Electronic Modules Research Articles

An analytical review on interfacial reactions in high-temperature die-attach: The insights into the effect of surface metallization and filler materials

This review aims for a comprehensive insight into the interfacial reactions and the effects of surface metallization in high temperature die-attach, which is critical in governing the reliability of resultant interconnects of power electronic modules. With the emerging high-temperature filler materials, the interfacial interactions and microstructural evolutions exhibit various distinctive features, which demands detailed examination in order to identify suitable surface finishes. The metallization is not always beneficial to improving the quality and reliability of the interconnects, and consideration should also be given to the cost-effectiveness and manufacturability. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed during interfacial reactions are of prime concerns for an extended discussion, together with the formation of solid solution at interfaces which can also be an important topic to explore. In this work, five commonly-encountered high temperature solder fillers are examined, including high-Pb, Au-based, Bi-Ag, Zn-Al solders and nano Ag paste, the emphasises are put on the interactions with different metallized surfaces in die-attach. The effects of metallization on interfacial reactions and formation of interfaces are discussed. Finally, the recommendations of suitable metallization are outlined to enable cost-effective and reliable interconnects for the related applications.

Interfacial electron modulation for Ru particles on Cu aerogel as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

The interfacial interaction between Ru nanoparticles and a Cu support in the Ru–Cu aerogel effectively modulates the electronic structure and reduces the energy barrier for HER, therefore leading to the high HER electrocatalytic property.

V-Doping induced surface electron modulation and nanostructure design for Ni(OH)2/GO towards efficient urea electro-oxidation.

The V-α-Ni(OH)2/GO nanoarrays prepared by simple coprecipitation show excellent catalytic properties in urea electro-oxidation, ascribed to the dual modulation of d-orbital electron regulation and ultrathin hierarchical nanostructure construction, which is caused by the introduction of V.

Multi-interface engineering of nickel-based electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

High gravimetric energy density and zero carbon emission of hydrogen have motivated hydrogen energy to be an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting in alkaline medium, driven by green electricity from renewable sources, has been mentioned as a potential solution for sustainable hydrogen production. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as a cathodic half-reaction of water splitting, requires additional overpotential to obtain protons via water adsorption/dissociation, suffering from slow kinetics in alkaline solution. Robust and active nickel (Ni)-based electrocatalyst is a promising candidate for achieving precious-metal comparable performance owing to its platinum-like electronic structures with more efficient electrical power consumption. Various modification strategies have been explored on Ni-based catalysts, among which multi-interface engineering is one of the most effective routines to optimize both the intrinsic activity of Ni-based electrocatalysts and the extrinsic stacked component limitations. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent progress of multi-interface engineering of Ni-based electrocatalysts to improve their alkaline HER catalytic activity. The origin of sluggish alkaline HER kinetics is first discussed. Subsequently, three kinds of interfaces, geometrically and reactively, conductive substrate/electrocatalyst interface, electrocatalyst internal heterointerface, and electrocatalyst/electrolyte interface, were cataloged and discussed on their contribution mechanisms toward alkaline HER. Particular focuses lie on the microstructural and electronic modulation of key intermediates with energetically favorable adsorption/desorption behaviors via rationally designed interfaces. Finally, challenges and perspectives for multi-interface engineering are discussed. We hope that this review will be inspiring and beneficial for the exploration of efficient Ni-based electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrolysis.

Constructing metal telluride-grafted MXene as electron “donor–acceptor” heterostructure for accelerating redox kinetics of high-efficiency Li–S batteries

An electron modulation strategy of “donor–acceptor” is constructed by uniformly grafting NiTe2 onto MXene, serving as a catalyst for shuttling blockers.

Synergistic interfacial electronic modulation of topotactically developed bimetallic CoNiP on NiS nanorods for enhanced alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction.

Designing hybrid transition metal phosphosulfide electrocatalysts is critical for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We propose a novel approach by designing a hierarchical structure of cobalt phosphide (CoP) and nickel phosphide (Ni8P3) nanoparticles topotactically developed on nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) nanorods (CoNiP/NiS) via a sulfuration-phosphorization strategy using conductive 3D nickel foam. Hierarchical heterostructured nanorods were achieved without the need for template removal steps or the assistance of surfactants. This not only simplifies the process but also improves the exposure of active sites for catalytic purposes. Furthermore, the theoretical calculation results revealed that the high H* adsorption-free energy for CoP and Ni8P3 phases significantly decreases upon coupling with Ni3S2, which indicates that the interfacial electronic interaction synergistically modulates both CoP and Ni8P3 (CoNiP) at the coupled interfaces and facilitates the adsorption and desorption of H* intermediates during the HER process. The resulting electrode exhibits excellent performance in the HER catalytic process and shows great performance for further exploration in the urea oxidation reaction (UOR). Our work provides a stepping stone toward rational topotactic transformation of active materials on porous substrates, using electronic structure regulation and heterointerfaces to produce promising electrocatalysts for sustainable, large-scale hydrogen production from water electrolysis.

Molybdate ion leaching and re-adsorption facilitate structural and electronic modulation of nickel–iron catalysts for seawater electrolysis

Continuous leaching of MoO42− accelerates the collapse of the host structure and generation of NiFeOOH. The re-adsorbed MoO42− modify the electronic environment of the Ni and Fe sites and modulates their d-band centers, boosting the OER kinetics.

Damage Mechanics-Based Failure Prediction of Wirebond in Power Electronic Module

Damage Mechanics-Based Failure Prediction of Wirebond in Power Electronic Module

Combinatorial modulation to augment the all-round HER activity of a Ru–CrN catalyst

We demonstrate a coupling strategy to boost the activity and durability towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). On coupling a Volmer booster (Ru) and catalyst promoter (CrN), an electronic modulation occurs that augments the catalytic performance.

Direct observation of arene⋯sulphur dioxide interaction: role of metal ions in electronic modulation for binding and activation.

In the quest to understand biologically relevant interactions of environmentally detrimental SO2 with host molecules to modulate the electronic properties of the binding sites, we have directly observed the lone pair⋯π interaction between the aromatic ring and nucleophilic O of SO2 (3.11 Å), for the first time to the best of our knowledge, in addition to the interaction between electrophilic S of SO2 and metal-bound thiolate (2.63 Å).

Development of Electronic Module with Project based Learning

Background: Educators in the 21st century are faced with the demand to integrate technology into the learning process. One example is by using an electronic module (e-module). The electronic module is an innovative learning media presented digitally, including text, images, and video. This study aims to develop a valid and practical e-module based on project-based learning. Methods: The research and development (R&D) method was used in this study by adopting the Alessi & Trollip development model. Alessi & Trollip's model has three stages: planning, design, and development. Results: The results of e-module validation based on content experts show a value of 4.39 with a very valid category, and the percentage of validator assessment is 87.71%, which means that e-module is in the very feasible category. The media expert validator's assessment was 4.48, which means it is in the very valid category. The presentation of the validator's assessment was 89.58%, meaning that the e-module is suitable for use in the learning process. Student response to e-module based on project-based learning was 4.35 and categorized as very good. The percentage of student interest in the e-module is 86.90%. This value indicates that the e-module based on project-based learning meets the criteria of practicality and is feasible for students to use in the learning process. Conclusions: The e-module based on project-based learning developed in this study shows valid validity and practicality, So the e-module is appropriate for use in the learning process. The use of e-modules based on project-based learning also has the potential to increase students' critical thinking skills.

Enhancing Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Learning Independence in Chemical Equilibrium using E-Module Based Guided Discovery Learning

Chemical equilibrium is considered abstract so it requires visualization by analogy through electronic modules combined with interactive multimedia teaching materials. This study aims to examine the influence of a guided discovery learning-based e-module on chemical equilibrium on the development of conceptual understanding and self-directed learning among 11th grade science students enrolled in the control and experimental groups. The research framework employed in this study follows a research and development (R&D) model. The participants were selected using the cluster random sampling technique. The e-module, developed based on GDL principles, was administered to 72 science 11th grade students through a quasi-experimental design involving a posttest-only control group. The research employed conceptual understanding test of chemical equilibrium and a self-directed learning questionnaire as data collection instruments. The disparities in conceptual understanding and self-directed learning between the control and experimental groups were assessed using the MANOVA (Hotteling's trace) test. There is a significant difference in both the overall and individual abilities of conceptual understanding and learning independence between students who used electronic modules based on GDL and those who did not, as indicated by simultaneous significance levels of 0.001 and individual significance levels of 0.009 and 0.004, all of which are smaller than 0.05.

Development of STEM-Based Physics E-Module with Self-Regulated Learning to Train Students’ Creative Thinking Skills

Twenty-first century skills are recognized as a competency standard that students need to possess to support the demands of success both in work and in life in the future, especially in learning. In line with this, learning that can accommodate 21st-century skills is learning that has a balance between the scientific approach and the use of technology. One of the efforts that can be made is to develop teaching materials in the form of electronic modules that integrate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) to train creative thinking skills that are also adjusted to the applicable school curriculum. However, most of the teaching materials, especially the modules that are used in general, are only printed modules. Based on these problems, we need electronic modules (e-modules) that direct students to have 21st-century skills and the dimensions that exist in the independent learning curriculum. This study aims to develop an e-module based on STEM and self-regulated learning about global warming topics to train students’ creative thinking skills. This type of research involves adapting a 4-D development model. Which consist of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The data were gathered through questionnaires and tests. The questionnaire instrument consists of an expert validation questionnaire of three experts. Meanwhile, the test instrument consisted of a pre-test and a post-test, which were tested on 32 students in class X majoring in science. The N-gain score for creative thinking skills is 0.60 in the medium category. Based on the results of this study, the development of a STEM-based physics e-module with self-regulated learning on the global warming topic can train students' creative thinking skills.

Improving Students' Concept Understanding of Lens Refraction Material by Using STEM-Based E-Modules: A Feasibility Test

This study aims to test the feasibility level of learning media in the form of STEM-based electronic modules on refraction material in lenses to improve the conceptual understanding of SMA / MA students. The research method used is R & D using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). However, this research only reached the development stage by testing the feasibility of e-modules. STEM-based e-modules on lens refraction material are presented as online flipbooks so that their use can be accessed via smartphones (android or iOS). Data collection in this study was carried out by distributing feasibility test questionnaires to 3 validators consisting of 2 Physics Education expert lecturers who have taught for 1 and 2 years, 1 physics teacher who has taught for 25 years, and 53 prospective physics teachers. Based on the feasibility test results by the validator, the STEM-based e-module to improve students' conceptual understanding of lens refraction material is in the category suitable for use in learning. The implication is that because the e-module has been declared feasible in the development process, the e-module can be implemented in physics learning to increase students' conceptual understanding of the concept of refraction.

Development of Chemical Learning Electronic Module Based on Multiple Representation in The Redox Topic

<p>The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 significantly shifted educational paradigms, necessitating the adoption of online learning modalities. This study, rooted in the contextual changes brought by the pandemic, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, quality, and impact of a Mixed Reality (MR) e-module on redox reaction topics in a high school setting. The research followed a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) but was confined to the development phase.Conducted in a High School in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, this study involved 98 students (30 from grade 12 and 68 from grade 11), 3 teachers, and 2 validators. The research methodology included pre-tests and post-tests, alongside questionnaires to gather data. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to process the assessments from validators, teachers, student responses, and test results.The field trial results indicated that the MR e-module for chemistry learning was deemed satisfactory and effective by the respondents. The analysis of the test of between-subject effect revealed no significant differences in interest and pre-test learning achievement between control and experimental groups. However, post-test results showed notable differences in interest and learning achievements, favoring the experimental group exposed to the MR e-module.The effectiveness of the MR e-module was quantified using partial eta squared calculations. The MR e-module contributed 25.7% effectively to both learning interest and achievement. When considered separately, the contribution was 2.7% for learning interest and 21.9% for learning achievement. These findings underscore the potential of MR e-modules as valuable educational tools, enhancing both student engagement and academic performance in online learning environments during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>

Implementation of E-office: A Pragmatic Study on Employees Attitude in R&D Institutions of Power Sector in India

Eoffice is a technology that has emerged in India as open source software, and the National Informatics Centre (NIC) provides a comprehensive variety of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to make Eoffice practice and implementation more convenient for everyone. Because it serves as the backbone of the networking infrastructure, it has given outstanding services to all significant government organisations across India. To examine the relationships between various aspects of technology, their integration, and the provision of services to society, electronic office modules (EOMs) can be utilized in research contexts. The study is exploratory in nature and uses a structured questionnaire. Keeping in view the small population at 10% margin of error and 95% confidence level a sample size of [n=67] users of Eoffice application were determined using the Cochran formula. The questionnaires were distributed through online medium. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the data collected using the SPSS Software. As part of an effort to better understand employee attitude toward Eoffice implementation, it has been found that employees are generally supportive of the initiative. It is possible that this attitude has played a key role in the success of the Eoffice implementation at Central Power Research Institute (CPRI). According to the confirmatory factor analysis, Eoffice adoption is influenced by both positive and negative attitudes. However, the positivity serves as a catalyst for embracing Eoffice and bringing together manufacturers, academics, and government research institutes on a single platform to accomplish this goal.

Anion-tuning in cobalt chalcogenides for a comparative study on electro-oxidation of glucose

Electronic structure modulation is of great important to enhance the electrocatalytic ability for glucose oxidation and follow up the electrochemical sensing performance. In this work, Co3X4 (X = O, S, Se) synthesized by oxidation, sulfurization and selenylation of ZIF-67 precursor, respectively, are served as electrocatalysts and then modified on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) to construct sensing electrodes. The Co3S4/ITO electrode shows a highest sensitivity of 1109.9 μA−1 mM−1 cm−2 when compared with those of the Co3Se4/ITO electrode (515.9 μA−1 mM−1 cm−2), Co3O4/ITO electrode (227.7 μA−1 mM−1 cm−2), and even the relative reported sensing electrodes, enabling more efficient electro-oxidation of glucose by S substitution in Co3X4. The experimental characterization and theoretical calculation elucidate that tuning the anion components in cobalt chalcogenides can modulate their electrochemical active surface area, hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity and binding energies for glucose adsorption, in turn, the electrocatalytic ability. This work provides not only an effective strategy for performance improvement but also a significant understanding of how the anion component of electrocatalyst affect their glucose oxidation ability.

Integration of Gender Equality Values Through Innovative Development of Interactive E-Modules in Social Studies Subject

Amidst the necessity for inclusive educational materials, this study endeavors to develop an E-Module that seamlessly integrates Gender Equality Values into the junior high school Social Studies curriculum.. The research product is an electronic module built using software and undergoes evaluation by experts, alongside feedback from teachers and students. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach, following the ADDIE model, the e-learning module undergoes a validation process. This validation process involves two subject matter experts: one specializing in gender studies and another in history, along with a media expert and a Social Studies teacher. The results of the validation indicate the high validity of the Interactive E-Module, with all involved parties providing strong validation scores. On average, expert and teacher assessments resulted in a validity score of 94.7%. Each party consistently achieved an average of 90% for both content and E-Module design. These results underscore the e-learning module's suitability for use, making it a highly recommended resource for Social Studies teachers at the junior high school level.

The Effect of Electronic Modules Based on Problem-Based Learning on Creative Thinking Ability

Learning models proposed by an independent curriculum and student-centered tools have not been fully utilized. This observation is supported by the outcome of an initial assessment, which revealed a low level of creative thinking ability among students. This initial assessment forms the foundation for the research problem addressed in the context of electronic module-based problem learning in physics education. The study employs a quasi-experimental design utilizing a Randomized Control Group Only Design and posttest-only methodology. Data collection solely involves knowledge-related aspects. In this study, the experimental group underwent treatment through the utilization of problem-based learning electronic modules, while the control group did not receive this treatment. The research findings indicate notable variations in student creativity thinking abilities, discernible through the diverse average scores in each group's student responses. Assessments included tests for normality, homogeneity, and a two-sample similarity test. The analysis results indicate that the value of "th" falls within the range of H0 resistance, leading to the acceptance of H1 at a significance level of 0.05. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrates that th > tt ­is 2.6318 > 2.0181. Consequently, it can be inferred that disparities exist in student creativity thinking skills concerning knowledge acquisition when comparing the utilization of problem-based learning electronic modules to its non-utilization.

Regulating local electron density of Cu active site by the lamellar structure of hydrotalcite for selective-hydrogenation of furfural

Rational modulation of the local electron density of Cu active site is the key to improve the efficient transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of furfural (FF) on the surface of catalysts with low Cu-loadings. In this paper, a CuMgAl/LSC catalyst with lower Cu content (<3.5 %wt) was prepared by using porous biochar as a carrier and exploiting the local dispersion and electron-modulation effects of structural elements of hydrotalcite laminates. CTH experiments showed that the conversion of FF and the selectivity of FA could reach more than 99.0 % in isopropanol solution at 170 °C and within 1 h. Catalyst characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the Cu(I) species was the main active site during the CTH process of FF. Doping laminate metals (i.e., Mg, Al) can not only form electron-rich centers by local electron modulation of the active site through the coordination structure of Cu-O-M, lowering its D-band center and achieving higher catalytic activity; Due to the Jahn-Teller effect, the local spatial misalignment of Cu sites formed, which can reduce the risk of over-hydrogenation and improve the FA selectivity. In addition, it can be also found that the Coulomb tractive force of reactive intermediates can lead to the crystal surface reconstruction and structure deterioration of Cu species. The new discovery of the deactivation mechanism can provide a reference for the future design of copper-based catalysts in CTH process of FF.