Electron Photon Research Articles

Characterization and evaluation methods of fused deposition modeling and stereolithography additive manufacturing for clinical linear accelerator photon and electron radiotherapy applications.

To propose comprehensive characterization methods of additive manufacturing (AM) materials for MV photon and MeV electron radiotherapy. This study investigated 15 AM materials using CT machines. Geometrical accuracy, tissue-equivalence, uniformity, and fabrication parameters were considered. Selected soft tissue equivalent filaments were used to fabricate slab phantoms and compared with water equivalent RW3 phantom by delivering planar 6 & 10 MV photons and 6, 9, 12, 15, & 18MeV electrons. Finally, a 3D printed CT-Electron Density characterization phantom was fabricated. Materials used to print test objects can simulate tissues from adipose (relative electron density, ρe=0.72) up to near inner bone-equivalent (ρe=1.08). Lower densities such as breast and lung can be simulated using infills from 90% down to 30%, respectively. The gyroid infill pattern shows the lowest CT number variation and is recommended for low infill percentage printing. CT number uniformity can be observed from 40% up to 100% infill, while printing orientation does not significantly affect the CT number. The measured doses using the 3D printed phantoms show to have good agreement with TPS calculated dose for photon (< 1% difference) and electron (< 5% difference). Varying the printed slab thicknesses shows very similar response (< 3% difference) compared with RW3 slabs except for 6MeV electrons. Lastly, the fabricated CT-ED phantom generally matches the lung- up to the soft tissue- equivalence. The proposed methods give the outline for characterization of AM materials as tissue-equivalent substitute. Printing parameters affect the radiological quality of 3D-printed object.

Upconverter loaded MoS2 counter electrode for broadband dye-sensitized solar cell applications

An interesting approach of including an upconverter in the MoS2 counter electrode can yield broadband light harvesting Pt-free DSSC assembly. Here different upconverter (UC) nanoparticles (Yb, Er incorporated NaYF4, YF3, CeO2 &amp;amp; Y2O3) were synthesized and loaded in MoS2 thin film by hydrothermal method. The inclusion of UCs in MoS2 films exposed without any secondary formation of upconverters and the uniform deposition of the films are confirmed through XRD and FESEM analysis respectively. The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis-NIR) confirms the increase in absorption intensity in visible and NIR regions due to the incorporation of UCs. Under 980 nm excitation, the UCs-loaded MoS2 films show emission in blue (450–490 nm), green (520–540 nm) and red (600–700 nm) regions due to the f-f inner transition occurring in the Er ions. The oxide and fluoride UCs-based DSSCs were fabricated with an FTO/TiO2/N719/Triiodide electrolyte/UC@MoS2/FTO assembly. Oxide UCs show greater electrocatalytic activity, which might be owed to the films exposed with more catalytic active sites favourable for ion transportation in the I−/I−3 electrolyte. Among them, higher photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.1% was witnessed for (Y2O3: Er, Yb) @MoS2 counter electrode-based DSSC which is due to the good conductivity (RS) of the film, the longer electron lifetime and photon harvesting enhancement by upconversion process. It is notably convinced that the UC-loaded MoS2 films can be used as an effective counter electrode for the possible realization of upconverter DSSC and used for broadband light absorption.

Quantum secure direct communication based on quantum error correction code

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the message sender to directly transmit messages to the message receiver through quantum channel without keys. Environmental noise is the main obstacle for QSDC's practicality. For enhancing QSDC's noise robustness, we introduce the quantum error correction (QEC) code into QSDC and propose the QSDC protocol based on the redundancy code. This QSDC protocol correlates atomic state with the electron–photon entangled pairs and transmits photons in quantum channels for two rounds. The parties can construct the remote atomic logical entanglement channel and decode messages with the heralded photonic Bell state measurement (BSM) and single electron measurement. This QSDC protocol is unconditionally secure in theory and has some advantages. First, benefiting from the heralded photonic BSM, it can eliminate the influence from photon transmission loss and has the potential to realize long-distance secure message transmission. Second, taking use of the error correction function of the repetition code, the error rate caused by the decoherence during the second round of photon transmission can be reduced, which can reduce the message error and increase the secret message capacity. Third, the whole protocol is feasible under current experimental condition. Our QSDC protocol can be extended to use other stronger QEC code. It provides a promising method to promote QSDC's practicality in the future.

Quantum Electrodynamics in High-Harmonic Generation: Multitrajectory Ehrenfest and Exact Quantum Analysis.

High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a nonlinear process in which a material sample is irradiated by intense laser pulses, causing the emission of high harmonics of incident light. HHG has historically been explained by theories employing a classical electromagnetic field, successfully capturing its spectral and temporal characteristics. However, recent research indicates that quantum-optical effects naturally exist or can be artificially induced in HHG, such as entanglement between emitted harmonics. Even though the fundamental equations of motion for quantum electrodynamics (QED) are well-known, a unifying framework for solving them to explore HHG is missing. So far, numerical solutions have employed a wide range of basis-sets, methods, and untested approximations. Based on methods originally developed for cavity polaritonics, here we formulate a numerically accurate QED model consisting of a single active electron and a single quantized photon mode. Our framework can, in principle, be extended to higher electronic dimensions and multiple photon modes to be employed in ab initio codes for realistic physical systems. We employ it as a model of an atom interacting with a photon mode and predict a characteristic minimum structure in the HHG yield vs phase-squeezing. We find that this phenomenon, which can be used for novel ultrafast quantum spectroscopies, is partially captured by a multitrajectory Ehrenfest dynamics approach, with the exact minima position sensitive to the level of theory. On the one hand, this motivates using multitrajectory approaches as an alternative for costly exact calculations. On the other hand, it suggests an inherent limitation of the multitrajectory formalism, indicating the presence of entanglement and true quantum effects (especially prominent for atomic and molecular resonances). Our work creates a roadmap for a universal formalism of QED-HHG that can be employed for benchmarking approximate theories, predicting novel phenomena for advancing quantum applications, and for the measurements of entanglement and entropy.

Alteration of phycobilisome excitation energy transfer properties in response to attenuations in peripheral electron flow

In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (S. 6803), two types of phycobilisome (PBS) complexes, CpcG-PBS and CpcL-PBS, function to harvest light energy for photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs), photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). The compositional differences between these two forms of PBS and their specificity for RCs have led to suggestions that they may differ in function. To address this question, we examined how PBS-RC interactions, and the transfer of excitation energy from PBS to RCs, might be adjusted under conditions where electron demand and photon availability are modulated. The CpcG-PBS, CpcL-PBS, and RC complexes were isolated from a S. 6803 strain defective in expression of flavodiiron 1 (oxygen reduction reaction 1, ORR1) grown under varied light regimes. The energy transfer preference from CpcL-PBS to either PSI or PSII was investigated by in vitro crosslinking and 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy to assess energy transfer efficiency under photoexcitation. While the results demonstrate that the transfer of excitation energy from CpcL-PBS favors PSI over PSII in WT strains as previously shown, the preference of CpcL-PBS switches from PSI to PSII in ORR1 strains. Surprisingly, this change in preference was reproduced when ORR1 CpcL-PBS was crosslinked with WT RCs, or when WT CpcL-PBS was cross-crosslinked with ORR1 RCs, indicating there are physical modifications to both PBS and RCs that mediate the preference switch. In contrast, the analysis with ORR1 CpcG-PBS shows similar preferences to WT. Additionally, PBS populations in ORR1 shifted to a greater proportion of CpcL-PBS relative to CpcG-PBS. These results demonstrate that under conditions where electron utilization changes, there is a tuning of the excitation energy allocation from CpcL-PBS to RCs to manage the energy distribution for photosynthesis under dynamic flux conditions.

Investigation of Alginate-Chitosan nanoparticles As a Drug Carrier for Levothyroxine

Background: This study synthesized alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ALG/CS NPs) as nanocarriers for the hydrophobic drug levothyroxine and investigated their nanoparticle size. Objectives: Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation of the chitosan core followed by complexation with alginate. Methods: The nanoparticles were characterized for particle morphology, size, and polydispersity index using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photon correlation spectroscopy. Results: Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles were found in a nanoscale spherical shape with an average particle size of 90 - 110 nm. Results indicated that the release mechanism depends on dissolution in the initial hours. For levothyroxine release from ALG/CS NPs, the Higuchi model fits better than the other models. The drug release kinetics were investigated, and the release kinetics data were best fitted with the Higuchi model. Conclusions: Levothyroxine was released mainly in the first 20 hours at an average rate of up to 78% at pH 7.4.

Topological spin structures: Growth and interaction with electrons and photons

The topological spin structures, such as skyrmions and merons, have increasingly been proposed as information carriers due to their topological characteristics and electrical maneuverability. Nevertheless, the difficulties in growing stable (especially stable under room temperature and zero magnetic fields) and large-scale topological lattices still restrict practical applications. This paper reviews the scientific efforts in facing this challenge comprehensively and simultaneously sums up the interaction between topological spin structures and current or light. The possibility of manipulating electron spin and photon chirality by the topological quasiparticles is emphatically discussed. This review paper aims to demonstrate scientific exploration for physical connotations on the interaction among topological quasiparticles and electrons and photons and to show the bridge built by researchers for the gap between scientific exploration and real-world application for topological spin structures.

Hybrid ultra-high and conventional dose rate treatments with electrons and photons for the clinical transfer of FLASH-RT to deep-seated targets: A treatment planning study

PurposeThis study explores the dosimetric feasibility and plan quality of hybrid ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron and conventional dose rate (CDR) photon (HUC) radiotherapy for treating deep-seated tumours with FLASH-RT. MethodsHUC treatment planning was conducted optimizing a broad UHDR electron beam (between 20–250 MeV) combined with a CDR VMAT for a glioblastoma, a pancreatic cancer, and a prostate cancer case. HUC plans were based on clinical prescription and fractionation schemes and compared against clinically delivered plans. Considering a HUC boost treatment for the glioblastoma consisting of a 15-Gy-single-fraction UHDR electron boost supplemented with VMAT, two scenarios for FLASH sparing were assessed using FLASH-modifying-factor-weighted doses. ResultsFor all three patient cases, HUC treatment plans demonstrated comparable dosimetric quality to clinical plans, with similar PTV coverage (V95% within 0.5 %), homogeneity, and critical OAR-sparing. At the same time, HUC plans delivered a substantial portion of the dose to the PTV (Dmedian of 50–69 %) and surrounding tissues at UHDR. For the HUC boost treatment of the glioblastoma, the first FLASH sparing scenario showed a moderate FLASH sparing magnitude (10 % for D2%,PTV) for the 15-Gy UHDR electron boost, while the second scenario indicated a more substantial sparing of brain tissues inside and outside the PTV (32 % for D2%,PTV, 31 % for D2%,Brain). ConclusionsFrom a planning perspective, HUC treatments represent a feasible approach for delivering dosimetrically conformal UHDR treatments, potentially mitigating technical challenges associated with delivering conformal FLASH-RT for deep-seated tumours. While further research is needed to optimize HUC fractionation and delivery schemes for specific patient cohorts, HUC treatments offer a promising avenue for the clinical transfer of FLASH-RT.

Full inverse Compton Scattering: Total transfer of energy and momentum from electrons to photons

In this article we discuss a peculiar regime of Compton Scattering that assures the maximum transfer of energy and momentum from free electrons propagating in vacuum to the scattered photons. We name this regime Full Inverse Compton Scattering (FICS) because it is characterized by the maximum and full energy loss of the electrons in collision with photons: up to 100% of the electron kinetic energy is indeed transferred to the photon. In the case of relativistic electrons, characterized by a large Lorentz factor (γ≫1), FICS regime corresponds to an incident photon energy equal to mec22, i.e. approximately 255.5 keV. We interpret such an astonishing result as FICS being the time reversal of direct Compton Scattering of very energetic photons (of energy much greater than mec2) onto atomic electrons. Although the cross section of Compton scattering is decreasing with the energy of the incident photon, making the process less probable with respect to other reactions (pair production, nuclear reactions, etc.) when high energetic photons are bombarding a target, the kinematics straightforwardly implies that the back-scattered photons would have an energy reaching asymptotically mec22. FICS is instead the unique suitable working point in Compton scattering for achieving the total transfer of (kinetic) energy exactly from the electron to the photon. Experiencing transitions from the initial momentum to zero in the laboratory system, in FICS the electron is also subject to very large negative acceleration; this fact can lead to possible experiments of sensing the Unruh temperature and related photon bath. On the other side of the energy dynamic range, low relativistic electrons can be completely stopped by moderate energy photons (tens of keV), leading to full exchange of temperature between electron clouds and photon baths. Cosmic gamma ray sources can be affected in their evolution by this peculiar FICS regime of Compton scattering.

Scrambling power of soft photons

Observable scattering processes entail emission-absorption of soft photons. As these degrees of freedom go undetected, some information is lost. Whether some of this information can be recovered in the observation of the hard particles, depends of the actual pattern of the scrambling of information. We compute the information scrambling of electron and soft photon scattering by the tripartite mutual information in terms of the 2-Renyi entropy, and find a finite amount of scrambling is present. We show that scrambling is a byproduct of decoherence achieved by the scattering system in its interaction with the environment, due to the emission-absorption of soft photons in fully unitary processes.

Electron–photon–phonon interactions in Dirac semimetals: Magneto-optical absorption and mobility analysis

We study the magneto-optical properties of Dirac semimetal (DSM) slabs with particular emphasis on Cd3As2 through electron–photon–phonon interactions, focusing on the magneto-optical absorption coefficient (MOAC) and full-width at half maximum (FWHM). Studying the Landau level (LL) energy of DSMs in the (xy) plane and the z-direction revealed a unique deviation from the square root dependence on the magnetic field, distinguishing DSMs from other semiconductors. At high magnetic fields, the electron–hole symmetry in the LL spectrum is broken, indicating a topological phase in DSMs. For undoped DSMs, MOAC is driven by interband transitions, with peaks from one-photon absorption being smaller and positioned to the left of two-photon ones. Increasing the magnetic field increases peak values. FWHM for one- and two-photon processes increases with the magnetic field and follows a T dependence on temperature. In doped DSMs, both intraband and interband transitions occur, with new interband peaks emerging at higher temperatures near the Fermi energy. Increased electron density shifts the peak position slightly toward higher energy. Peaks from optical phonon emission are consistently higher and located to the right of those from optical phonon absorption, indicating a stronger emission process. The FWHM data allow for the estimation of electron mobilities, and using a reasonable broadening parameter, our predicted mobility values agree with experimental results.

High-harmonic spin-orbit angular momentum generation in crystalline solids preserving multiscale dynamical symmetry.

Symmetries essentially provide conservation rules in nonlinear light-matter interactions and facilitate control and understanding of photon conversion processes or electron dynamics. Since anisotropic solids have rich symmetries, they are strong candidates for controlling both optical micro- and macroscale structures, namely, spin angular momentum (circular polarization) and orbital angular momentum (spiral wavefront), respectively. Here, we show structured high-harmonic generation linked to the anisotropic symmetry of a solid. By strategically preserving a dynamical symmetry arising from the spin-orbit interaction of light, we generate multiple orbital angular momentum states in high-order harmonics. The experimental results exhibit the total angular momentum conservation rule of light even in the extreme nonlinear region, which is evidence that the mechanism originates from a dynamical symmetry. Our study provides a deeper understanding of multiscale nonlinear optical phenomena and a general guideline for using electronic structures to control structured light, such as through Floquet engineering.

Near-infrared detection based on the excitation of hot electrons in Au/Si microcone array

Although the photoresponse cut-off wavelength of Si is about 1100 nm due to the Si bandgap energy, the internal photoemission effect (IPE) of the Au/Si junction in Schottky detector can extend the absorption wavelength, which makes it a promising candidate for the Si-based infrared detector. However, due to low light absorption, low photon–electron interaction, and poor electron injection efficiency, the near-infrared light detection efficiency of the Schottky detector is still insufficient. The synergistic effect of Si nano/microstructures with a strong light trapping effect and nanoscale Au films with surface plasmon enhanced absorption may provide an effective solution for improving the detection efficiency. In this paper, a large-area periodic Si microcone array covered by an Au film has successfully been fabricated by one-time dry etching based on the mature polystyrene microspheres lithography technique and vacuum thermal deposition, and its properties for hot electron-based near infrared photodetection are investigated. Optical measurements show that the 20 nm-thick Au covered Si microcone array exhibits a low reflectance and a strong absorption (about 85%) in wide wavelength range (900–2500 nm), and the detection responsivity can reach a value as high as 17.1 and 7.0 mA W−1 at 1200 and 1310 nm under the front illumination, and 35.9 mA W−1 at 1310 nm under the back illumination respectively. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) simulation results show that the enhanced local electric field in the Au layer distributes near the air/Au interface under the front illumination and close to the Au/Si interface under the back illumination. The back illumination favors the injection of photo-generated hot electrons in Au layer into Si, which can explain the higher responsivity under the back illumination. Our research is expected to promote the practical application of Schottky photodetectors to Si-compatible near infrared photodetectors.

Tip‐Enhanced Imaging and Control of Infrared Strong Light‐Matter Interaction

AbstractOptical antenna resonators enable control of light‐matter interactions on the nano‐scale via electron–photon hybrid states in strong coupling. Specifically, mid‐infrared (MIR) nano‐antennas coupled to saturable intersubband transitions in multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) semiconductor heterostructures allow for the coupling strength to be tuned through antenna resonance and field intensity. Here, tip‐enhanced nano‐scale variation of antenna‐MQW coupling across the antenna is demonstrated, with a spatially‐dependent coupling strength varying from 73 (strong coupling) to 24 (weak coupling). This behavior is modeled based on the spatially dependent local constructive and destructive interference between tip and antenna fields. Using a quantum‐mechanical density‐matrix model of the MQW system with its designed values of transition dipole moment, doping density, and population decay time, the picosecond IR pulse coupling to intersubband transitions and the associated tip induced strong‐field saturation effects are described. These results present a new regime of nonlinear IR light‐matter control based on the dynamic manipulation of quantum hybrid states on the nanoscale and in the infrared, with a perspective regarding extension to molecular vibrations.

Boosted hydrogen evolution in conjugated polymer photocatalyst by noncovalent conformation-locked architecture

A synergetic effect of noncovalent conformational locks (NCLs) and molecular framework engineering on the performance of polymeric photocatalysts is comprehensively investigated by tuning fluorination as well as framework structure with linear or planar backbone of conjugated polymers on the basis of the 2,2′-bithiophene and pyrene building blocks. Both fluorine-induced NCLs and molecular framework structure have beneficial influence on the electronic structure, photon absorption, nanomorphology and porosity, and charge migration/separation of conjugated polymers. As a result, the noncovalent conformation-locked conjugated polymer Py-2F2T achieves a significant high hydrogen evolution rate of 404.8 mmol h−1 under the conditions of being visible-light-driven and cocatalyst-free, which is 2.5- and 202.4-fold as those of the planar counterpart without NCLs and the linear counterpart with NCLs, respectively. Remarkably, Py-2F2T could show excellent apparent quantum yields of over 25.0 % at 450–600 nm irradiation with the highest value of 39.0 % at 575 nm. Overall, this work demonstrates the significance of the synergy of NCLs and molecular framework engineering for enhancing the photocatalytic activity, and the strategy of “noncovalent conformation-locked architecture” as a novel approach to the rational structure design of high-efficiency polymeric photocatalysts for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution through water splitting.

Virtual photon exchange vs electron transfer in interparticle Coulombic electron capture.

We have investigated Interparticle Coulombic Electron Capture (ICEC) using an abinitio approach for two systems, H+ + H2O and H + H2O+. In this work, we have determined the contribution of virtual photon exchange and electron transfer to the total ICEC cross section as a function of the distance between the charged and neutral particles. Furthermore, we have shown that the relative orientation of the electron acceptor and neighbor systems affects the magnitude of the ICEC cross sections by at least two orders at relatively small distances. This geometry dependence, present even for distances as large as 10 a0, is due to the electron transfer contribution. The relative magnitude of each contribution to ICEC seems to depend on the system studied. By replacing the projectile electron with a positron, we have confirmed that electron transfer also takes place in positron collisions and that the charge of the projectile has a noticeable effect on the process, particularly at low scattering energies.

2163: Robust mixed electron photon radiation therapy: an alternative to bolus for soft tissue sarcoma

2163: Robust mixed electron photon radiation therapy: an alternative to bolus for soft tissue sarcoma

Constraining light scalar field with torsion-balance gravity experiments

The light scalar field with a coupling to standard model particles provide a possible source of the long-range Yukawa forces or violation of the weak equivalence principle, which can be potentially explored by precision gravity experiments. We describe the searches for such light scalar fields with the three types of gravity experiments, including the G-measurement experiments, Inverse-Square Law (ISL) experiments, and equivalence principle experiments. We investigate the potential influences of the scalar field as a function of its mass, and focus on the experimental constraints from torsion-balance gravity experiments. HUST-18 G-measurement torsion-balance experiments place bounds on the photon coupling and electron coupling at up to Λγ=7×1017 GeV and Λe=1×1017 GeV in the mass ranges 10−9–10−4eV. Results from the ISL experiments by the Universities of Washington, Stanford, IUPUI, HUST, Colorado, Irvine, Yale and others allow us to set limits on the photon coupling and electron coupling at up to Λγ=5×1017 GeV and Λe=3×1016 GeV for scalar field mass ranges between 10−5 and 10−1eV. Additionally, we also discuss the limits from equivalence principle experiments, and MICROSCOPE final result updates the constrains on the coupling parameters at up to Λγ=7×1022 GeV and Λe=4×1021 GeV for mass ranges ≲10−13eV. These results contribute experimental constraints to relatively unexplored mass regions of light scalar field parameter space and improve upon previous limits in some mass ranges. This work paves the way for long-range Yukawa forces mediated by light scalar fields in future high-precision gravity experiments.

Monte Carlo Methods to Simulate the Propagation of the Created Atomic/ Nuclear Particles from Underground Piezoelectric Rocks through the Fractures Before the Earthquakes

Until now, many studies have been performed on particle radiations before or during earthquakes (EQs). Neutron, gamma, electron, proton, and ultra-low frequency (ULF) photons are among the particles, detected during EQs. In our previous study, with the help of piezoelectricity relationships and the elastic energy formula, the Monte Carlo N‐Particle eXtended (MCNPX) simulation code was applied to find the amount of created atomic/nuclear particles, the dominant interactions; and the energy of the particles for various sizes of quartz and granite blocks. In this study, using the MCNPX simulation code, we have estimated the flux of the particles (created from under-stressed granitic rocks) at different distances from the EQ hypocenter inside the fractures, filled with air, water, and CO2. It was found that inside a water-filled fracture, the particles do not show the flux far from the EQ hypocenter. However, inside the gases like air and CO2 with the normal condition density, different types of particles can have a flux far from the source (more than a kilometer) and they might reach themselves to the surface in the case that the EQ hypocenter is very shallow (0­-5 km). However, for deep EQs, it seems that the most detected nuclear particles on the surface should pass via the vacuum-filled fractures and reach the surface. Moreover, it was concluded that the higher the density of the fracture’s filling fluid, the less distance that the particles can have a flux.

Phenanthraquinone modified carbon quantum dots covalent-grafted onto Cu-MOF for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: Construction of dual-active sites and parallel charge channels based on the cooperation between photoexcitation and electron-entrap

How to coordinate the catalytic sites and the charge supply in CDs@MOFs hybrids to accelerate carriers transferring, suppress charge recombination and maximize charge transferring is a challenge. Here, the hybrid of PQ-CDs6.67@Cu-TCA fabricated by Cu-TCA (TCA = 4,4',4′'-nitrilotribenzoic acid) encapsulating 9,10-phenanthraquinone (9,10-PQ) modified carbon quantum dots (PQ-CDs), which was fully characterized and used for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Covalent-bonding of CDs with the paddle-wheel Cu structure and 9,10-PQ provides parallel electron pathways for accelerating electron transferring and minimum carrier recombination. PQ-CDs6.67@Cu-TCA exhibited an excellent electron consumption rate (Rele) of 393.98 μmol·g−1·h−1 and a high CH4 yield of 44.43 μmol·g−1·h−1 with a selectivity of 90.22%, being far superior to most carbon materials/MOFs-based heterojunctions. Research evidences that through the parallel electron pathways, photon collection and transferring of PQ-CDs with optimal loading-amount meet chemical-producing Cu2+ and 9,10-PQ active centers, maximally improving electron utilization and suppressing the internal friction in PQ-CDs6.67@Cu-TCA.