factors that influence the instructors’ decision of accepting e- learning system. The well-known theories and models used to study acceptance of information system (IS) and subsequent adoption behaviour have overlooked the cultural factors that have explanatory power in explaining the variation of users’ intention to use a technology. This study has examined the Hofstede's cultural dimensions among the instructors attached to South Eastern University of Sri Lanka (SEUSL). A survey method was used to conduct this study with the previously validated instrument (questionnaire). The findings elucidate that the cultural factors can explain the behavioural variation of instructors in accepting and implementing e-learning system. Therefore the differences in culture should be studied thoroughly before implementing an e-learning system.

New primary renal diagnosis codes for the ERA-EDTA

The European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry has produced a new set of primary renal diagnosis (PRD) codes that are intended for use by affiliated registries. It is designed specifically for use in renal centres and registries but is aligned with international coding standards supported by the WHO (International Classification of Diseases) and the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (SNOMED Clinical Terms). It is available as supplementary material to this paper and free on the internet for non-commercial, clinical, quality improvement and research use, and by agreement with the ERA-EDTA Registry for use by commercial organizations. Conversion between the old and the new PRD codes is possible. The new codes are very flexible and will be actively managed to keep them up-to-date and to ensure that renal medicine can remain at the forefront of the electronic revolution in medicine, epidemiology research and the use of decision support systems to improve the care of patients.

Carles Lalueza-Fox

Carles Lalueza-Fox

A Polyol Route LiFePO<sub>4</sub> Cathode Material for Li-Batteries

Lithium ion battery technology has played a key role in portable electronics revolution, and it is vigorously pursued for electric vehicle applications. LiFePO4 has recently received a great deal of attention due to its potential usage as a next-generation cathode material for lithium-ion batteries such as power tools, electric vehicles (EVs)and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),etc.LiFePO4 is advantageous when comparing other conventional cathode materials such as LiCoO2, LiNiO2 and LiMn2O4, namely, it is inexpensive, environmentally benign and thermally stable, etc.. In the present work, LiFePO4 has been prepared using polyol method and its crystal structure has been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The as-prepared LiFePO4 has olivine structure with space group Pnma and orthorhombic lattice parameters are calculated as a=10.3999Å, b=6.0070Å and c=4.6388Å. The functional group vibrations have been analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface morphology of synthesized material have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the compositional analysis were also been carried out through EDX analysis.

Performance Comparisons of III–V and Strained-Si in Planar FETs and Nonplanar FinFETs at Ultrashort Gate Length (12 nm)

The exponential miniaturization of Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology has been a key to the electronics revolution. However, the downscaling of the gate length becomes the biggest challenge to maintain higher speed, lower power, and better electrostatic integrity for each following generation. Both industry and academia have been studying new device architectures and materials to address this challenge. In preparation for the 12-nm technology node, this paper assesses the performance of the In0.75Ga0.25As of III-V semiconductor compounds and strained-Si channel nanoscale transistors with identical dimensions. The impact of the channel material property and the device architecture on the ultimate performance of ballistic transistors is theoretically analyzed. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional real-space ballistic quantum transport models are employed with band structure nonparabolicity. The simulation results indicate three conclusions: 1) the In0.75Ga0.25As FETs do not outperform strained-Si FETs; 2) triple-gate Fin-shaped Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) surely represent the best architecture for sub-15-nm gate contacts, independently from the material choice; and 3) the simulations results further show that the overall device performance is very strongly influenced by the source and drain resistances.

Open Access in International Relations: A Symposium

The electronic revolution in academic publishing brings promises as well as pitfalls. The main promises are greater efficiency, vastly greater access to the journal literature, a more equitable global sharing of intellectual resources, and hopefully improved quality. Open access—free entry to the electronic version of the journal literature—is in many ways a logical continuation of this development and will break the trend toward accelerating journal costs. But if the subscription revenue simply disappears, neither publishers nor editors will have the necessary funding to keep up peer review and other editorial routines. One alternative is to levy page charges for publication. Intermediate models are also possible, where the journal may keep its copyright to the final edited product while authors are allowed to post the final submitted version on their Web site. At the moment, open access is uncommon in international relations, but the publishers and owners of journals, including academic societies such as ISA, would be wise to think through these issues before they become acute. This symposium is a contribution to that process.

Ontology-Oriented Inference-Based Learning Content Management System

The world is witnessing the electronic revolution in many fields of life such as health, education, government and commerce. E-learning is considered one of the hot topics in the e-revolution as it brings with it rapid change and greater opportunities to increase learning ability in colleges and schools. The fields of Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS) are full of open source and commercial products, however LCMS systems in general inherit the drawbacks of information system such as weakness in user expected information retrieval and semantic modelling and searching of contents & courses. In this paper, we propose a new prototype of LCMS that uses the Semantic Web technologies and Ontology Reasoner with logical rules, as an inference engine to satisfy the constraints and criteria specified by a user, and retrieves relevant content from the domain ontology in an organized fashion. This enables construction of a user-specific course, by semantic querying for topics of interest. We present the development of an Ontology-oriented Inference-based Learning Content Management System OILCMS, its architecture, conception and strengths.