Electronic Kit Research Articles

An optimized and efficient multiuser data sharing using the selection scheme design secure approach and federated learning in cloud environment

An optimized and efficient multiuser data sharing using the selection scheme design secure approach and federated learning in cloud environment

Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management in primary healthcare facilities in war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia: implications for infection prevention and control

BackgroundWater, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and infection prevention and control (IPC) are compromised during emergencies and in the post-conflict period. The IPC-WASH status of primary healthcare facilities in Tigray, Ethiopia, is not known. The aim of the study was to assess the IPC-WASH status of facilities in war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia. MethodsAs part of a cross-sectional study, data were collected from January to February 2024 in 32 randomly selected primary healthcare facilities using an electronic Open Data Kit (ODK) based on a questionnaire. A descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the IPC-WASH services. The analyzed data were compared with the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) service ladders and presented in texts, figures and tables. ResultsNearly seven out of ten primary healthcare facilities had improved water sources, nine out of ten had latrines with limited sanitation facilities, and four out of ten had handwashing facilities. Eight out of ten facilities had no access to personal protective equipment, and most facilities surveyed had very limited waste management services, IPC capacity building and IPC committee. According to JMP service ladders, almost one in four primary healthcare facilities had basic water supply, one in ten had basic sanitation, basic hygiene and basic waste disposal. ConclusionsThe overall result of the study shows that access to IPC-WASH is low in primary healthcare facilities in war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia. Collaborative efforts to improve access to basic IPC-WASH facilities and IPC capacity building are essential to improve the quality of care.

Grid Quality Services from Smart Boilers: Experimental Verification on Realistic Scenarios for Micro-Grids with Demand-Side Management Oriented to Self-Consumption

The deeper penetration of renewables in the energy mix is an intense requirement in order to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, new technologies are being developed, such as electric mobility and Distributed Generation (DG) in urban areas. However, the unpredictable fluctuations in energy generation from roof-installed PVs and the switching operation of their inverters greatly aggravate the already-present grid quality problems. In this paper, the Smart Boiler (SB) concept for grid quality improvement is presented. Furthermore, its experimental verification is implemented on a flexible testbed that accurately emulates several realistic scenarios for the low voltage distribution grid, under complex operating conditions. The proposed low-cost electronic kit, which contains a converter of fairly simple topology and requires connection to the internet, is used to upgrade conventional domestic boilers to smart devices. The SB automatically regulate the local reactive power flow, helping to stabilize the voltage level and suppress the grid current harmonic content, with both services provided in a matter of seconds. The higher the active power consumed and the denser the SB cluster, the wider the beneficial impact on the affected network area. While this service is provided, excess energy generated by PVs is temporarily stored as heat in the boiler tanks, given the users’ hot water consumption habits. The whole application, as a powerful demand-side management tool, proves beneficial for both the network operator and the end-user, especially when self-consumption is desirable in order to achieve a Nearly Zero Energy Building.

Tailored fluorophore design: Enhancing selectivity for cyanide ion sensing in water and food samples, and innovative device development

A rigid fluorophore unit of Julolidine/coumarin fused with an indolium-conjugated system was built for the immediate and effective recognition of cyanide ions in a 90 % aq. DMSO solution. The probes are capable of displaying better sensitivity/selectivity for the cyanide ion over a wide range of other interfering ions. The probe JI showed an instant colorimetric variation, whereas the modified probe JCI showed both colorimetric and fluorimetric variation with cyanide ion. The observed detection limit values indicated excellent sensitivity of the probe to the cyanide ion. HRMS and 1H NMR studies confirmed that the mechanism of detection of CN− is via the nucleophilic attack on the electron-deficient indolium moiety of the molecule. Moreover, the probes are well proficient in selective recognition of cyanide in various real time applications (test strips, electronic sensor kit, food and water sample analysis).

Personally Meaningful Design: Sound Making to Foster Engineering Practices with Artifacts from Home

Early engineering experiences can provide young people with experiences that can contribute to developing longer-term interest in the field and addressing dropout issues faced in engineering internationally. One way to engage young people with engineering is through the creation of personally meaningful sound-making projects with everyday materials and electronic kits. Sound making can make it possible for people to connect to their personal experiences and to represent these personal experiences through artistic means while also performing engineering practices, like asking questions, defining and delimiting problems, and developing and optimizing solutions with physical materials that produce sounds. Such design processes are referred to as engaging in the design of personally meaningful projects. However, it remains underspecified what personally meaningful means and, therefore, what aspects to integrate into engineering educational activity and technology designs to foster personally meaningful design opportunities. Building on constructionist perspectives on learning, this qualitative research investigated engineering practices as middle-school-aged youth used electronic construction kits and personal tangible material objects to create sounds. Iterative and thematic analysis of engineering practices of semi-structured interviews and video-recorded youth workshops showed that sound making with personal objects and electronic construction kits is a context for engineering design practices. This study also showed that integrating personal tangible projects that materialize personal histories can foster engineering practices. The findings contribute to our understanding of the theoretical idea of personally meaningful design in constructionism by presenting the importance of integrating personal histories through the design of personal projects with tangible material objects of a person’s life.

Promoting Honesty in Children, or Fostering Pathological Behaviour?

Promoting Honesty in Children, or Fostering Pathological Behaviour?

CREATION OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEXES
 WITH THE HELP OF THE ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH

The article discusses the possibilities of ontological modeling and its application for creating knowledge
 bases of electronic educational and methodological complexes. It is shown that with the help of ontological modeling
 it is possible to define a subject area, develop a conceptual model, create and fill an ontology with data, and
 finally put the ontology into action. The toolkit of ontological modeling and its possibilities for creating knowledge
 bases of electronic teaching and learning kits are considered. It is shown that the Zettelkasten technology and the
 Obsidian application can be used to build a working model of the knowledge base. An example of the application
 of the stated methodology in the construction of the knowledge base "History of the Polotsk Cadet Corps" is given.

Drop impact phenomena and spray cooling on hot nanotextured surfaces of various architectures and dynamic wettability

Spray cooling has been used to quench metal slabs during casting, cool nuclear reactors, suppress accidental fires, and remove heat from high-power density electronics. In particular, the miniaturization of electronic devices inevitably results in an increased power density or heat flux on the microelectronics surfaces and poses a threat of a thermal shutdown of such devices when cooling is insufficient. Surface nanotexturing effectively augments additional liquid-to-substrate surface area, thereby increasing cooling capability, as well as an effective heat transfer coefficient. In spray cooling, surface dynamic wettability also affects drop impact dynamics and subsequent coolant evaporation on a hot surface. Herein, we introduced various nanotextured surfaces and affected dynamic wettability using the so-called thorny-devil nanofibers, nickel nanocones, Teflon and titania nanoparticles, and zinc nanowires. The effect of these different nanoscale architectures on drop impact phenomena and subsequent evaporative cooling was investigated. These nanotextured surfaces were fabricated using various deposition methods, including electrospinning, electroplating, supersonic spraying, aerosol deposition, and chemical bath deposition. We found that the surface with greater dynamic wettability related to the hydrodynamic focusing considerably improved the heat removal capability by furthering the Leidenfrost limit and facilitating drop spreading. In particular, the thorny-devil nanofiber surface yielded the highest heat flux at all ranges of the Reynolds and Weber numbers. Spray cooling on a model electronic kit also confirmed that the thorny-devil nanofibers were most effective in cooling the surface of the model kit during multiple cycles of water spraying.

Blue light emitting fluorophore for the effective detection of cyanide ion and electronic test kit development for real time measurement

This work deals with the blue light emitting fluorophore containing indolium/coumarin fused conjugated system probe JE5, for the effective detection of cyanide ion. The probe holding diethylamino coumarin unit as a donor unit and indolium as an acceptor unit that is connected by a π-conjugation. The cyanide ion sensing ability of the probe has been monitored by UV–visible and fluorescence measurement. The probe exhibits a vivid color change from deep blue to pale yellow before and after sensing cyanide ion. The color change confirmed by visual and UV–visible titration studies. Fluorescence enhancement was observed for the probe after cyanide addition. The obtained color change was due to the disconnection of ICT between the donor and acceptor unit resulting in color change with the added cyanide ion. The limit of detection of the probe JE5 found to be 1.99 μM and 0.97 nM by UV–Visible and fluorescence methods. Electronic device with proper coding data developed for the effective detection of cyanide ion. The stoichiometry of 1:1 binding between JE5 and cyanide ion was obtained.

ElectronicsAR: Design and Evaluation of a Mobile and Tangible High-Fidelity Augmented Electronics Toolkit

Exploring and interacting with electronics is challenging as the internal processes of components are not visible. Further barriers to engagement with electronics include fear of injury and hardware damage. In response, Augmented Reality (AR) applications address those challenges to make internal processes and the functionality of circuits visible. However, current apps are either limited to abstract low-fidelity applications or entirely virtual environments. We present ElectronicsAR, a tangible high-fidelity AR electronics kit with scaled hardware components representing the shape of real electronics. Our evaluation with 24 participants showed that users were more efficient and more effective at naming components, as well as building and debugging circuits. We discuss our findings in the context of ElectronicsAR's unique characteristics that we contrast with related work. Based on this, we discuss opportunities for future research to design functional mobile AR applications that meet the needs of beginners and experts.

AV1 Arithmetic Encoder Design on Open-Source EDA

With the increasing demand for video transmission through the Internet, video coding has become a key technology to allow this market's growth at a reduced cost. Moreover, with the inception of higher video resolutions (e.g., 4K, 8K) and their impact on video size, new video coding standards must tackle this issue to reduce video traffic demand on the global internet infrastructure. The AV1, a recently released royalties-free video coding format created by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), reaches great compression rates but cannot accomplish real-time execution on software-only implementations due to its high complexity. This paper presents and analyzes AE-AV1, a high-performance 4-stage pipelined architecture to accelerate the AV1 arithmetic encoding process (part of the entropy encoder block) and make it capable of real-time execution. For the analysis, this work aims to rely on fully open-source Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools and Package Design Kits (PDKs).

Pengembangan Deteksi Suhu dan Kelembaban Laboratorium Elektronika Dengan Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Logic

The electronics laboratory is an important place to run the practical activities, especially among electronics students. It is important to protect laboratory equipment and components from the temperature and humidity factors. Whether, the temperature is too cold and the humidity is too high, it caused the corrosion of all electronic components. Thus, it also caused minor until severe damage of the components. Arduino is an open source electronics kit which specially designed to make easier for researcher to develop electronic devices regarding to various sensors and controllers. The laboratory room temperature detection system was carried out by using an Arduino device, which aims to determine the temperature conditions in the laboratory. The method used in this research is the fuzzy logic method. The software used is Arduiono and Matlab, while the hardware is power supply, D1 Mini microcontroller, DHT11 sensor and LCD. The results showed that the temperature data obtained from the DHT11 sensor will be displayed on the LCD. The temperature data obtained is 27 degrees Celsius – 29 degrees Celsius. The system is able to provide information when the temperature and humidity conditions are abnormal and the LED lights up according to room conditions.

Dynamics of hybrid nanofluid through a semi spherical porous fin with internal heat generation

Semi-spherical fins are widely considered to be one of the best thermal exchangers available. It is widely employed, including aero planes, chemicals and electronic kits and porous medium is an extensive application that includes drying efficiency enhancement, filtering insulations, hydraulic oils, reactor temperature control and solar collectors. With these applications in perspective, the current study uses Darcy’s model to examine the performance of hybrid nanofluids flowing over a semi-spherical porous fin. Additionally, temperature dependent internal heat generating condition, natural convection and radiation effects are also taken into account. The nonlinear form of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) along with boundary conditions is resolved using RKF 45 method. The numerical results are obtained for various physical constraints and the impact of these constraints on fin surface temperature is discussed via graphs. The results show that increasing an internal heat generation parameter raises temperature, whereas the opposite is true for radiation and convective parameters. Furthermore, the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid is consistently higher than the temperature of the nanofluid.

Status of Public Primary Schools: Safety, Health Service Provision and Environmental Health Facilities in Sokoto Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria

Background: Provision of security, health services and environmental health facilities in schools is crucial in achieving the overall goals of the School Health Programme (SHP) because of their implications in all the areas of school health and plays an important role in the safety of school community and in retention and learning outcomes of students. We aimed to determine the status of public primary schools with respect to safety, health service provision and environmental health facilities in Sokoto metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria.
 Methods: We conducted a cross sectional descriptive study among 40 public primary schools by multistage sampling technique. We collected data with an observation checklist using an electronic Open Data Kit (ODK) and analysed for descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23.
 Results: The majority of schools had no security fence 21 (52.5%). Security/ safety teams were present in about a third 15 (37.5%) of the schools. None of the schools had a fire alarm. However, fire extinguisher was available in only 3 (7.5%) of the schools. Health room or sick bay 16 (40.0%) and health register 14 (35.0%) were available in less than half of the schools. Health personnel 3 (7.5%) and school ambulance or school bus 3 (7.5%) were available in only a few schools. First aid box was available in most, 38 (95.0%) of the schools. However, less than half, 17 (40.0%) of the schools had Iodine in their first aid boxes. Presence of handwashing facilities with soap was observed in only 3 (7.5%) of schools. All the schools use open dumping as means of refuse disposal; however, dustbin for refuse collection in classes was observed only in about a third, 15 (37.5%) of the schools. Traditional pit latrine was the most predominant toilet type 27 (67.5%) in schools.
 Conclusion: Resources concerning safety, health service provision and environmental health facilities were found to be grossly inadequate in most of the schools observed. Government agencies involved in school administration should collaborate with other stakeholder’s in ensuring the provision of adequate resources for school health program.

Developing and Testing a Design-Based Learning Approach to Enhance Elementary Students’ Self-Perceived Computational Thinking

Computational Thinking (CT) is regarded as a crucial competency for all children in the 21st century. There are misconceptions about CT which confounds CT skills with programming skills. However, CT skills and programming skills are not the same. CT is a broader skillset of cognitive thinking that is integral to complex problem solving. Teaching and assessing CT should not only focus on computer programming. In this project, a new design-based learning (DBL) approach was proposed to improve elementary school students’ CT. This approach not only included programming skills, but also integrated CT practices with authentic real-life contexts. Corresponding to recent conceptions of CT, we also assessed CT in a more comprehensive manner. A quasi-experiment study was carried out to assess how the intervention was associated with students’ self-perceived CT skills using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the treatment group, twenty-three fourth graders engaged in three curriculum units to create artifacts that solve specific real-world problems using LabPlus electronic kits and Scratch programming software. The control group took a traditional computer science class. Results revealed that students’ self-perceived CT skills increased to a greater extent in the treatment group compared to the control group. In addition, we observed and interviewed three student cases in the treatment group to understand the potential learning effects of our new DBL approach. This study contributes to research in CT instruction, its application in STEM education in particular, and how it can be used in elementary level education in general.

Tone and training: Teaching drum kit students on acoustic versus electronic instruments

This article explores elements of tonal production in acoustic drums to support an argument for its use in the learning environment, as opposed to electronic drums. Aspects discussed include tonal production, range of dynamics, dynamics between components of the drum kit, articulation, specific sticks, specific types of strokes and stylistic elements. The argument focuses on describing how each of these factors work on acoustic drum kits, in what ways they differ on electronic kits and how auditory perception and training can work hand in hand with developing technical facility. Tonal quality is an important aspect for all musicians, irrespective of the instrument. An important thread in this discussion is tonal quality on the drum kit and how it is valuable in the process of training musical drummers.

Exploring the uptake and use of electronic cigarettes provided to smokers accessing homeless centres: a four-centre cluster feasibility trial

Background Smoking prevalence is extremely high in adults experiencing homelessness, and there is little evidence regarding which cessation interventions work best. This study explored the feasibility of providing free electronic cigarette starter kits to smokers accessing homeless centres in the UK. Objectives Seven key objectives were examined to inform a future trial: (1) assess willingness of smokers to participate in the study to estimate recruitment rates; (2) assess participant retention in the intervention and control arms; (3) examine the perceived value of the intervention, facilitators of and barriers to engagement, and influence of local context; (4) assess service providers’ capacity to support the study and the type of information and training required; (5) assess the potential efficacy of supplying free electronic cigarette starter kits; (6) explore the feasibility of collecting data on contacts with health-care services as an input to a main economic evaluation; and (7) estimate the cost of providing the intervention and usual care. Design A prospective cohort four-centre pragmatic cluster feasibility study with embedded qualitative process evaluation. Setting Four homeless centres. Two residential units in London, England. One day centre in Northampton, England. One day centre in Edinburgh, Scotland. Intervention In the intervention arm, a single refillable electronic cigarette was provided together with e-liquid, which was provided once per week for 4 weeks (choice of three flavours: fruit, menthol or tobacco; two nicotine strengths: 12 or 18 mg/ml). There was written information on electronic cigarette use and support. In the usual-care arm, written information on quitting smoking (adapted from NHS Choices) and signposting to the local stop smoking service were provided. Results Fifty-two per cent of eligible participants invited to take part in the study were successfully recruited (56% in the electronic cigarette arm; 50.5% in the usual-care arm; total n = 80). Retention rates were 75%, 63% and 59% at 4, 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. The qualitative component found that perceived value of the intervention was high. Barriers were participants’ personal difficulties and cannabis use. Facilitators were participants’ desire to change, free electronic cigarettes and social dynamics. Staff capacity to support the study was generally good. Carbon monoxide-validated sustained abstinence rates at 24 weeks were 6.25% (3/48) in the electronic cigarette arm compared with 0% (0/32) in the usual-care arm (intention to treat). Almost all participants present at follow-up visits completed measures needed for input into an economic evaluation, although information about staff time to support usual care could not be gathered. The cost of providing the electronic cigarette intervention was estimated at £114.42 per person. An estimated cost could not be calculated for usual care. Limitations Clusters could not be fully randomised because of a lack of centre readiness. The originally specified recruitment target was not achieved and recruitment was particularly difficult in residential centres. Blinding was not possible for the measurement of outcomes. Staff time supporting usual care could not be collected. Conclusions The study was associated with reasonable recruitment and retention rates and promising acceptability in the electronic cigarette arm. Data required for full cost-effectiveness evaluation in the electronic cigarette arm could be collected, but some data were not available in the usual-care arm. Future work Future research should focus on several key issues to help design optimal studies and interventions with this population, including which types of centres the intervention works best in, how best to retain participants in the study, how to help staff to deliver the intervention, and how best to record staff treatment time given the demands on their time. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN14140672; the protocol was registered as researchregistry4346. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 9, No. 7. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

A novel multifunctional electronic calibration kit integrated by MEMS SPDT switches* *Project supported by the National Defense Technology Industry Strong Foundation Project, China (Grant No. JCKY2018408B006), the Information System New Items Project, China (Grant Nos. 2018XW0026 and 2019XW0010), and the Information System Pre-research Project, China (Grant No. 31513060101).

Design and simulation results of a novel multifunctional electronic calibration kit based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches are presented in this paper. The short-open-load-through (SOLT) calibration states can be completed simultaneously by using the MEMS electronic calibration, and the electronic calibrator can be reused 106 times. The simulation results show that this novel electronic calibration can be used in a frequency range of 0.1 GHz–20 GHz, the return loss is less than 0.18 dB and 0.035 dB in short-circuit and open-circuit states, respectively, and the insertion loss in through (thru) state is less than 0.27 dB. On the other hand, the size of this novel calibration kit is only 6 mm × 2.8 mm × 0.8 mm. Our results demonstrate that the calibrator with integrated radio-frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) switches can not only provide reduced size, loss, and calibration cost compared with traditional calibration kit but also improves the calibration accuracy and efficiency. It has great potential applications in millimeter-wave measurement and testing technologies, such as device testing, vector network analyzers, and RF probe stations.

Fractional Modeling of Fin on non-Fourier Heat Conduction via Modern Fractional Differential Operators

The enhancement of heat transfer for electronic kits and automobiles has become highly dependent on the finned heat exchangers; this is because fin provides high heat transfer rate and superior performance with a significant temperature reduction. In this manuscript, a fractional modeling of non-Fourier heat conduction problem of a fin is proposed within the periodic temperature boundary condition. The mathematical modeling is performed via classical theory of heat conduction that is directly proportional to temperature gradient through which hyperbolic heat conduction equation for a fin is generated. The hyperbolic heat conduction equation for a fin is fractionalized via modern approaches of fractional differentiations, namely Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo–Fabrizio differential operators. In order to have analyticity of hyperbolic heat conduction equation for a fin, we invoked the mathematical techniques of Laplace transform. The exact solutions of temperature distribution have been obtained in terms of Fox-H and Mittag–Leffler functions with the product of convolution. The solutions of temperature distribution have been classified into integer verses non-integer theories by making fractional parameters $$ \alpha = \beta = 1 $$ and $$ \alpha \ne \beta \ne 1 $$ , respectively. Our results suggest that due to variability of different rheological parameters on temperature distribution, the cooling process is faster via fractional models in comparison to non-fractional model. Additionally, it is also observed that thermal wave propagates at a specific time results the reciprocal trend in temperature distribution.

Numerical Modelling of Membrane-Less Capillary-Driven Flow-Batteries

Rapid diagnostic electronic kits (RDKs) are increasingly being used all around the world for preliminary and/or emergency screening [1]. In addition to their low price, such kits can provide lab-quality results within minutes rather than days. Currently, point-of-care (POC) kits are powered by lithium button cells. Although these batteries are very reliable, the chemicals which are used to extract lithium from raw minerals can pollute local aquifers and thereby potentially poison nearby communities. There are also environmental concerns when kits powered by such batteries are disposed of. Consequently, there is an urgent need for new battery technologies which can mitigate these environmental concerns. In recent years, flow-batteries have emerged as a viable option for single-use applications. Among different alternatives, membrane-less capillary-driven flow-batteries are a promising solution, given that they can be fabricated exclusively from biodegradable materials. A paper-based, biodegradable flow-battery using quinone redox couples has already been designed and prototyped by Esquivel et al. [2]. Figure 1 schematically shows the architecture of this novel flow-battery called PowerPAD. The reactants are seen to enter the porous electrodes of this flow battery in the vertical direction and exit the electrodes in the same direction. The waste is then collected by an absorbent pad which is also responsible for maintaining the required flow rate through capillary forces. The power output of this flow battery is well within the reach of many POC kits. However, for such batteries to be considered as a viable replacement to conventional lithium batteries, their operational performance and power-density should be further enhanced. The power-density of a given redox flow battery can be enhanced through optimizing its electrode materials, reactant electrolytes, or cell architecture. For capillary-flow batteries, the material used for the absorbent pad or the cellulose paper can also be tuned for this purpose. The objective of the present work is to investigate the possibility of enhancing the power output of capillary-flow batteries through modifying their flow architecture. A numerical model is used for this purpose based on the microfluidic fuel cell mathematical model developed by Krishnamurthy et al. [3], featuring electrochemical kinetics in flow-through porous electrodes. For ease of comparing different flow architectures, the laminar flow is assumed to be quasi-steady and pressure-driven. This approach enables numerical determination of pressure drop in the cell for a wide range of flow rates, which can be correlated to the design of absorbent pad. Figure 1 shows the three flow cell architectures considered for the analysis in this work. They can be classified as “vertical-flow” design, “horizontal-flow” design, and “mixed-flow” design. The first architecture has already been used in [2] while the other two designs are new. It is speculated that the new designs can improve cell’s performance by giving the reactants more time to reach the surface of carbon fibers for the reactions to take place. To simulate the energy conversion performance of these designs, we rely on COMSOL Multiphysics software. The software first solves the fluid-flow equations to provide us with pressure drop and velocity field. The velocity field is then used in the mass-transport equation which is coupled with the electrochemical equations through Butler-Volmer equation. An iteration method is then used to compute the concentration and local current density fields. The results are finally expressed in terms of polarization curves. Due to the qualitative nature of the present work, we have decided to use vanadium species dissolved in sulfuric acid in our study. To be able to verify our numerical scheme with published data, the same geometrical and electrochemical parameters, and also the same carbon-fiber electrode (Toray TGP-H 120) as used in [3] have been used in this study. Our numerical results show that the original “vertical-flow” design used in [2] is not optimized. It is predicted that horizontal-flow design enhances the power-density of this flow battery by roughly 30% while the mixed-flow design is predicted to have the opposite effect. The good energy-converting performance of the horizontal design together with its higher fuel utilization efficiency can be attributed to its higher “mass transport coefficient”. This is not surprising realizing the fact that the Reynolds number of the horizontal design is larger than the vertical and mixed designs. However, it should be noted that, the cell’s pressure drop is roughly doubled for the horizontal design suggesting that it needs a better pad material to compensate for the extra pressure drop. All in all, it is concluded that cell flow architecture can be used as a powerful tool to enhance the power output of membrane-less capillary-driven flow-batteries. Figure 1