Electronic Polarization Research Articles

Electronically regulated Mn-N site-loaded MXenes for highly efficient and selective singlet oxygen generation via PMS activation

In this study, a novel catalyst featuring dual-reactive sites of transition metal and nonmetal is presented, which modifies electronic polarization to enhance the selective generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), resulting in effective degradation of antibiotics. Using MXenes as a substrate, a structurally stable Mn-N@MXenes catalyst with controllable reactive sites was synthesized via a hydrothermal method by adjusting the content of the Mn-N precursor. The study revealed that the loading of Mn-N active sites changes the electronic structure and polarization of MXenes, resulting in asymmetric electronic structures and the generation of numerous oxygen vacancies. These characteristics enable the Mn-N@MXenes/PMS system to selectively generate 1O2 and superoxide radicals (O2∙-), with a synergistic index of 5.77. Compared to the MXenes/PMS system, the Mn-N@MXenes/PMS system significantly boosts the degradation efficiency of ofloxacin (OFL) from 71.32% to 96.07% under optimal conditions. The results demonstrate that during PMS activation, the catalyst maintains a nearly constant degradation rate after four cycles, exhibiting excellent stability and recyclability. Furthermore, the system shows superior performance and environmental adaptability in degrading actual water matrices and other pollutants. This study reveals electronic regulation mechanisms in catalyst design that facilitate pollutant degradation via both radical and non-radical pathways, offering new strategies for efficient degradation.

Engineering Two-Dimensional Magnetic Heterostructures: A Theoretical Perspective.

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials have attracted great attention due to their promise for applications in future high-speed, low-energy quantum computing and memory devices. By integrating 2D magnetic materials with other magnetic or nonmagnetic materials to form heterostructures, the synergistic effects of interlayer orbital hybridization, spin-orbit coupling, and symmetry breaking can surpass the performance of single-layer materials and lead to novel physical phenomena. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of engineering 2D magnetic heterostructures, emphasizing the fundamental physics of interlayer interactions and the resulting enhancements and novel properties. It reviews the mechanisms and progress in tuning the magnetic ordering, enhancing the Curie temperature (Tc) and modulating properties such as topological magnetic structures, spin polarization, electronic band topology, valley polarization, and magnetoelectric coupling through the construction of 2D magnetic heterostructures. Additionally, this review discusses the current challenges faced by 2D magnetic heterostructures, aiming to guide the future design of higher-performance magnetic heterostructures.

Intelligent multi-parameter control of a rectangular pulse in a passively mode-locked fiber laser

Rectangular pulses with tunable width and intensity in fiber lasers are critical for the study of nonlinear pulse dynamics and applications of nanosecond laser sources. However, due to the complex nonlinear dynamics within the laser cavity, precisely controlling multiple parameters of the rectangular pulses in fiber lasers remains challenging. Here, we propose an approach for intelligently controlling the intensity and width of rectangular pulse using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in a passively mode-locked fiber laser with a nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) technique. By automatically adjusting the electronic polarization controller (EPC) and pump power, multiple parameters of the output rectangular pulse can be effectively tailored, and thus, to desirable ones. This enables the flexible setting of the intensity and width of the rectangular pulse within the permissible range in a passively mode-locked fiber laser. Our approach provides a promising way to meet the diverse demands of seed laser source in scientific and engineering fields.

Ultrahigh-Density Polar Vortex Lattice in Square-Shaped Moiré Bilayers of Lead Chalcogenides.

Nanoscale exotic polar topological structures, such as vortices and skyrmions, hold promise for next-generation electronic devices, yet their spontaneous formation in 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials remains quite challenging. Herein, we demonstrate from first-principles that ultrahigh-density polar vortices emerge in the square moiré bilayer formed by twisting two layers of centrosymmetric PbS with the D4h point group. The emerged ferroelectricity arises from the inherent complex strain associated with the twisted structures, and the resulting electron polarization is much greater than that obtained in sliding ferroelectricity. Notably, the engineered strain patterns are characterized by peculiar inhomogeneous in-plane fields with a checkerboard distribution of uniaxial tension. This nanoscale nonuniform strain produces an ultrahigh-density vortex polarization lattice. The results from our study not only reveals a new mechanism for electric polarization and polar topologies in moiré bilayers but also provides opportunities for designing 2D ultrahigh-density electric devices.

Unraveling the promotive mechanism of nitrogen-doped porous carbon from wasted lignin for Cr (VI) removal

Persistent environmental pollution by heavy metals, particularly Cr (VI), poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. The development of high-performance, cost-effective adsorbents from sustainable materials remains a critical challenge in the field of Cr (VI) remediation. This study investigates the influence of pyrrolic-N (N-5) within nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon (N-HPC) on its adsorption capacity. Results indicate that N-HPC variants with a higher N-5 content exhibit superior adsorption abilities. The optimal sample demonstrated an exceptional adsorption capacity of 386.2 mg/g for Cr (VI). Even after seven regeneration cycles, this N-HPC variant maintained a remarkable 77.8 % removal efficiency for Cr (VI), highlighting its robust stability and selectivity. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of N-5 and N-HPC was thoroughly examined, revealing that N-5 plays a crucial role in the adsorption process. Due to its high electronegativity, nitrogen-doping into the carbon framework generates a dipole moment, enhancing the electronegativity of N-HPC, altering its local electron density and polarity, increasing specific surface area, carbon defect density, and ion exchange capacity. These factors collectively contribute to significant improvements in pore filling, ion exchange efficiency, and electrostatic adsorption by N-HPC. The reduction complexation mechanism emerges as the dominant factor in the adsorption process. N-5 not only provides reducing electrons as an electron donor, facilitating the continuous conversion of Cr (VI) to Cr (III), but also acts as an adsorption active site, complexing Cr to the surface of N-HPC. This synergistic effect strengthens the reduction complexation, enhances adsorption performance, and improves the regeneration cycle and adsorption selectivity for Cr.

Substantially Enhanced Spin Polarization in Epitaxial CrTe2 Quantum Films.

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets, which extend to the monolayer (ML) limit, are rapidly gaining prominence in logic applications for low-power electronics. To improve the performance of spintronic devices, such as vdW magnetic tunnel junctions, a large effective spin polarization of valence electrons is highly desired. Despite its considerable significance, direct probe of spin polarization in these 2D magnets has not been extensively explored. Here, using 2D vdW ferromagnet of CrTe2 as a prototype, the spin degrees of freedom in the thin films are directly probed using Mott polarimetry. The electronic band of 50 ML CrTe2 thin film, spanning the Brillouin zone, exhibits pronounced spin-splitting with polarization peaking at 7.9% along the out-of-plane direction. Surprisingly, atomic-layer-dependent spin-resolved measurements show a significantly enhanced spin polarization in a 3 ML CrTe2 film, achieving 23.4% polarization even in the absence of an external magnetic field. The demonstrated correlation between spin polarization and film thickness highlights the pivotal influence of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, interlayer interactions, and itinerant behavior on these properties, as corroborated by theoretical analysis. This groundbreaking experimental verification of intrinsic effective spin polarization in CrTe2 ultrathin films marks a significant advance in establishing 2D ferromagnetic atomic layers as a promising platform for innovative vdW-based spintronic devices.

Manifestation of a1(1260) meson in the process e+e−→π+π−π0

The charge asymmetry in the process e+e−→π+π−π0 is studied taking into account a longitudinal polarization of electrons (positrons). The asymmetry arises due to interference of amplitudes corresponding to production of pions in states with charge parity odd and charge parity even. It is a manifestation of a1(1260) meson in the intermediate state. Polarization leads to additional correlations in the differential cross section, which simplifies the experimental study of the process. It is shown that the charge asymmetry can reach several percent. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Point-defect-induced electronic polarization to enhance H* generation for removal of bisphenol A

Intrinsic point defects in metal core-shell materials can regulate electron redistribution, thereby reducing catalytic energy barriers and enhancing their ORR activity. However, their specific contributions to electron transfer and mass transport pathways remain unclear. In this study, defect-rich hollow OCo@Co3O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using ZIF-67(Co) as a sacrificial template through controlled annealing and internal electric field substitution reactions. High-resolution electron microscopy analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations co-revealed the growth mechanism of Co and O vacancies, as well as antisite defects. The formation of oxygen vacancies significantly lowered the energy barrier for Co vacancy formation, playing a crucial bridging role in the development of antisite defects. The electric field polarization induced by Co-O atomic displacement resulted in asymmetric charge distribution, optimizing the adsorption of active hydrogen (H*) and oxygen atoms and facilitating the generation and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Electrocatalytic experiments demonstrated that under the combined action of singlet oxygen (1O2) and H*, bisphenol A (BPA) can be efficiently degraded. This study successfully bridges the knowledge gap between atomic defects and advanced electrocatalysis, providing a new perspective and insight for the in-depth analysis of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalyst materials in the future.

Improving Structural, Optical, and Ionizing Absorption Features of G-T-B Glass System by Doping Different Concentration of Sm2O3

The current work aims to prepare a glass series described by the chemical formula of 20TeO2-35MgO-10GeO2-(35-x) B2O3-xSm2O3, where x = 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol% for radiation shielding applications. The glass preparation was performed under a melting temperature of 1100 °C, followed by annealing at 350 °C. The X-ray diffraction was used to show the crystalline phase of prepared glasses, which confirms that all prepared samples are amorphous. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra for the prepared glass samples were detected using the Shimadzu 3101 spectrophotometer over the wavelength range of 300–1100 nm. Based on the UV/Vis absorption spectrum, several optical properties were determined for the prepared glass samples, including band gap (eV), Urbach energy (eV), refractive index, transmission (%), reflection loss, metallization, optical electronegativity, optical basicity, electron polarizability, and cutoff wavelength (nm). Additionally, the Makishima-Makinze model theory was applied to investigate the mechanical properties of the prepared samples, where the increase of Sm2O3 concentrations within the prepared samples decreases the mechanical moduli while increasing the microhardness of the prepared glass samples. Furthermore, the effect of Sm2O3 addition on the radiation shielding properties of germanium boro-tellurite glasses was examined over the gamma-ray energy range of 0.0332–2.506 MeV using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The increase in Sm2O3 content enhanced the radiation shielding parameters of prepared glass samples, making these glasses suitable for shielding applications.

Synchrotron Polarization of a Hybrid Distribution of Relativistic Thermal and Nonthermal Electrons in Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emission

Synchrotron polarization of relativistic nonthermal electrons in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been widely studied. However, recent numerical simulations of relativistic shocks and magnetic reconnection have found that a more realistic electron distribution consists of a power-law component plus a thermal component, which requires observational validation. In this paper, we investigate synchrotron polarization using a hybrid energy distribution of relativistic thermal and nonthermal electrons within a globally toroidal magnetic field in GRB prompt emission. Our results show that compared to the case of solely nonthermal electrons, the synchrotron polarization degrees (PDs) in these hybrid electrons can vary widely, depending on different parameters, and that the PD decreases progressively with frequency in the gamma-ray, X-ray, and optical bands. The time-averaged PD spectrum displays a significant bump in the gamma-ray and X-ray bands, with the PDs higher than ∼60% if the thermal peak energy of the electrons is much smaller than the conjunctive energy of the electrons between the thermal and nonthermal distributions. The high-synchrotron PDs (≳60%) in the gamma-ray and X-ray bands, which generally cannot be produced by solely nonthermal electrons with typical power-law slopes, can be achieved by hybrid electrons and primarily originates from the exponential decay part of the thermal component. Moreover, this model can roughly explain the PDs and spectral properties of some GRBs, where GRB 110301A with a high PD ( 70−22+22% ) may be potential evidence for the existence of relativistic thermal electrons.

Strategic Design of Anion-Responsive Triarylboranes Exhibiting Colorimetric and Fluorometric Red-Shift for Sensing and Optoelectronic Applications.

Triarylboranes (TABs) have been employed as colorimetric and/or fluorometric anion sensors. The majority of TAB-based anion sensors exhibit blue-shift modes of absorption and photoluminescence (PL) or turn off of PL, attributed to the intrinsic electronic polarity of the trivalent boron unit in their molecular designs. In this Concept article, we introduce a novel approach to modulating the photophysical properties of TABs toward a red-shift mode by balancing the dual, opposing roles of the amine-bridged TAB (phenazaborine). This molecular design strategy enables significant changes in color and emission response to anions, shifting to the lower energy regime in solution. Additionally, this approach is applicable to the solid-state modulation of PL in films and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Growth of L-asparagine monohydrate organic single crystals: An experimental and DFT computational approach for nonlinear optical applications

Good optical quality of L-asparagine monohydrate (C4H8N2O3.H2O) organic single crystal has been grown by adopting natural slow evaporation process at room temperature from aqueous solutions. The lattice parameters obtained by powder X-ray diffraction data revealed orthorhombic crystal system of the harvested crystal. The morphology and planes of the crystal have been identified. The molecular vibrations and functional groups have been specified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) study has been availed to find out the elements constituting the crystal. Scanning electron microscopy, (SEM), provided the surface morphology of the crystal. The dependence of dielectric properties on frequency and temperature have been investigated and the electronic polarizability (α) has been determined. UV–vis spectral analysis shows that the crystal possesses good optical transmittance in the visible part of the energy spectrum. The optical band gap and the Urbach energy have been determined from lower absorption edge. Third order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), nonlinear refractive index (n2), and linear susceptibility χ(1) have been calculated by Miller's generalized rule. The first-principle computation of band structure of electrons and the electron density of states have been discussed, which suggest that the crystals possess direct band gap. Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP function by Gaussian09W software was utilized to calculate HOMO-LUMO energy gap as well as non-linear optical parameters namely, linear polarizability (α), hyperpolarizability (β and γ) and dipole moment (μ) of L-asparagine monohydrate crystal. All the findings prove that L-asparagine monohydrate is a promising NLO crystal.

Tutorial on Umbrella Sampling Simulation with a Combined QM/MM Potential: The Potential of Mean Force for an SN2 Reaction in Water.

We present a tutorial to carry out umbrella-sampling free-energy simulations with a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potential, which may also be used in a computational or biophysical chemistry curriculum for first-year graduate and undergraduate students. In this article, we choose the Type II SN2 Menshutkin reaction between ammonia and chloromethane to construct the potential of mean force (PMF) for the reaction in aqueous solution. In this exercise, we wish to accomplish three tasks: (1) an understanding of the concept of PMF and the umbrella-sampling free-energy simulation method, (2) the use of a combined QM/MM potential in molecular dynamics simulation of chemical reactions, and (3) an understanding of solvent effects and intermolecular interactions on chemical reactions through comparison with gas-phase results. Analysis of the simulation results allows students to appreciate the difference between the transition state along a PMF from statistical simulations versus the optimized saddle point in the gas phase, the shift of transition state with respect to solvation, and the significance of electronic polarization. Through this tutorial, students will gain the necessary skills to carry out free energy simulations of chemical reactions in solution and in enzymes both in a classroom and in the laboratory.

Synthesis, Optical, Electrical, Fluorescence, Dielectric, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of 3-Aminopyridine (Scaffold in Drugs) Single Crystal

Objectives: To screen the optical, electrical, fluorescence, dielectric, thermal, and mechanical behavior of the 3-aminopyridine single crystal for its suitability in optoelectronic applications. Methods: A good single crystal of 3-aminopyridine (3-AP) was grown by the slow evaporation method. Findings: The lattice parameters of the grown crystal were determined using a single crystal X-ray diffractometer as, a = 6.184 (4) Å, b = 15.350 (6) Å, c = 5.361 (7) Å and the required functional groups C-N, NH2 bonds of 3-AP were recognized by the FTIR studies. The grown crystal was screened using the UV-Vis-NIR spectrum to understand the transmission and absorption character of the crystal. The various optical constants such as absorption coefficient, optical conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the crystal have been determined from the UV-Vis transmission plot. The lower cut-off wavelength of the 3-AP crystal was observed at 250 nm. The band gap of the grown crystal is found to be 4.5 eV. The emission property of the crystal was studied using fluorescence spectra. Violet, blue, and red emissions are observed from the fluorescence spectra. Thermal screening of the 3-AP crystal was performed using TGA and DTA. The 3-AP crystal remains stable up to 220 ºC and then the crystal begins to decompose up to 260 ºC due to the loss of the -NH2 group of the 3-aminopyridine. The Vickers hardness test revealed the nature of the material as soft type with Meyer’s index (n) of 2. The electronic polarization behavior of the crystal was examined using the dielectric study. Novelty: The lower cut-off wavelength of 250 nm, wide band gap of 4.5 eV, excellent transparency in the entire visible and near-infrared region, violet, blue, and red emission by the material are the distinguishing and mandatory features for optoelectronic applications. These features are good as compared to the 3-AP derivatives reported earlier. Keywords: Unit cell, Absorption, Emission, Conductivity, Strength, Loss

Investigating the Impact of Stress on the Optical Properties of GaN-MX2 (M=Mo, W; X=S, Se) Heterojunctions Using the First Principles

This study used the first-principles-based CASTEP software to calculate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of heterojunctions based on single-layer GaN. GaN-MX2 exhibited minimal lattice mismatches, typically less than 3.5%, thereby ensuring lattice coherence. Notably, GaN-MoSe2 had the lowest binding energy, signifying its superior stability among the variants. When compared to single-layer GaN, which has an indirect band gap, all four heterojunctions displayed a smaller direct band gap. These heterojunctions were classified as type II. GaN-MoS2 and GaN-MoSe2 possessed relatively larger interface potential differences, hinting at stronger built-in electric fields. This resulted in an enhanced electron–hole separation ability. GaN-MoSe2 exhibited the highest value for the real part of the dielectric function. This suggests a superior electronic polarization capability under an electric field, leading to high electron mobility. GaN-MoSe2 possessed the strongest optical absorption capacity. Consequently, GaN-MoSe2 was inferred to possess the strongest photocatalytic capability. The band structure and optical properties of GaN-MoSe2 under applied pressure were further calculated. The findings revealed that stress significantly influenced the band gap width and light absorption capacity of GaN-MoSe2. Specifically, under a pressure of 5 GPa, GaN-MoSe2 demonstrated a significantly narrower band gap and enhanced absorption capacity compared to its intrinsic state. These results imply that the application of stress could potentially boost its photocatalytic performance, making it a promising candidate for various applications.

Dielectric behavior and defects of nitrogen-containing single crystal diamond films

Single crystal diamond (SCD) film, as a new substrate material, has attracted growing attention because of its low dielectric loss. The nitrogen was usually introduced into microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) process in order to enhance the growth rate of SCD films. So SCD films with nitrogen were prepared by MPCVD compared with the undoped film. The impurities and defects of diamond films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The dielectric behavior of SCD films was measured using the LCR measurement in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 110 MHz. The results indicate that the primary dielectric loss in SCD films is conductivity loss and space charge polarization below 1 MHz, while the main dielectric loss is dipole orientation polarization and electronic relaxation polarization in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 110 MHz. Point defects like substitutional N+, NV− and SiV− exert a significant influence on polarization loss. This is essential to improve the growth of SCD with excellent dielectric properties.

Refractometry of β-modification LiNH4SO4 crystals with an admixture of Mn2+ and Cu2+

Crystals of β-LiNH4SO4 doped with 2 and 5 wt% of Cu2+ and Mn2+ were synthesized. The crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the dispersion of refractive indices and birefringence was investigated. The study revealed that adding impurities increased the absolute values of the refractive indices for all crystal physical directions. As the concentration of Mn2+ and Cu2+ impurities increased to 5%, the average refractive index showed an almost linear increase, attributed to the increase in crystal density due to a decrease in the volume of the unit cell. Furthermore, the impurities of Mn2+ and Cu2+ ions significantly altered the absolute values of birefringence. The refractions, electronic polarizabilities, and dispersion parameters were calculated using the Sellmeier formula, showing that adding impurities increased the values of molar refractions and electronic polarizabilities. The study also found that introducing Mn2+ and Cu2+ impurities shifted the optical isotropic point to the long-wavelength part of the spectrum by approximately 26 and 31 nm, respectively.

Direct Observations of Spontaneous In-Plane Electronic Polarization in 2D Te Films.

Single-element polarization in low dimensions is fascinating for constructing next-generation nanoelectronics with multiple functionalities, yet remains difficult to access with satisfactory performance. Here, spectroscopic evidences are presented for the spontaneous electronic polarization in tellurium (Te) films thinned down to bilayer, characterized by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. The unique chiral structure and centrosymmetry-breaking character in 2DTe gives rise to sizable in-plane polarization with accumulated charges, which is demonstrated by the reversed band-bending trends at opposite polarization edges in spatially resolved spectra and conductance mappings. The polarity of charges exhibits intriguing influence on imaging the moiré superlattice at the Te-graphene interface. Moreover, the plain spontaneous polarization robustly exists for various film thicknesses, and can universally preserve against different epitaxial substrates. The experimental validations of considerable electronic polarization in Te multilayers thus provide a realistic platform for promisingly facilitating reliable applications in microelectronic devices.

Dielectric Relaxation, Electrical Conductivity, Dielectric Permittivity, and Correlated Barrier Hopping Conduction Mechanism Analysis in Ag Doped Bi2S3 at Low Temperatures

AbstractPure and 6% Ag doped bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) were synthesized via solid‐state reaction method at 500 °C. The X‐ray diffraction method confirmed the orthorhombic phase with average crystallite size ∼25 nm and average lattice strain ∼0.5% and ∼0.6% for pure and 6% Ag doped Bi2S3. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed nanobelt morphology. A direct bandgap of ∼3.3 and ∼3.4 eV for pure and doped Bi2S3 was estimated using UV–vis spectroscopy, respectively. AC measurements were performed from 200 Hz to 2 MHz at temperature 223–298 K. Investigation of Nyquist plots of 6% Ag doped Bi2S3 nanobelts suggested space‐charge‐dependent behavior and indicated an negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR). AC conductivity adhered to Jonscher's power law in which the decreasing trend of s‐parameter with increasing temperature indicates correlated barrier hopping conduction mechanism. From this model, hopping distance (∼10−9–10−11 m) and density of states (∼1022–1023 eV−1 cm−3) were estimated. The dielectric permittivity exhibited dispersion at low frequencies due to the combined effect of electronic, ionic, and interfacial polarizations. Presence of two semicircular arcs in the complex modulus analysis suggested the presence of both grain and grain‐boundary effects.

Mn─O Covalency as a Lever for Na⁺ Intercalation Kinetics: The Role of Oxygen Edge-Sharing Co Octahedral Sites in MnO₂.

The strategic enhancement of manganese-oxygen (Mn─O) covalency is a promising approach to improve the intercalation kinetics of sodium ions (Na⁺) in manganese dioxide (MnO2). In this study, an augmenting Mn─O covalency in MnO2 by strategically incorporating cobalt at oxygen edge-sharing Co octahedral sites is focused on. Both experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal an increased electron polarization from oxygen to manganese, surpassing that directed toward cobalt, thereby facilitating enhanced electron transfer and strengthening covalency. The synthesized Co-MnO2 material exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, demonstrating a superior specific capacitance of 388Fg-1 at 1Ag-1 and maintaining 97.21% capacity retention after 12000 cycles. Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor constructed using Co-MnO2 achieved a high energy density of 35Whkg-1 at a power density of 1000Wkg-1, underscoring the efficacy of this material in practical applications. This work highlights the critical role of transition metal-oxygen interactions in optimizing electrode materials and introduces a robust approach to enhance the functional properties of manganese oxides, thereby advancing high-performance energy storage technologies.