Electronic Map Research Articles

Design and implementation of an edge computing-based GPS tracking system

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the technical aspects of edge-enabled GPS tracking systems, their evolution, and an analysis of existing problem-solving approaches. It introduces mathematical models that simulate the operation of the hardware and software components of these systems. An adaptive user interface has been developed, enabling usage across various platforms such as smartphones and personal computers. The paper also explores innovative methods for visualizing the trajectory of a moving object on an electronic map. Specialized software for the Atmega162-16PU microcontroller has been developed to control the GSM module and GPS receiver. A novel method for data transmission from a GPS tracker to a web server is proposed. The paper concludes with the successful testing of two experimental GPS-tracker prototypes under uncertain conditions. The developed edge-enabled GPS tracking software and hardware show potential for monitoring moving objects within the coverage of GSM cellular networks.

Optimization of Deep Learning Parameters for Magneto-Impedance Sensor in Metal Detection and Classification.

Deep learning technology is generally applied to analyze periodic data, such as the data of electromyography (EMG) and acoustic signals. Conversely, its accuracy is compromised when applied to the anomalous and irregular nature of the data obtained using a magneto-impedance (MI) sensor. Thus, we propose and analyze a deep learning model based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) optimized for the MI sensor, such that it can detect and classify data that are relatively irregular and diverse compared to the EMG and acoustic signals. Our proposed method combines the long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) models to detect and classify metal objects from signals acquired by an MI sensor. First, we configured various layers used in RNN with a basic model structure and tested the performance of each layer type. In addition, we succeeded in increasing the accuracy by processing the sequence length of the input data and performing additional work in the prediction process. An MI sensor acquires data in a non-contact mode; therefore, the proposed deep learning approach can be applied to drone control, electronic maps, geomagnetic measurement, autonomous driving, and foreign object detection.

Synthesis and characterization of enhanced carbon nanotube-supported PtRuBi alloy catalyst for ethylene glycol electrooxidation

At present, carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Pt-based catalysts are prepared by the sodium borohydride (SBH) method for catalytic ethylene glycol (EG) electrooxidation. The structural and morphology surface analyses of these catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and mapping analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the catalytic activity and electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the catalysts are examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The 10 % PtRuBi(80-10-10)/CNT catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity with a specific activity of 6.10 mA/cm2 and an ECSA value of 488.42 m2/g. Furthermore, it is observed that it exhibited the best stability and resistance by chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses. It can be a promising anode catalyst for direct EG fuel cells.

Two-step pyrolytic preparation of biochar for the adsorption study of tetracycline in water

In this study, cow dung biomass was converted into biochar (BC). BC900 was obtained through one-step pyrolysis at 900 °C, while BC700–900 and BC900–700 were obtained via two-step pyrolysis at temperature ranges of 700–900 °C and 900-700 °C, respectively. The primary objective was to investigate the adsorption performance and application value of BCs for tetracycline (TC) in water. The samples underwent characterization using scanning electron microscopy and mapping analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, the effects of reaction time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, pH, and ionic strength were analyzed. Based on the fitting results of adsorption kinetics, the pyrolytic BCs exhibited a better fit with the pseudo-secondary kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm indicated monolayer adsorption on the surface of the adsorbents, with maximum adsorption capacities of 158.93 mg/g for BC900–700, 150.15 mg/g for BC700–900, and 142.56 mg/g for BC900, respectively. Furthermore, results from simulated wastewater and regeneration experiments demonstrated that BC900–700 exhibited not only excellent adsorption performance in wastewater but also remarkable regeneration capabilities. The two-step pyrolysis BCs in this study displayed a higher adsorption capacity compared to the one-step pyrolysis BCs in practical applications. These findings provide insights for further exploring the adsorption mechanism and optimizing the process.

ConGPS: A Smart Container Positioning System Using Inertial Sensor and Electronic Map with Infrequent GPS.

Real-time global positioning is important for container-based logistics. However, a challenge in real-time global positioning arises from the frequency of both global positioning system (GPS) calls and GPS-denied environments during transportation. This paper proposes a novel system named ConGPS that integrates both inertial sensor and electronic map data. ConGPS estimates the speed and heading direction of a moving container based on the inertial sensor data, the container trajectory, and the speed limit information provided by an electronic map. The directional information from magnetometers, coupled with map-matching algorithms, is employed to compute container trajectories and current positions. ConGPS significantly reduces the frequency of GPS calls required to maintain an accurate current position. To evaluate the accuracy of the system, 280 min of driving data, covering a distance of 360 km, are collected. The results demonstrate that ConGPS can maintain positioning accuracy within a GPS-call interval of 15 min, even if using low-cost inertial sensors in GPS-denied environments.

Electronic and manual mind mapping as mediating tools in the EFL writing process

Electronic and manual mind mapping as mediating tools in the EFL writing process

Release note for the BSCD2000 height transformation grid

A unified Chart Datum for the whole Baltic Sea is required for the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in accurate 3-D bathymetric surveying and navigation, enabling for automated shipping with increased efficiency and improved maritime safety. So far, the zero levels of nautical maps were derived from the mean sea level (MSL) of different local tide gauges. The inherent height datum differences between neighboring map sheets are a fundamental infrastructural obstacle for implementing and using new cross-border navigation services based on electronic nautical maps. The Baltic Sea Hydrographic Commission, with its Chart Datum, Water Level and Currents Working Group (CDWCWG), has therefore decided to implement a harmonized vertical reference in the Baltic Sea (BSHC18 conference, 2013; Schwabe et al., 2020) called the Baltic Sea Chart Datum 2000 (BSCD2000). The first milestone was the agreement between the Baltic Sea countries on the fundamental standards of the BSCD2000, the general features of its practical realization, and the roadmap for the transition and implementation of the new chart datum (CDWG8, 2016).

The use of elements of digital agriculture to obtain climate-based crop yields in specialized crop rotations

Relevance. Precision agriculture has the potential to provide better and more sustainable food production. This term means the use of various technical and software tools for collecting, analyzing and applying information about the state of agrocenoses and implementing mechanisms for their correction directly on the field. Currently, there are many software products on the market that offer to «digitize» production processes in the agro-industrial complex. Most often, this includes the compilation of electronic maps of fields and (based on them) the differentiation of sowing and application of fertilizers and pesticides.Methods. A wide range of field, statistical and analytical methods were used.Results. The data on the possibility and effectiveness of using various elements of digital technologies in precision agriculture in countries with different levels of development of both agriculture and IT technologies are analyzed. The possibilities of using one of the digital agricultural platforms in the cultivation of crops in a specialized crop rotation have been studied. The data of conducting an experiment with flax and annual ryegrass on a digitized field and using modernized equipment are presented. The features of the algorithms of the modules of the information and analytical plant management system for specialized crop rotations with the participation of flax are revealed in real field conditions.

Recreation characteristics of the green zone forests of the Zhytomyr city

Recreation in forests is important for residents of cities, including Zhytomyr. The forests of the city’s green zone require a comprehensive assessment to regulate the recreational use of state and municipal forests. In order to analyse the recreational indicators of the forests of the green zone of Zhytomyr, a comparative analysis of forest management data of landscape mensuration was carried out and compared with the results of our own field research. To analyse the recreational indicators, the forest management database, materials of previous field studies, as well as electronic mapping materials and a geographic information system were used. According to the forest management data, the spatial structure of the forest park area is far from optimal due to the small share of open and semi-open landscape types. The existing functional zoning in most areas does not correspond to the actual recreational use of the territory. There are areas with intensive visits that are not classified as forest parks and do not have landscape mensuration data, although they have a high level of improvement. In terms of walkability, sustainability, aesthetic and integrated assessment, the forest park areas demonstrate mostly mediocre results. The recreational digression of the vast majority of sites is insignificant. Some plots have the necessary indicators for a high additional assessment. The results of the field surveys confirmed the unreliability of some recreational indicators determined by forest management. The largest discrepancy was noted in the determination of walkability, additional and recreational values, which are significantly underestimated. In the most visited areas, the actual indicators of recreational digression and aesthetic assessment are lower than those in the forest management materials. Refinement of the data on recreational characteristics of the forest park zone areas allows updating the information on landscape mensuration and developing a comprehensive functional zoning of the territory of suburban forests in Zhytomyr. The results of the study will help state and municipal forestry enterprises to optimize the recreational exploitation of forests within the green zone of the city, rationalize the use of natural resources for recreational purposes, while ensuring environmental sustainability

A Method of Combining Data from Electronic Maps and Satellite Measurements for High-Precision Positioning of Moving Objects

A Method of Combining Data from Electronic Maps and Satellite Measurements for High-Precision Positioning of Moving Objects

Development of recommendations for improving the radiation monitoring system of Ukraine

The effective functioning of the radiation monitoring network is an all-important task for all countries worldwide because the health of personnel working at radiation-hazardous facilities and the population living in the affected areas depend on it. A critical analysis of the functioning of radiation monitoring systems of various countries worldwide (Ukraine, United States of America, France, Sweden, Germany, South Korea, Switzerland, and China) was valid and showed their advantages and disadvantages. Criteria for displaying data on the electronic map about the state of radiation pollution and criteria for reports on the functioning of the radiation monitoring network have been determined. To improve the functioning of the radiation monitoring system of Ukraine, some recommendations for their improvement have been provided.

Magnetic and photoluminescence behavior of transitional metal ions-doped ZnO nanoparticles

Soft-chemical methods were used to create ZnO nanoparticles that were doped with transition metal (Ni and Co) ions. By using a variety of characterization approaches, the crystal phases, microstructural, magnetic, and optical characteristics of doped ZnO NPs were fully examined. Electron mapping and chemical analysis were performed with SEM-EDS and ICP-AES, respectively, showing that the doping of metal ions was successful. TEM and XRD)analyses of doped ZnO NPs showed the confirmation of the wurtzite structure of ZnO. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the doping of metal ions into the ZnO matrix. When compared to pristine ZnO, the PL spectra of the doped ZnO NPs indicated a greater defect concentration. Moreover, the magnetic measurement results of doped ZnO NPs showed defect-mediated room temperature ferromagnetic behavior without any coercivity and remanence magnetization. It has been found that the ferromagnetic behavior of doped ZnO NPs is mainly reliant on the defect concentrations in the sample.

Геоинформационное картографирование урбанизированных территорий с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования (на примере г. Волгограда)

The article examines the dynamics of land cover change in the territory of Volgograd city within the administrative districts from 2017 to 2021. The research objective is to analyze the changes in urban development areas of Volgograd over a five-year period using remote sensing data and geoinformation technologies. The data sources used are global land use maps provided by ESRI, based on the automatic classification of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 m/pixel. The creation and analysis of electronic maps were performed using QGIS 3 software. As a result of the conducted research, the areas of major land cover types were obtained, and their dynamics were studied, identifying areas of new urban development. The three most developed districts are Central, Voroshilovsky, and Krasnooktyabrsky. The built-up area has increased by 325 hectares from 2017 to 2021, with the majority of this increase occurring in the Soviet district of the city. The growth of built-up areas mostly happens at the expense of vacant lots and abandoned arable land. From 2012 to 2021, the population of Volgograd was decreasing by an average of 2,500 people per year. However, the construction of new residential complexes has not ceased. In 2022, the population sharply increased to a record level for the past decade, which may intensify new construction. The city’s forested areas are decreasing, which is characteristic of all administrative districts. According to ESRI data, in 2021, the average forest coverage was 5.3% with a forest area of 4.6 thousand hectares, while in 2017, the average forest coverage was 5.6%. The highest forest coverage is observed in the Kirovsky district, at 16.4%. Sarpa Island, which was included within the administrative boundaries of the district in 2008, also has a high forest coverage of 30.8%.

Electronic properties and molecular electrostatic potential mapping of edge functionalized GQDs with ZnO, CuO, and TiO2

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a cutting-edge material that has excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics, as well as minimal toxicity and powerful photoluminescence. These unique properties give GQDs the ability to be used in different electrical, optical, and optoelectronic applications. GQDs with hexagonal and triangular cuts with armchair and zigzag ends (ATRI, AHEX, ZTRI, and ZHEX) were decorated with different metal oxides such as ZnO, CuO, and TiO2. Metal oxides (MOs) were employed to tune the band gap and electrical properties of GQDs for usage in certain applications. The influence of functionalization on the GQDs electronic properties was examined utilizing HOMO–LUMO orbital distribution and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) mapping calculations. The model structures were calculated using density functional theory (DFT: B3LYP/ LanL2DZ). The band gap energies of AHEX C42, ZHEX C54, ATRI C60, and ZTRI C46 were found to be 3.508, 2.886, 3.177, and 0.305 eV, respectively. The findings show that addition of MOs increases the total dipole moment (TDM) while decreasing the band gap energy ∆E. The most effective metal MO on GQDs band gap and electronic properties was TiO2, which enhanced the band gap energy ∆E for AHEX C42-TiO2, ZHEX C54-TiO2, ATRI C60-TiO2, and ZTRI C46-TiO2 to 0.391, 0.530, 0.287, and 0.250 eV, respectively. Accordingly, GQDs seem to be excellent for certain applications. Accordingly, GQDs functionalized with ZnO could be used for sensors, due to their increased responsiveness and energy gap variation while GQDs functionalized with TiO2 is excellent to be applied as optoelectronic materials.

The Effect of The Electronic Mind Maps as A Pre and Post Graphic Organizer in The Development of Computational Concepts among Middle School Students

هدف البحث الحالي إلى تحديد أثر الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية كمنظم بصري (قبلي – بعدى) في تنمية المفاهيم الحاسوبية لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في الوحدة الأولى من الكتاب المدرسي للحاسب الآلي للصف الأول المتوسط بعنوان (أتعرف على حاسبوبي) والوحدة الثانية (أفهم حاسوبي)، وقد تكونت عينة البحث من ثلاث مجموعات من طلاب الصف الاول المتوسط في مدرسة المعتصم بالله بمدينة الدمام التابعة لإدارة التعليم في المنطقة الشرقية، وتم اختيارها بطريقة عشوائية وتقسيمها إلى ثلاث مجموعات، أحدهما تجريبية أولى بلغ عددها (27) طالبًا، والتجريبية الثانية وبلغ عددها(26) طالبًا ومجموعة ضابطة بلغ عددها (17) طالباً، أعد الباحث اختبارا تحصيليا مكوناً من (20) سؤالاً تم عرضه على مجموعة من المحكمين للتأكد من صدق محتواه، تم تطبيقه على عينة الدراسة وتحديد أثر اختلاف تقديم الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية كمنظمات بصرية (قبلي- بعدي) في تنمية المفاهيم الحاسوبية لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة، وتوصلت نتائج البحث إلى وجود فرق دال إحصائياً عند مستوى دلالة (0.05≥α) بين متوسطي درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة وطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى في التطبيق البعدي للاختبار التحصيلي للمفاهيم الحاسوبية ترجع إلى اختلاف طريقة المعالجة (الطريقة المعتادة- الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية كمنظم بعدي) لصالح المجموعة التجريبية الأولى في التطبيق البعدي، ووجود فرق دال إحصائياً عند مستوى دلالة (0.05≥α) بين متوسطي درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة وطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية في التطبيق البعدي للاختبار التحصيلي للمفاهيم الحاسوبية ترجع الى اختلاف طريقة المعالجة (الطريقة المعتادة- الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية كمنظم قبلي) لصالح المجموعة التجريبية الثانية في التطبيق البعدي.

Opportunistic navigation applied to integration of alternative positioning and electronic mapping based on spline technology

The problem of vulnerability and local incapacity of global satellite navigation systems is formulated. The expediency of alternative positioning methods to create a precedent for high-precision location determination in the satellitedenied environment is revealed. The hypothesis about the impossibility of a separate alternative to meet the requirements of full autonomy of modern navigation when it is necessary to comprehensively solve geolocation scenarios based on the combinatorics of various technologies is put forward. An assumption about the probable advantage of combining data from several information sources to compensate for the disadvantages of each option when predicting an increase in the overall reliability and accuracy of navigation parameters is made. An opportunistic navigation paradigm with the objective function of obtaining location information from mixing additional radio frequency signals with simultaneous visualization of a spline positioning map to determine the location inside a graphic fragment is proposed. The confidence that the approach from the standpoint of spline functions expands the horizon of possibilities of the concept of opportunistic navigation from the purely technical synergetics of the landscape of «signals of opportunity» to the creation of a perspective positioning system using effective electronic mapping is expressed. It is determined that the positioning accuracy of navigation systems is practically necessary to build an optimal trajectory for the safe routing of the vessel. Attention is focused on understanding the optimality of the trajectory as a multi-way planning strategy within the framework of the «receding horizon» paradigm with the obligatory condition that a waypoint with a user-defined probability is achievable by a moving object. It is noted that the modeling of optimal trajectories is implemented by a method similar to the technology of interpolation of navigation contours based on the composition of a B-spline with the provision of an attribute parameter to maintain the same value at each point as a result of the analysis of the spatial anisotropy of the source data. The synthesis of threedimensional spreading of magnetic map anomalies has been tested to create a mapping standard based on a hybrid approximation algorithm as an implementation of a method for computer rendering a geometric primitive of a function of two variables. The postulate of increasing the potential of high-precision localization of the position of any mobile object in space is interpreted, provided that the ontology of opportunistic navigation is applied in practice as the realization of situational awareness of interdependent technical systems in order to maximize the reliability of observation.

Microwave absorption, physicochemical, elemental mapping, and high-frequency perspectives of the Co, Cu, Zn doped Ni-Ce absorbers for Ku band frequency

The excellent absorbing ability, low weight, and thin size are the key challenges for addressing the electromagnetic issues in military systems and stealth missile technology. Recently, we increased the absorption features of the Co, Cu, and Zn-doped Ni spinel ferrites to improve the absorption performance of the absorbers in a high-frequency regime. The two-step process was employed to synthesize Co, Cu, and Zn substituted Ni-Ce nano ferrites with a nominal composition of Ni0.5×0.3Ce0.2Fe2O4 (X = Co, Cu, Zn). Various tools for the characterizations, such as XRD, FESEM, FTIR, TG/DTA, XPS, VSM, and VNA, investigated these synthesized nanocrystalline ferrites from structural, spectral, thermal, morphological, elemental, magnetic, dielectric, and absorption points of view. XRD results revealed the existence of cubic phase structure in Ni-Ce ferrites. The crystallite size was enhanced from 43 to 54 nm. FTIR spectra showed the existence of tetrahedral and octahedral bands of the Co, Cu, and Zn doped circular-shaped Ni-Ce ferrites. FESEM images revealed the mixed particles of polygonal, circular shaped Co, Cu and Zn doped Ni-Ce ferrite sample. Electron mapping analysis reveals the presence of Ni, Ce, Co, Zn, Cu, Fe, and O elements. VSM analysis was used to calculate the magnetization and other parameters of the samples. Co-doped NiCe absorber depicted RL of -46.8 dB for 2.9 mm thickness at 16 GHz, whereas the Cu-doped NiCe absorber depicted RL of -43.5 dB for 2.8 mm at 14.9 GHz. In addition, Zn doped NiCe absorber shows RL of -51.5 dB is perceived for 2.8 mm thickness at 17.6 GHz, respectively. The Zn-doped NiCe absorber is an excellent absorber for Ku band absorption applications. The prepared absorbers could be used for EMI shielding materials in the next-generation absorbing devices for multipurpose applications.

Collaborative path planning and task allocation for multiple agricultural machines

Path planning and task allocation are critical concerns in multi-machine collaborative operations for unmanned farms. Nevertheless, several problems remain in the operation of agricultural machinery, such as the slow path planning algorithm, the omission of the working area, and the unreasonable scheduling of machines, resulting in low efficiency and wasted resources. Collaborative and complete coverage path planning was achieved to solve the problems of slow path planning algorithms and the omission of working areas. The farm’s electronic map was constructed using the topological map method. The improved Dijkstra algorithm based on priority queues was combined with three different complete coverage methods: the nested method, the reciprocating method, and the combination of nested and internal spiral path methods. The simulation results show that the improved Dijkstra method based on priority queues can effectively minimize the running time of the algorithm. The reciprocating method has a higher coverage index than the other two methods, with an average coverage rate of 94.73 %. To solve the problem of illogical scheduling of the same type of agricultural machines, an improved ant colony method was presented based on the whole working path to minimize the path cost. The simulation results show that the proposed method can allocate the task properly, and the path cost is reduced by 14 %–33 %. By combining the proposed path planning and task allocation methods, the whole-process path planning of a single agricultural machine and multiple agricultural machines of the same type was achieved, providing a technical solution for promoting the construction of unmanned farms.

Comparison of different methods for synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and investigation of their cellular properties, and antioxidant potential

Iron oxide nanoparticles could play a useful role in lung cancer therapy. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by plant mediated synthesis, chemical, and microbial mediated synthesis. iron oxide nanoparticle polyethylene glycol cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Fe2O3@PEG@CDDP(, iron oxide nanoparticle polyethylene glycol (Fe2O3@PEG), and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) were evaluated for their antioxidant,and in vitro cytotoxicity tests. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), mapping, and zeta potential were used to characterize the synthesized iron oxides NPs. Cell toxicity was determined using A549 and HFF cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidant scavenging activity of Fe2O3@PEG@CDDP, Fe2O3@PEG, and CDDP displayed IC50 values (11.96, 26.74, and 3.17 μg/ml) and (8.54, 11.4, and 1.14 μg/ml) in 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Nanoparticles obtained from plant mediated synthesis method showed the great antioxidant activity. Results showed that, green-method synthesized nanoparticles were the most effective at killing cancer cells. Thus, the characteristics of nanoparticles from green synthesis are more valuable than the other methods. Green synthesis is environmental friendly cost-effective, and easy approach for synthesize NPs.

The effect of chemical variability and weathering on Raman spectra of enargite and fahlore

Abstract. Enargite (Cu3AsS4) and tennantite (Cu12As4S13) are typical As-bearing sulfides in intermediate- and high-sulfidation epithermal deposits. Trace and major element variations in enargite and tennantite and their substitution mechanisms are widely described. However, Raman spectra of the minerals with correlative quantitative chemical information are rarely documented, especially for enargite. Therefore, comparative electron and μ-Raman microprobe analyses were performed on enargite and fahlore grains. These spectra can be used in the industrial detection and subsequent removal of As-bearing sulfides prior to ore beneficiation in order to diminish the environmental impact of the metallurgical technologies. A simple Sb5+–As5+ substitution in enargite was confirmed by Raman analyses. Similarly, a complete solid solution series from tetrahedrite to tennantite (i.e., Sb3+–As3+ substitution) can be correlated with a gradual evolution in their Raman spectra. In turn, Te4+ occupies the As3+ and Sb3+ sites in fahlore by the coupled substitution Te4+ + Cu+ → (As, Sb)3+ + (Cu, Fe, Zn)2+. Accordingly, Raman bands of goldfieldite (Te-rich member) are strongly broadened compared with those of tetrahedrite and tennantite. A secondary phase with high porosity and a fibrous or wormlike texture was found in enargite in a weathered sample. The chemical composition, Raman spectrum, and X-ray diffraction signature of the secondary phase resemble tennantite. A gradual transformation of the primary enargite into this secondary phase was visualized by comparative electron and Raman microprobe mapping.