Electronic Lexicography Research Articles

Рецензия на коллективную монографию «Новые подходы к анализу структуры и семантики дискурса и терминологических систем» (Пятигорск: ПГУ, 2023. 154 с.)

The monograph discusses the issues of cognitive linguistics, cognitive terminology, linguapragmatics, linguasemiotics and discourse theory. New approaches to the structural and semantic analysis of discourse and terminological systems drawing on the Russian and English language material are considered. The monograph consists of four chapters: “Mediation discourse and PR discourse in the Internet space: some linguistic and pragmatic characteristics”, “The essential characteristic of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation in the film discourse”, “The role of colourative terminological elements in the structure and semantics of terminological systems” and “Electronic lexicography and some semantic features of the terminological system of digital photography”. The linguapragmatic characteristics of different types of discourse are given drawing on the material of mediation discourse, PR discourse, and film discourse, the phenomenon of linguacreativity and the levels of its manifestation are described. The paper presents a comprehensive methodological approach to the discourse as a phenomenon, examines the semantic features of terminological units, including their oppositional relations, as well as the specifics of lexicography of terms as one of the ways to order, unify and standardize terminology. The authors use for analysis the terminology systems of botany, zoology, oil and gas production and digital photography in the modern English language. The monograph will be of interest to a wide range of specialists in the fields of cognitive linguistics, discourse theory, and terminology studies.

Microstructure of a Bilingual Dictionary in the Context of Electronic Lexicography

Microstructure of a Bilingual Dictionary in the Context of Electronic Lexicography

Is a Hybrid Bilingual Dictionary a Tenable Proposition?

Over the past three decades, great strides have been made in the field of pedagogical monolingual dictionaries in English. By comparison, the content, methodology and the primary functions of the bilingual dictionary (BD) have remained largely unaltered. Research and experience in the fields of translation and AFL/EFL within the Arabic context, however, indicate that the status quo of the Arabic-English dictionary is untenable as present dictionaries are evidently not only inadequate but are likely to lead to errors of usage. Therefore, it is felt that extensive modifications need to be made to the Arabic-English dictionary in order to make it more pedagogically oriented for foreign learners and more responsive to the actual needs of Arab translation professionals and language learners. The proposal will result in the production of a hybrid dictionary intended for decoding and encoding purposes. The methodology, content and functions, served by this hybrid dictionary as well as the vast potential offered by electronic lexicography mean that traditional dichotomies in dictionary typology thought to be mutually exclusive need to be reconsidered. Equally, more scholarly attention should be paid to this new kind of hybrid dictionary.

‟Deep lexicography” – Fad or Opportunity?

In recent years, we are witnessing staggering improvements in various semantic data processing tasks due to the developments in the area of deep learning, ranging from image and video processing to speech processing, and natural language understanding. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that these developments pose for the area of electronic lexicography. We primarily focus on the concept of representation learning of the basic elements of language, namely words, and the applicability of these word representations to lexicography. We first discuss well-known approaches to learning static representations of words, the so-called word embeddings, and their usage in lexicography-related tasks such as semantic shift detection, and cross-lingual prediction of lexical features such as concreteness and imageability. We wrap up the paper with the most recent developments in the area of word representation learning in form of learning dynamic, context-aware representations of words, showcasing some dynamic word embedding examples, and discussing improvements on lexicography-relevant tasks of word sense disambiguation and word sense induction.

Electronic Lexicography: Traditional and Modern Approaches М. V. Маkarych1), Yu. B. Popova1), M. O. Shved2)

Nowadays there are a lot of modern technologies in electronic lexicography: speech synthesis technology, cross-referencing between dictionary modules, spell-checking functions, etc. The increasing availability of online information has necessitated intensive research in the area of automatic text summarization within the Natural Language Processing community. Belarusian scientists are also interested in this sphere and new lexicographical approaches for creating a linguistic database are shown in the paper. The authors present English-Belarusian-Russian electronic dictionary TechLex. This is the project of the 2nd English Department and the Department of Software for Information Systems and Technologies of the Belarusian National Technical University. The linguistic database of the dictionary is compiled not by the traditional method of processing a large number of paper dictionaries and combining the received translations, but by sequential processing of scientific and technical English-language periodicals. While the designing the dictionary the authors have taken into account the analysis of modern electronic multilingual translation dictionaries and created a client-server application in the Java programming language. The client part of the system contains a mobile application for the Android operating system, which has been tested on tablets and smartphones with different screen diagonals. The interface of the TechLex dictionary is designed taking into account the possibility of adding new subject areas and filling them with appropriate lexical material. The main advantage of our dictionary is that it is the first technical multilingual electronic dictionary having a Belarusian version.

Макропроектот Македонска научна и стручна терминологија – тековна состојба и идни активности

This paper provides an overview of the Macedonian scientific and professional terminology macro project – the oldest project of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The 50th anniversary of the macro project should mark the shift of the project’s activities towards electronic lexicography. In this stage, corpus linguistics will be used for drafting electronic terminological databases that will be available online for the users. Specialized corpora should be the starting point and they will be very useful to the terminologists for determining the most suitable terms that should be included in terminological dictionaries of a given domain. Macedonian language, terminology, electronic lexicography, terminological databases

English-Latvian Dictionaries in the Age of Electronic Lexicography

In the 21st century the advantages of electronic dictionaries have been widely acknowledged. Electronic dictionaries form an important branch of contemporary lexicography, however, in general English-Latvian lexicography print dictionaries still outnumber the electronic ones since there is only one large English-Latvian dictionary with complex microstructure and two differing user interfaces that is available in the electronic medium. The aim of the study is to analyse the major general English-Latvian electronic dictionary, determine its type and assess the compliance of this dictionary with the standards of contemporary electronic lexicography. The analysis focuses on the evaluation of dictionary microstructure, the accessibility of information, the adaptability of user interface, the use of dictionary-internal and external links and the sources of lexicographical data in the general English-Latvian electronic dictionary. The analysis reveals that even though the microstructure of the electronic dictionary is essentially based on a print dictionary, it has been supplemented by information from various other sources. The dictionary applies some innovative features of contemporary electronic lexicography, but various improvements related to the presentation of some metalinguistic elements, unity of microstructure, diversity of search options, use of dictionary-internal and external links, application of corpus data and multimodality would be necessary to enhance its correspondence to the standards of contemporary electronic lexicography.

COMPARISON OF AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS OF TERMS’ EXTRACTION

Nowadays the processes of translation become more unified, and translators depend not only on their knowledge and sense of language, but also on various software, which facilitate the process of translation. The following article is devoted to one branch of such software, the systems of automatic extraction, which are an essential part in the process of lexicographic sources development of translation of text, which include a variety of terms. Consequently, the necessity to choose among the variety of different programs arose and the results of this research i.e. the comparison of functions of different programs, are described in our article. Several criteria, by which the quality of terms extraction can be measured, have been compared, e.g., the speed of extraction, the “purity” of the output list of terms, whether the extracted lexical material corresponded to the requirements to terms, the quality of irrelevant choices, extracted by automatic extraction systems, and the factors, influencing this quality, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of cloud and desktop services have been investigated and compared. It was noted that the main difficulty is that programs still are not able to distinguish between word forms, thus the texts that undergo the extraction process, require auxiliary procedures such as POS-marking, lemmatization and tokenization. The other obstacle was the inability of certain programs to distinguish between compound terms and simple word combinations. The key points of the research may be used in the course of translation studies, in researches devoted to “smart” or electronic lexicography and by translators in general as they may use these systems of terms extraction during the process of translation for the purpose of forming or unifying the required glossary.

Development and Validation of the Strategy Inventory for Electronic Dictionary Use (S.I.E.D.U.)

Abstract The present paper reports results regarding the development and validation of the S.I.E.D.U., an electronic instrument for assessing users’ skills in electronic dictionary searches. The S.I.Ε.D.U. is a self-report questionnaire with 32 Likert-type items and its content development was based on a review of relevant literature, expert review and pilot testing. The scale’s construct validity is assessed by means of a preliminary exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a subsequent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results suggest a correlated four-factor structure: 1) familiarity with different types of electronic dictionaries and the conditions of their use; 2) strategies for lemmatization and acquaintance with dictionary conventions; 3) navigation skills; and 4) look-up strategies in new electronic environments. Internal consistency reliability of the four subscales is high and test-retest reliability is excellent. Also, the ability of the instrument to discriminate between experts and non-experts in electronic dictionary use is demonstrated. Results are discussed and implications are provided in the context of electronic lexicography.

Creating and Testing Specialized Dictionaries for Text Analysis

Practitioners in many domains–e.g., clinical psychologists, college instructors, researchers–collect written responses from clients. A well-developed method that has been applied to texts from sources like these is the computer application Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). LIWC uses the words in texts as cues to a person’s thought processes, emotional states, intentions, and motivations. In the present study, we adopt analytic principles from LIWC and develop and test an alternative method of text analysis using naïve Bayes methods. We further show how output from the naïve Bayes analysis can be used for mark up of student work in order to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students and instructors.
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O papel dos frames na organização de dicionários online

This work aims at demonstrating the relevance of adopting the concept of frame as an organizing notion of an online dictionary. The theoretical foundation is based on the assumptions of the theory proposed by the linguist Charles Fillmore, the Frame Semantics, as well as on the theoretical reference of the Electronic Lexicography. The results reveal the potential of the frame concept to function as an organizational principle of an online dictionary, since the notion leads to the inclusion of a considerable number of digital elements that play a central role in the description of the lexical meaning. From this, it was concluded that the notion of frame offers guidelines and procedures for obtaining high levels of online digital identity. Keywords: frame semantics, online dictionary, online digital identity, electronic lexicography.

From traditional to electronic lexicography: the dictionaries of Old English

The aim of this article is to review the standard dictionaries of Old English from the perspective of the evolution from traditional lexicography to electronic lexicography and to fnd the similarities and diferences, together with their pros and cons. The ultimate purpose is to fnd which of these four dictionaries is more suitable for linguistic research in Old English for scholars in the feld. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Bosworth and Toller in Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1973), The Student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon (Sweet in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976), A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Hall in University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1996) and The Dictionary of Old English in Electronic Form A–G (Healey et al. in Dictionary of Old English Project, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2008) are examined with respect to headwords, alternative spellings and cross-references, vowel quantity and textual evidence.

The corpus-driven revolution in Polish Sign Language: the interview with Dr. Paweł Rutkowski

Dr. Paweł Rutkowski is head of the Section for Sign Linguistics at the University of Warsaw. He is a general linguist and a specialist in the field of syntax of natural languages, carrying out research on Polish Sign Language (polski język migowy — PJM). He has been awarded a number of prizes, grants and scholarships by such institutions as the Foundation for Polish Science, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre, Poland, Polish–U.S. Fulbright Commission, Kosciuszko Foundation and DAAD.Dr. Rutkowski leads the team developing the Corpus of Polish Sign Language and the Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language, the first dictionary of this language prepared in compliance with modern lexicographical standards. The dictionary is an open-access publication, available freely at the following address: www.slownikpjm.uw.edu.pl/en/.This interview took place at eLex 2017, a biennial conference on electronic lexicography, where Dr. Rutkowski was awarded the Adam Kilgarriff Prize and gave a keynote address entitled Sign language as a challenge to electronic lexicography: The Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language and beyond. The interview was conducted by Dr. Victoria Nyst from Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities, and Dr. Iztok Kosem from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts.

The corpus-driven revolution in Polish Sign Language: the interview with Dr. Paweł Rutkowski

Dr. Paweł Rutkowski is head of the Section for Sign Linguistics at the University of Warsaw. He is a general linguist and a specialist in the field of syntax of natural languages, carrying out research on Polish Sign Language (polski język migowy — PJM). He has been awarded a number of prizes, grants and scholarships by such institutions as the Foundation for Polish Science, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre, Poland, Polish–U.S. Fulbright Commission, Kosciuszko Foundation and DAAD.Dr. Rutkowski leads the team developing the Corpus of Polish Sign Language and the Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language, the first dictionary of this language prepared in compliance with modern lexicographical standards. The dictionary is an open-access publication, available freely at the following address: www.slownikpjm.uw.edu.pl/en/.This interview took place at eLex 2017, a biennial conference on electronic lexicography, where Dr. Rutkowski was awarded the Adam Kilgarriff Prize and gave a keynote address entitled Sign language as a challenge to electronic lexicography: The Corpus-based Dictionary of Polish Sign Language and beyond. The interview was conducted by Dr. Victoria Nyst from Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities, and Dr. Iztok Kosem from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts.

On the applicability of the dictionaries of Old English to linguistic research

The aim of this article is to review the standard dictionaries of Old English from the perspective of the evolution from traditional lexicography to electronic lexicography. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Bosworth and Toller 1973), The student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon (Sweet 1976), A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Hall 1996) and The Dictionary of Old English in Electronic Form A-G (Healey et al. 2008) are discussed with respect to headword, alternative spellings and cross-references, vowel quantity and textual evidence.

Review: Granger and Paquot (2012) Electronic Lexicography

<scp>Review</scp>: Granger and Paquot (2012) <i>Electronic Lexicography</i>

OUP accepted manuscript

This quarterly Newsletter is intended to include not only official announcements but also news about EURALEX members, their publications, projects, and (it is hoped) their opinions, and news about other lexicographical organizations. Please try to support this by sending newsletter contributions to Anne Dykstra at the email address above. The deadlines for spring (March), summer (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) issues are respectively 15 January, 15 April, 15 July, and 15 October annually. The URL of the EURALEX web site is www.euralex.org EURALEX is also on Facebook. Forthcoming events and other news of lexicographical interest will be published on our Facebook page. The European Network of e-Lexicography is a COST Action that aims to establish a European network of lexicographers in order to deal with issues concerning electronic lexicography in a structured way. For detailed information on the Action and for the latest news, please refer to http://www.elexicography.eu.

Corpora as game changers: The growing impact of corpus tools for dictionary makers and users

English lexicography is undergoing a transformation so profound that both dictionary makers and users need new strategies to cope with the challenges of today's technologies and to take full advantage of their potential. Rundell has rightly stated that dictionaries have finally found their ideal platform in the electronic medium (2012: 15), which provides quicker and more sophisticated access to large data collections that are no longer subject to space restrictions. But the innovations go far beyond storage space and ease of access - customization, hybridization and user-input are amongst the most promising trends in electronic lexicography. Customization means that dictionaries can be adaptable, i.e. manually customized by the user, or even adaptive, i.e. automatically adapted to users’ needs on the basis of their behaviour (Granger, 2012: 4). Paquot lists genre, domain as well as L1 as examples of fruitful areas for customization (2012: 185). In the electronic medium, the barriers between different language resources such as dictionaries, encyclopaedias, databases, writing aids and translation tools are disappearing, a development referred to as hybridization (Granger, 2012: 4). And the concept of user-input is exemplified by the well-known platforms Wiktionary and Urban Dictionary, both of which are online reference works based on contributions by users.

EURALEX Newsletter

This quarterly Newsletter is intended to include not only official announcements but also news about EURALEX members, their publications, projects, and (it is hoped) their opinions, and news about other lexicographical organizations. Please try to support this by sending newsletter contributions to Anne Dykstra at the email address above. The deadlines for spring (March), summer (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) issues are respectively 15 January, 15 April, 15 July, and 15 October annually. The URL of the EURALEX web site is http://www.euralex.org EURALEX is also on Facebook. The European Network of e-Lexicography is COST Action which aims to establish a European network of lexicographers in order to deal with issues concerning electronic lexicography in a structured way. For detailed information on the Action and for the latest news, please refer to http://www.elexicography.eu . January 14-16

Assessing dictionary skills

This article discusses the role of dictionary skills in language learning as part of professional reference skills and as life-long language learning skills. It advocates for the integration of these skills in the language teaching and assessment cycle in a systematic way. Drawing on Nesi’s (Dictionaries in language learning. Recommendations, national reports, and thematic reports from the TNP sub-project 9: dictionaries, 1999) and Lew’s (Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper, 2013a) stages of dictionary use skills, it suggests that assessing dictionary skills is necessary if we want to study and analyze these skills in dictionary users under a common framework. Research on the use of dictionary skills in different countries and under several situations as well as responding to different reference needs can only be systematized if dictionary skill assessment is carried out under the same general assessment criteria. Several dimensions for assessing dictionary skills are considered.