Electron Diffusion Research Articles

Dynamical control of nanoscale electron density in atomically thin n-type semiconductors via nano-electric pulse generator.

Controlling electron density in two-dimensional semiconductors is crucial for both comprehensive understanding of fundamental material properties and their technological applications. However, conventional electrostatic doping methods exhibit limitations, particularly in addressing electric field-induced drift and subsequent diffusion of electrons, which restrict nanoscale doping. Here, we present a tip-induced nanospectroscopic electric pulse modulator to dynamically control nanoscale electron density, thereby facilitating precise measurement of nano-optoelectronic behaviors within a MoS2 monolayer. The tip-induced electric pulse enables nanoscale modulation of electron distribution as a function of electric pulse width. We simultaneously investigate spatially altering photoluminescence quantum yield at the nanoscale region. We model the extent of electron depletion region, confirming a minimum doping region with a radius of ∼265 nanometers for a 30-nanosecond pulse width. Our approach paves the way for engineering local electron density and in situ nano-optical characterization in two-dimensional materials, enabling an in-depth understanding of doping-dependent nano-optoelectronic phenomena.

Incorporation of Fe/FeOx Nanoparticles into Interlinked N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanofiber Networks to Realizing Sequential Catalytic Conversion of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries (LSBs) with energy density (2600 Wh/kg) much higher than typical Li-ion batteries (150-300 Wh/kg) have received considerable attention. However, the insulation nature of solid sulfur species and the high activation barrier of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) lead to slow sulfur redox kinetics. By the introduction of catalytic materials, the effective adsorption of LiPSs, and significantly reduced conversion, energy barriers are expected to be achieved, thereby sharpening electrochemical reaction kinetics and fundamentally addressing these challenges. In this work, a multifunctional catalyst consisting of highly dispersed heterostructure Fe-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was synthesized and introduced to the LSB. Experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that the spontaneous interfacial charge redistribution, resulting in moderate polysulfide adsorption, facilitates the transfer of polysulfides and diffusion of electrons at heterogeneous interfaces. This catalyst achieves sequential catalytic processes on polysulfides with different components. Furthermore, the reduced conversion energy barriers enhanced the catalytic activity of Fe/Fe2O3-NG for expediting LiPS conversion. Consequently, the battery exhibited long-term stability for 300 cycles with 0.03% capacity decay per cycle at 5C. This work provides in-depth insight into the fundamental design principles of effective catalysts for LSBs.

Enabling Fast Photoresponse in Hybrid Perovskite/MoS2 Photodetectors by Separating Local Photocharge Generation and Recombination.

Interfacing CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) with 2D van der Waals materials in lateral photodetectors can suppress the dark current and driving voltage, while the interlayer charge separation also renders slower charge dynamics. In this work, we show that more than one order of magnitude faster photoresponse time can be achieved in MAPbI3/MoS2 lateral photodetectors by locally separating the photocharge generation and recombination through a parallel channel of single-layer MAPbI3. Photocurrent (Iph) mapping reveals electron diffusion lengths of about 20 μm in single-layer MAPbI3 and 4 μm in the MAPbI3/MoS2 heterostructure. The illumination-power scaling of Iph and time-resolved photoluminescence studies point to the dominant roles of the heterostructure region in photogeneration and single-layer MAPbI3 in charge recombination. Our results shed new light on the material design that can concurrently enhance photoresponsivity, reduce driving voltage, and sustain high operation speed, paving the path for developing high-performance lateral photodetectors based on hybrid perovskites.

Variable‐Range Hopping Conduction in Amorphous, Non‐Stoichiometric Gallium Oxide

AbstractAmorphous, non‐stoichiometric gallium oxide (a‐GaOx, x < 1.5) is a promising material for many electronic devices, such as resistive switching memories, neuromorphic circuits and photodetectors. So far, all respective measurements are interpreted with the explicit or implicit assumption of n‐type band transport above the conduction band mobility edge. In this study, the experimental and theoretical results consistently show for the first time that for an O/Ga ratio x of 0.8 to 1.0 the dominating electron transport mechanism is, however, variable‐range hopping (VRH) between localized states, even at room temperature and above. The measured conductivity exhibits the characteristic exponential temperature dependence on T−1/4, in remarkable agreement with Mott's iconic law for VRH. Localized states near the Fermi level are confirmed by photoelectron spectroscopy and density of states (DOS) calculations. The experimental conductivity data is reproduced quantitatively by kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of the VRH mechanism, based on the ab‐initio DOS. High electric field strengths F cause elevated electron temperatures and an exponential increase of the conductivity with F1/2. Novel results concerning surface oxidation, magnetoresistance, Hall effect, thermopower and electron diffusion are also reported. The findings lead to a new understanding of a‐GaOx devices, also with regard to metal|a‐GaOx Schottky barriers.

Radio–FIR correlation: A probe into cosmic ray propagation in the nearby galaxy IC 342

Resolved studies of the correlation between the radio and far-infrared (FIR) emission from galaxies at different frequencies can unveil the interplay between star formation and the relativistic interstellar medium (ISM). Thanks to the LOFAR LoTSS observations combined with VLA, Herschel, and WISE data, we study the role of cosmic rays and magnetic fields in the radio–FIR correlation on scales of ≳200 pc in the nearby galaxy IC 342. The thermal emission traced by the 22 μm emission, constitutes about 6%, 13%, and 30% of the observed radio emission at 0.14, 1.4, and 4.8 GHz, respectively, in star-forming regions and less in other parts. The nonthermal spectral index becomes flatter at frequencies lower than 1.4 GHz (αn = −0.51 ± 0.09, Sν ∝ ναn) than between 1.4 and 4.8 GHz (αn = −1.06 ± 0.19) on average, and this flattening occurs not only in star-forming regions but also in the diffuse ISM. The radio–FIR correlation holds at all radio frequencies; however, it is tighter at higher radio frequencies. A multi-scale analysis shows that this correlation cannot be maintained on small scales due to diffusion of cosmic ray electrons (CREs). The correlation breaks at a larger scale (≃320 pc) at 0.14 GHz than at 1.4 GHz (≃200 pc), indicating that the CREs traced at lower frequencies have diffused a longer path in the ISM. We find that the energy index of CREs becomes flatter in star-forming regions, in agreement with previous studies. Cooling of CREs due to the magnetic field is evident globally only after compensating for the effect of star formation activity that both accelerates CREs and amplifies magnetic fields. Compared with other nearby galaxies, we show that the smallest scale of the radio–FIR correlation is proportional to the propagation length of the CREs on which the ordered magnetic field has an important effect.

On the 3D Transport of Low-energy Galactic Cosmic-ray and Jovian Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere in the Presence of a Fisk-type Heliospheric Magnetic Field

Modeling the transport of low-energy (1−10 MeV) cosmic-ray electrons can lead to valuable insights as to the behavior of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), due to the fact that the mean free path (MFP) of these particles parallel to the HMF is significantly larger than their perpendicular MFP, and that these particles experience little in the way of drift due to gradients/curvatures in the HMF and along the heliospheric current sheet. Jovian electrons are particularly suitable for such an endeavour, as they originate from a decentral source in the inner heliosphere. To this end, the transport of these electrons is studied using a 3D, ab initio particle transport code that incorporates theoretical expressions for electron diffusion coefficients, and utilizes as inputs for these transport coefficients turbulence quantities calculated using a two-component turbulence transport model. The effects of a novel Fisk-type field on the transport of these Jovian electrons are investigated and compared with the effects of a standard Parker field.

Quantitative photothermal investigation of nonradiative recombination parameters in GaAs/InAs(QD)/GaAs quantum dot structures using a three-layer laser beam deflection model

In this paper, we developed a theoretical model for the photothermal deflection technique in order to investigate the electronic parameters of three-layer semiconductor structures. This model is based on the resolution of thermal and photogenerated carrier diffusion-wave equations in different media. Theoretical results show that the amplitude and phase of the photothermal deflection signal is very sensitive to the nonradiative recombination parameters. The theoretical model is applied to one layer of InAs quantum dots (QDs) inserted in GaAs matrix InAs/GaAs QDs in order to investigate the QD density effects on nonradiative recombination parameters in InAs through fitting the theoretical photothermal beam deflection signal to the experimental data. It was found that the minority carrier lifetime and the electronic diffusivity decrease as functions of increasing InAs QD density. This result is also related to the decrease in the mobility from 21.58 to 4.17 (±12.9%) cm2/V s and the minority carrier diffusion length from 0.62 (±5.8%) to 0.14 (±10%) μm, respectively. Furthermore, both interface recombination velocities S2/3 of GaAs/InAs (QDs) and S1/2 of InAs (QDs)/GaAs increase from 477.7 (±6.2%) to 806.5 (±4%) cm/s and from 75 (±7.8%) to 148.1 (±5.5%) cm/s, respectively.

Charge Carrier Collection Losses in Lead‐Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractThe collection of photogenerated charges in halide perovskite solar cells depends on the thickness of the absorber layer, with larger thicknesses leading to a reduced collection efficiency. This observation has traditionally been associated with insufficiently high electron and hole diffusion lengths in the absorber layers. However, it is shown that in the presence of low‐mobility contact layers, charge collection can be thickness‐dependent, even if the absorber layer has infinite mobility. Here, analytical equations are derived for the thickness dependence of charge collection losses in situations where recombination is bulk or interface‐limited and show how to relate these equations to voltage‐dependent photoluminescence data. The analytical equations are compared to experimental data and numerical simulations and it is observed that experimental data on triple‐cation perovskite devices with different thicknesses approximately follows the case, where bulk recombination dominates.

The Time Response of a Uniformly Doped Transmission-Mode NEA AlGaN Photocathode Applied to a Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Detecting System

Due to the excellent quantum conversion and spectral response characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode, it has become the most promising III-V group semiconductor photocathode in solar-blind signal photoconversion devices in the ultraviolet band. Herein, the influence factors of the time-resolved characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode are researched by solving the photoelectron continuity equation and photoelectron flow density equation, such as the AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, AlGaN electron diffusion coefficient, and AlGaN activation layer thickness. The results show that the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases gradually with the increase in AlGaN photoelectron diffusion coefficient and AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, but the response time of the AlGaN photocathode gradually becomes saturated with the further increase in AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate. When the thickness of the AlGaN photocathode is reduced from 250 nm to 50 nm, the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases from 63.28 ps to 9.91 ps, and the response time of AlGaN photocathode greatly improves. This study provides theoretical guidance for the development of a fast response UV detector.

Multi-scale spiking network model of human cerebral cortex.

Although the structure of cortical networks provides the necessary substrate for their neuronal activity, the structure alone does not suffice to understand the activity. Leveraging the increasing availability of human data, we developed a multi-scale, spiking network model of human cortex to investigate the relationship between structure and dynamics. In this model, each area in one hemisphere of the Desikan-Killiany parcellation is represented by a $1\,\mathrm{mm^{2}}$ column with a layered structure. The model aggregates data across multiple modalities, including electron microscopy, electrophysiology, morphological reconstructions, and diffusion tensor imaging, into a coherent framework. It predicts activity on all scales from the single-neuron spiking activity to the area-level functional connectivity. We compared the model activity with human electrophysiological data and human resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This comparison reveals that the model can reproduce aspects of both spiking statistics and fMRI correlations if the inter-areal connections are sufficiently strong. Furthermore, we study the propagation of a single-spike perturbation and macroscopic fluctuations through the network. The open-source model serves as an integrative platform for further refinements and future in silico studies of human cortical structure, dynamics, and function.

Voltammetric and electro-kinetic assessment of prucalopride at MnO2-rGO fabricated pencil graphite electrode

Development and design of rGO-based nanocomposite-modified carbon-based electrodes are necessary to enhance the selectivity and desired selectivity of the voltammetric sensors. In this work, a manganese dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (MnO2-rGO) fabricated pencil graphite electrode is described for the detection of prucalopride (PRU), which is used to treat chronic idiopathic constipation. A simple cost effective hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the needle-shaped MnO2. The MnO2-rGO nanocomposite was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy to examine its microstructure and morphology. The results revealed that MnO2 needles are distributed on the flakes of the rGO, thereby enhancing the electro-catalytic activity of MnO2-rGO/PGE. The electrochemical performance of the developed MnO2-rGO/PGE was examined using CV, chronocoulometry, SWSV, and DPSV methods. The diffusion-controlled oxidation of the PRU at the MnO2-rGO/PGE produces an irreversible peak in all the voltammograms which were used to calculate several electro-kinetic parameters like electron transfer coefficient (α = 0.598), diffusion coefficient (Do = 1.62 × 10−5 cm2s−1), surface coverage (Γo = 1.55 × 10−9 molcm−2), and effective surface area. Furthermore, advanced SWSV and DPSV methods are proposed for the accurate, selective, and sensitive detection of the PRU in pharmaceutical samples. The reported values of detection limit (LOD) for the proposed SWSV and DPSV methods are 20.39 μM and 14.53 μM, respectively, which make them eco-friendly and affordable alternative tools for the quantification of the PRU in pharmaceutical samples.

Pyrene-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Coordination-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence for Fabricating a Biosensing Platform.

Enhancing the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a significant topic in the ECL field. Herein, we elaborately chose PAH derivative luminophore 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene (H4TBAPy) as the organic ligand to synthesize a new Ru-complex-free ECL-active metal-organic framework Dy-TBAPy. Interestingly, Dy-TBAPy exhibited a more brilliant ECL emission and higher ECL efficiency than H4TBAPy aggregates. On the one hand, TBAPy luminophores were assembled into rigid MOF skeleton via coordination bonds, which not only enlarged the distance between pyrene cores to eliminate the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect but also obstructed the intramolecular motions of TBAPy to diminish the nonradiative relaxation, thus realizing a remarkable coordination-enhanced ECL. On the other hand, the ultrahigh porosity of Dy-TBAPy was beneficial to the diffusion of electrons, ions, and coreactant (S2O82-) in the skeleton, which efficiently boosted the excitation of interior TBAPy luminophores and led to a high utilization ratio of TBAPy, further improving ECL properties. More intriguingly, the ECL intensity of the Dy-TBAPy/S2O82- system was about 4.1, 87.0-fold higher than those of classic Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA and Ru(bpy)32+/S2O82- systems. Considering the aforementioned fabulous ECL performance, Dy-TBAPy was used as an ECL probe to construct a supersensitive ECL biosensor for microRNA-21 detection, which showed an ultralow detection limit of 7.55 aM. Overall, our study manifests that coordinatively assembling PAHs into MOFs is a simple and practicable way to improve ECL properties, which solves the ACQ issue of PAHs and proposes new ideas for developing highly efficient Ru-complex-free ECL materials, therefore providing promising opportunities to fabricate high-sensitivity ECL biosensors.

Carbon-encapsulated silicon ordered nanofiber membranes as high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon have attracted much attention as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to the extremely high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is limited by the huge volume expansion during the cycling process. To address this issue, carbon-encapsulated silicon ordered nanofiber membranes were designed through a modified electrospinning technology with a strong magnetic field. Compared with the conventional nanofiber membranes, the optimized M1200 Gs anode exhibited a high discharge capacity of 1603.1 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, a superior rate performance, and a robust cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 658.1 mAh·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 after 100 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance was confirmed to be highly correlated with the parallel structure of nanofibers, which help to facilitate the diffusion and transport of electrons and ions, realize the stress distribution and buffer the volume changes. This work provides unique insights into designing silicon-based anodes with novel structures for lithium-ion batteries.

Effect of doping with M (M=Al, Pd, Ti, Ge) on the electronic structure and hydrogen diffusion behavior of amorphous silicon

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) models doped with Pd, Ge, Al, and Ti (a-Si/M) at three different doping ratios are generated using Ab initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) high-temperature annealing, followed by analysis utilizing first-principles method. The electronic structure calculations reveal strong interactions between Al, Ge and Si, while interaction between Pd, Ti and Si are relatively weak. Moderate doping of Pd and Ti can reconstruct the a-Si surface, reduce the adsorption energy of H on the surface, and increase the Si-Si atomic gap. This will greatly reduce the energy barrier for H to diffuse on the surface and to the subsurface.

Dosimetric saturation effect study and correction calculation method of ionization chamber at ultra-high dose rate (FLASH)

Backgroundand Purpose: FLASH radiotherapy has aroused strong interest among researchers, but how to monitor dose in real time and lack of generally accepted ion correction model are one of the challenges. This study is based on previous research work, the dosimetric verification of FLASH ionization chamber was performed using a 200 keV electron beam irradiation platform at an ultra-high dose rate. At the same time, the finite element program is written to analyze and calculate the ion correction factor. In addition, the results are compared with the calculation results of Boag model. MethodsIn this study, the pressure of the sensitive volume in the detector was adjusted to 16 mbar for the purpose of dosimetry of dose rates in excess of 100 Gy/s. In order to monitor the response of the detector, the beam frequency and pulse width were adjusted accordingly. However, due to the saturation effect of the ionization chamber, the processes of electron ion pair drift, attachment, recombination and diffusion in the sensitive volume were modelled on the basis of the relevant physical principles. Finally, the correction factor was calculated by the finite element analysis. ResultsThe experimental results demonstrate that the FLASH ionization chamber is capable of meeting the requirements of dose measurement and beam monitoring of the electron beam at ultra-high dose rates. Furthermore, the analytical model is able to more accurately describe the saturation effect and calculate the correction factor. ConclusionIn this paper, the method of reducing air pressure is employed for the purpose of monitoring the dose of ultra-high dose rate. Simultaneously, the finite element method was employed to analyze the physical process of electron–ion pairs within the chamber and to calculate the ion correction factor analytically. A comparison with the Boag model indicates that the proposed approach is effective. However, the results exhibit a certain degree of divergence from experimental outcomes. This discrepancy may be attributed to the influence of the input parameters, which require further calibration to enhance the accuracy and the robustness of the model.

Statistical Study of Energy Transport and Conversion in Electron Diffusion Regions at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause

AbstractThe electron diffusion region (EDR) is a key region for magnetic reconnection, but the typical energy transport and conversion in EDRs is still not well understood. In this work, we perform a statistical study of 80 previously published near X‐line events identified at the dayside magnetopause in Magnetospheric Multiscale data. We find 44 events that clearly present all commonly accepted EDR signatures and use this database to investigate energy flux partition and energy conversion. We find that energy partition is changed inside EDRs, with a 71%–29% allocation of particle energy flux density between electrons and ions respectively. The electron enthalpy flux density is found to dominate locally at all EDRs and is predominantly oriented in the out‐of‐plane direction, perpendicular to the reconnecting magnetic field. We also examine the transition from electron‐ to ion‐dominated energy flux partition further from the EDR, finding this typically occurs at scales of the order of the ion inertial length, larger than the typical EDR size. We then investigate energy conversion and transport and highlight complex processes, with potential non‐steady‐state energy accumulation and release near the EDR. We discuss the implications of our results for reconnection energy conversion, and for magnetopause dynamics in general.

Synergistic engineering of heteroatomic N-doping and PPy modification in flower-like vanadium sulfide anode enables stable sodium storage

Vanadium sulfide, an appealing anode candidate for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), still encounters considerable volume fluctuation and sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, which inevitably gives rise to unsatisfactory rate capability and severe capacity decay. Herein, we successfully designed and constructed an outstanding sodium-storage feature and exceedingly stable anode for SIBs in the form of three-dimensional flower-like architecture composing of phosphorus doped VS2 wrapped by conductive elastic polypyrrole (PPy) layer (i.e., P-VS2@PPy). Through leveraging the multifunctional synergistic effect of composition and structure, involving enhanced electronic conductivity, reduced volumetric fluctuation, accelerated charge/ion transfer efficiency, and remarkable surface-capacitive behaviors can guarantee significantly enhanced electrochemical sodium-storage ability of P-VS2@PPy composites. As a consequence,such P-VS2@PPy is endowed with desirable rate characteristic accompanied with long-period cyclic lifespan (436.7 mAh/g at 20.0 A/g after 2600 cycles), which far outperform contrastive P-VS2 and pure VS2 samples. Meticulous kinetic analysis combined with theoretical simulations conclude that phosphorus doping and PPy coating have substantial effects on strengthening ionic and electron diffusion kinetics. Thorough examination and analysis of the insertion and conversion mechanisms of P-VS2@PPy was conducted through ex situ tests, revealing superior reversible phase transformation between original VS2, intermediate NaVS2, and final Na2S/V. Additionally, a practical application test demonstrates that sodium ion full-cell and hybrid capacitor based on P-VS2@PPy anode showcase significant capacity contribution and outstanding specific energy output, capable of effortlessly lighting up a LED screen.

Management of Light Absorption Based on Sidewall Reflection for Fabricating High-Performance Flexible Nano-Coned Sb2Se3 Thin Film Photovoltaics.

High performance and robustness are the key factors to boosting wearable and portable applications. Although the 1D crystal structure makes the Sb2Se3 thin film more tolerant to physical deformation upon bending, the conventional planar structures still cannot undergo repeated mechanical bending due to the induced stress/strain inside devices, which can be well addressed by constructing three-dimensional nanostructures. Besides, the electron diffusion length has two values, 0.3 μm in the [221] direction and 1.7 μm in the [001] direction, in the Sb2Se3 thin film, which limits the absorber thickness, for getting an effective carrier collection; thus, a strong light trapping effect enabling sufficient light harvesting is needed to allow the use of a very thin light absorption layer. Herein, the nanoconed Sb2Se3 solar cells have been designed, and their light absorption behaviors were investigated within a finite-element simulation under the substrate back-reflection, indicating that the reflection of the bottom part always works positively, while the effect of the nanocone sidewall on absorption enhancement largely depends on its geometry, arising from resonant or scattering modes. These results provide a practical guide in designing/establishing an easier/simpler way to fabricate high-performance and mechanically stable flexible nanostructured Sb2Se3 thin film solar cells.

Iron-decorated N/S co-doped porous carbon for sodium-ion battery anode to achieve high initial coulombic efficiency

Hard carbon materials are preferred as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their abundance, low price, and environmental friendliness. However, doping-based modification usually induces low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), which seriously affects the practical application of carbon materials. In this work, Fe-modified N/S co-doped porous carbon is prepared using the salt template method. Fe, N, and S are uniformly distributed on the porous carbon to form an interwoven network structure, providing abundant active sites. Moreover, during the electrochemical reaction, FeNx effectively catalyzes the generation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, which reduces the consumption of Na+ in the side reaction, leading to a high initial coulombic efficiency, and at the same time, the stabilized SEI film accelerates the diffusion of electrons and ions, effectively enhancing the multiplication rate performance. The NFSC exhibits a high specific capacity (371.3 mAh/g) by the co-coordination strategy and a high ICE (85.9 %). This study provides new ideas for research based on the modification of carbon materials.

The regular octahedral CdS/K2Nb2O6 core-shell Z-Scheme heterojunction towards enhancing photocatalytic H2 evolution and degradation via synergism of carrier efficiency and light response

The regular octahedral CdS/K2Nb2O6 core-shell Z-Scheme heterojunction is synthesized via an approach of hydrothermal-chemical method. The CdS/K2Nb2O6 nano-heterojunction (CdS/KNO-3) exhibits arresting enhanced photocatalytic HER (∼634.39 μmol g−1 h−1)/degradation (∼0.05428 min−1) than the monomer K2Nb2O6 (∼27.8/14.4 folds) and CdS (∼20.3/10.0 folds), including a decent stability (average HER of ∼621.39 μmol∙g−1 h−1). It can be mainly attributed to the CdS/K2Nb2O6 Z-Scheme heterojunction with appropriate potential gradient can promote the interface carrier driving to optimize carrier efficiency, including increasing carrier transport, extending carrier lifetime and reducing recombination. Additionally, the octahedral core-shell nanostructure can provide numerous active sites for decreasing overpotential and promoting electron diffusion, while improving the solar efficiency (high solar response of CdS), including shorting carrier pathway for photocorrosion optimization and increasing structural stability.