Electronic Dictionary Research Articles

Distributive Dictionary of the Historical Corpus “Manuscript”: Problem Statement, Material, Methods

Characteristics of linguistic materials and methods used to create an electronic distributive dictionary based on the historical corpus “Manuscript” (http://manuscripts.ru/mns/mns_evp.vec.main ), containing marked–up machine-readable transcriptions of extant Slavonic manuscripts and excerpts of the X-XV centuries, are given. The conditions for the use of statistical methods for the distributive analysis of the words of ancient Slavonic texts are discussed, the requirements for specialized tools and demonstration of the forms of visualization of the prototype of the dictionary are formulated. Examples of methods of automatic extraction of words with similar lexical environment from a large array of text data are given. The procedures and tools for preparing linguistic data are described (in particular, the formation of subcorps based on metadata and the methods implemented in the n-gram module for extracting the most frequent combinations of linguistic units from the corpus), the use of the k-skip-n-gram method for calculating word vectors and the method of finding the cosine distance between vectors is justified. The parameters of the dictionary query form are demonstrated, it allows specifying the type of the analyzed linguistic unit (lemma or text precedent), its mask and the cosine distance threshold. An example of a sample for the lemma лѣто ‘summer’ is given, it includes a list of words that have the closest contextual compatibility, the values of the cosine distances of the analyzed and the words close in distribution, as well as a list of words that occur next to the analyzed and the searched words. A sampling graph is shown, it demonstrates not only semantic, thematic, associative analogues of the word лѣто ‘summer’, but also some groups of associates. The analysis of the material, methods and results allowed us to draw conclusions about the need to use statistical measures when assessing the proximity of their components for the formation of vectors and about some other conditions for preprocessing linguistic material.

USE OF ICT TOOLS IN TEACHING SYNTAX OF UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE TO PHILOLOGY STUDENTS

The paper highlights the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the use of ICT tools in teaching syntax and reveals the ways of introducing the experience of using them in the professional training of future language teachers within the course "Modern Ukrainian Literary Language: Syntax". The research literature on the didactic principles of ICT use in the educational process of future teachers, the application of ICT in the process of language training of students-philologists was reviewed. The study stresses the significant role of syntax in the linguistic hierarchy. Syntax helps students get aware of the laws of phrase and sentence structure, their expressive potential and means, and ways of their implementation in any discourse. It is important to follow the provisions developed by M. Zhaldak and S. Selian, N. Berger, Z. Dovedan. The paper outlines didactic principles, methods and techniques of ICT use in the professional training of future language teachers. The paper suggests some criteria for building a system of exercises and assignments with the help of ICT. It describes the ways of applying ICT tools in mixed and distance learning of students-philologists. A system of cognitive, training, research and creative exercises is presented. The study established that the use of digital narrative, mental maps, infographics, flashcards, electronic dictionaries in the training of future teachers of Ukrainian language and literature has a positive effect on students' mastering the educational material, it motivates and stimulates students; encourages students to apply self-cognition, self-learning, reflection, self-improvement; develops critical and creative thinking; offers them different strategies for memorizing information; enables interactive interaction between all participants in the educational process; provides the possibility of interval revision; makes the learning process active and interesting. The prospects of the research are determined in the study.

Linguistic properties of electronic dictionary of grammar terms

In this article, we have been collecting words, interpreting their meanings, and compiling books in a certain order - compiling a dictionary - since mankind has enjoyed the blessing called words throughout its millennial history. The founder of our national lexicon, the linguist Mahmud Kashgari, who created the first and unique example of a Turkish dictionary in his time, writes in his book: “I have traveled the villages and towns of the tracks for many years, compiling dictionaries, studying and identifying various word features. I did”.

Способы пополнения словарного состава английского языка в 2021 и 2022 гг. (на материале электронного словаря “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary”): словообразовательные и лексико-семантические особенности

The aim of the research is to identify the word-formation and lexico-semantic features of English lexical units included in the electronic dictionary “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” in March 2021 and March 2022. The research is novel in that it is the first to carry out a comparative analysis of the word-formation trends of the last two years and to shed light on the socio-cultural reasons behind the formation of the naming units under study. The research findings indicate that the leading way of adding new words to the vocabulary of the English language in 2021 is morphological word formation, whereas in 2022, it is borrowing, as well as that the predominant part of the lexical units recorded by the dictionary in March 2021 belongs to the field of medicine and healthcare, while the majority of the lexical units added to the dictionary in March 2022 belongs to the gluttonic sphere.

Early Irish grammarians and the study of speech sound

ABSTRACT Irish grammatical tradition, with its thoroughly bilingual mindset, was one of the most prolific in early medieval Europe. Bringing together vernacular and Hiberno-Latin texts from ca. 700–900, this article explores Irish grammarians’ approaches to the linguistic study of sound on various levels, from single phonemes to complete phonological units. It is argued that the combination of corporeal and incorporeal views of speech sound displayed in the sources resulted from the symbiosis of Stoic and Aristotelian philosophy of language. The innovative and transformative character of Irish grammarians’ work is explored through an analysis of vernacular terminology for phonetics and phonology. Abbreviations: eDIL: The Electronic Dictionary of Irish Language; GL: Grammatici Latini; LSJ: Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon; PL: Patrologia Latina.

Morphosyntax and Semantics in the NooJ Italian Dictionary of Simple Words

The main topic of this paper is to describe how to transform effectively the “lexical matter” of a language (not only Italian) into a formal and taxonomic morphosyntactic classification of the simple words stored and tagged inside NooJ electronic dictionaries. The ultimate goal is to build electronic dictionaries for NooJ that can be used effectively in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Automatic Textual Analysis (ATA). To achieve this task, we will start from the following assumption: nouns inflection codes may prove useful not only to describe morphological behaviours and features, but also to “predict” syntactic combinations inside sentences. This means that inside NooJ finite-state automata (FSA) and transducers (FST), nouns inflection codes can account for Lexicon-Grammar (LG) co-occurrence and selection restriction rules, thus also providing for several aspects of formal semantics (FS). The method we intend to outline here can therefore become a descriptive and applicative standard, reusable for all those languages in which word inflection has a value not only morphological (as for gender, number and possibly case) but also syntactic. As is known, such a formal descriptive approach is absent in paper dictionaries, in which there is a tendency to “flatten” the morphosyntactic description of words in favour of a list of words which uses rely heavily on the linguistic competence of readers and speakers.

On question words in Czech Sign Language

Abstract This paper investigates content questions and the paradigm of question words in Czech Sign Language (český znakový jazyk – ČZJ). While this topic has been investigated for a fair number of other sign languages, a comprehensive study for ČZJ is still missing. Our aim is to fill this gap. In the absence of a representative corpus for ČZJ, we use data from the most extensive electronic dictionary database (Dictio), developed at the Masaryk University in Brno. We offer a basic description of the ČZJ interrogative strategies for content questions. In doing so, we also situate the language within the typology of sign language interrogatives: we classify ČZJ as a language with a rich paradigm of question words, and we identify the basic syntactic position of question words as sentence-final. Furthermore, we outline three morphological types of ČZJ question words: simple, complex, and derived.

Фреймовая репрезентация концепта «цифровая экономика» в русскоязычной дискурсивной практике

The article presents the primary structure of the concept "digital economy". The research material is comprised of lexical units and word combinations that verbalize this concept and are included in electronic dictionaries and scientific publications on the relevant topics, selected by the keyword method. Frame analysis clarified that the concept "digital economy" in its cognitive structure reflects a hierarchy of cognitive layers that includes artificial intelligence and data subframes, which are distributed into several interconnected slots, including development, information, ICT, technology. A number of typical thematic categories and morphological-and-syntactic constructions were revealed in the structure of the concept digital economy. The application of linguacultural approach resulted in the thematic categorization of units, which represent the concept under study. The linguistic and cognitive approach has enabled part-of-speech categorization of the concept representatives. It is revealed that thematically the concept "digital economy" is represented by the following categories: tools and means, processes, goods and services. By means of the morphological-and-syntactic categorization of the language units, the dominance of the "Adjective + Noun" model was identified, the attributes informational, digital, electronic are found to be most frequent; they reflect the processes and categories of digitalization and informatization in the modern linguistic world image.

ELEKTRON LUG‘AT BIZNES-JARAYONINI ALISHER NAVOIY ASARLARI IZOHLI LUG‘ATI MISOLIDA MODELLASHTIRISH

In the modern era of the rapid development of information technology, the electronization of the necessary resources is important. Currently, electronic services have been introduced into various areas of our daily life, work and scientific activities. This allows users to use it anytime, anywhere. Another source is electronic dictionaries. It is especially important to convert ancient sources into electronic form. One of such electronic sources is the electronic annotated dictionary of Alisher Navoi’s works, the creation of which requires the solution of a number of tasks. That is, the translation of an annotated dictionary of author’s works into an electronic (.doc, .xls, .txt) form, modeling the business process of an electronic dictionary information system, developing a system database and consolidating data, and finally creating an electronic dictionary information system using the capabilities of programming languages. The development of this information system was based on international standards for electronic dictionaries. An electronic dictionary of Alisher Navoi’s works will be created so that schoolchildren, students, independent researchers and researchers can fully understand the work of the great thinker

Integrating Information and Media Literacy into Pre-service Special Education Teachers Teaching and Learning

The rise of the internet and the emergence of new digital devices require information users for information needs, access information effectively and efficiently, applies information, and use information effectively and efficiently. This study aims to develop a model for integrating information and media literacy into pre-service exceptional education learning. The researcher applied the ADDIE approach. This research was conducted with 214 students of the Pre-service Teacher Special Education Program. The methods used to collect data are observation and questionnaires. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire. The technique used to analyze the data is quantitative with a rating scale format. The results of the research are that most students have excellent or good information and media literacy skills, both in recognizing to be able to find, access, and retrieve information and media content, understand, assess, and develop information and media, as well as create, utilize needs, and bringing together information and media content. 25.70% of students have very good information and media literacy skills. Most students already have computers with various operating systems and mobile devices such as smartphones, iPods, tablets, and electronic dictionaries. Students consider it essential to improve their digital tools skills because it can enhance learning. It was concluded that the five components of the 5MIL learning model could be used so that students have the competencies needed for 21st-century life.

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF DICTIONARY FORMATION

Historical lexicography systematically conducts scientific research of historical lexicological, historical dialectological, historical phonetic, historical grammatical works and sources that allow us to study the historical vocabulary and vocabulary of the Kazakh language from a comprehensive linguistic point of view, determines ways, methods and methods of their use in the formation of historical dictionaries. The theory of historical lexicography serves as a scientific and theoretical basis for the practice of creating etymological, historical-dialectological, and historical dictionaries of the Kazakh language and allows them to be improved. At the same time, in accordance with the scientific level of modern lexicography, there is a need to define the goals and objectives, structural features, and principled foundations of historical lexicography in Kazakh linguistics. Due to the development of the scientific and information space in modern society and the improvement of the lexicography industry, the development of historical lexicography and computer historical lexicography also has an impact on the dynamic development. XV-XX centuries of the Kazakh language. one of the most important tasks of modern Kazakh linguistics is the creation of an electronic body of texts and a historical electronic file fund (journalistic, epistolary, from works of art, oral literature, historical records, etc.), dictionaries of a historical character created for different centuries, a historical dictionary of the modern Kazakh language, a historical and etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language, reflecting the manifestation of Kazakh cultural and spiritual, national values in the language. It is necessary to define the main principles of forming a historical and etymological dictionary and create an electronic Historical Dictionary both in the field of Turkology and Kazakh linguistics. This is one of the guarantees of a deeper understanding of the historical layers of the Kazakh language, that our native language will not be absorbed in the era of globalization.

Autocomplete Indonesian Dictionary with Trie and Depth-First Search Algorithm


 In the current era of technology, the internet provides many conveniences for our daily lives. There are no limitations in accessing the internet, we can even search for information that we do not know through the internet. One of them is by using an electronic dictionary. By using the electronic dictionary the user only needs to enter a keyword and the machine will search for the appropriate data. But when the user finishes entering the word in the search engine, the word is not necessarily found, this makes the electronic dictionary less than optimal in terms of time usage. Therefore, we use the autocomplete feature with the trie data structure and the dfs algorithm in order to shorten the time the user is typing a word, where this feature will display a list of words that the user might mean without having to type the word in full.
 

Design of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Based Web Platform for Learning English through Video Scenes

Tough competition conditions that exist in today's business world have created the need for individuals who want to exist in this environment to be more qualified. Especially, speaking the English language as a foreign language and having the ability to use its language features makes up an important part of these needs. Through English language education process, both instructors and students need to be able to get the educational materials they need. Widespread use of the internet and computer technologies enabled people to access new educational materials used in the field of education. Online courses, electronic dictionaries, question-answer applications, and game apps on online platforms are some of these educational materials. Today, everyone can reach any language courses or any other materials that support their language learning via a mobile phone and other similar gadgets from anywhere. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has had a profoundly important role in learning and teaching of languages since it was published. The use of this standard framework in English language teaching helps the development process of foreign language teaching and learning depending on the level of the student. CEFR framework is made up of six sections. Every section has many words related to a level of English. This study has been focused on a web-based platform depending on CEFR standards that will help the process of language education. In the study, it was aimed to create a large database table to determine the CEFR levels of the films used in the system and to contribute to the process of learning English words and movie scenes suitable for the students' own level.

Parameters of Lexicographic Description of New Vocabulary of Modern German in Electronic Dictionary of Neologisms of Leibniz Institute for German Language

The problem of lexicographic fixation of neologisms at the present stage of development of German-language lexicography by private explanatory dictionaries of electronic format is considered. A fairly successful example of lexicographic practice was chosen as the object of the study — an electronic dictionary of neologisms of the modern German language on the lexicographic online portal of the Leibniz Institute for the German Language. The dictionary is a “living”, constantly updated edition, which is based on the criteria for the definition and classification of neologisms, developed by its compilers. The authors of the article performed an analysis of the parameters of the lexicographic description of neologisms in this dictionary. The question is raised about the mandatory or optional nature of the parameters used by the compilers of the dictionary when forming the microtext (dictionary entry). Standard and specific parameters of lexicographic description, which are profile for the dictionary of new words are distinguished: example-definition, first fixation, language reflection, encyclopedic information, representation in dictionaries, etc. The analysis of lexicographic practice sets the task of summarizing the practical experience of lexicographers in order to determine the optimal set of parameters for the codification of neology.

Successful Translation Students’ Use of Dictionaries

Dictionaries of all types are an indispensable tool for both professional and trainee translators. However, the literature on trainee translators indicates that the skills associated with dictionary use have not been given the required attention. Knowing which dictionaries to use and how to use them efficiently when engaged in the translation process are significant aspects of translation pedagogy. In fact, facilitating the development of effective dictionary use helps develop translation competence in general. Therefore, the present article reports on a qualitative case study of successful translation students’ usage of and preferences for various types of dictionaries. The results show that successful trainee translators use dictionaries to locate synonyms or better translations for target words. Successful translation students are also reported to use dictionaries frequently to check spelling. Most respondents reported consulting the dictionary after they finished reading source texts. In line with the global move toward digitalization, the participants reported using electronic dictionaries with significantly greater frequency than paper dictionaries. In most cases, successful translation students’ use of paper dictionaries was limited to classroom examinations. The open-ended interview questions also helped to reveal the variety of dictionaries used by this group of trainee translators. Taken together, these findings have utility for translation instructors, particularly regarding the improvement of trainee translators’ experiences and the provision of assistance to less successful students.

HYPERTEXTUALITY AS A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF MODERN ENGLISH DICTIONARY INTERNET DISCOURSE

The scientific article deals with analyzing hypertextuality as a characteristic featureof the modern English dictionary Internet discourse. It highlights the prerequisites of hypertextuality and its importance in modern linguistics, in particular in the aspect of e-dictionary compilation. It determines the idea of the concept and outlines the approaches to its interpretation. Moreover, the research analysis theapproaches to define hypertext. In addition, it focuses on its distinctive characteristics. They include non-hierarchy, cohesive closedness, nonlinearity, potentiality, multimedia, multilinearity, openness, heterogeneity, and multiplicity of virtual structures. The article considers the types of hypertext systems (bibliographic, analytical, reference, experimental). It establishes that such advantages of hypertext as adaptability, the possibility of fast publicity and distribution, and economy determine the superiority of virtual text over the traditional one. The investigation studies the typology of hypertexts (dynamic, statistical, hierarchical, grid). It outlines the importance of hypertextuality in electronic dictionary compilation. It emphasizes the significance of hypertext technologies to systematize information effectively based on solid internal connections, both text, and illustrations, graphics, photographs, drawings, audio, and video, which help readers better understand information. The articleproves that in developing a global structure of relationships between information blocks, it is necessary to consider possible connections both within the electronic dictionary and with external information resources. It characterizes the types of hyperlinks (local, global) and considers their role in a dictionary entry. Finally, it proves that an electronic dictionary is essentially hypertext. After all, the hypertext system of electronic dictionaries allows effective presentation of material in a combination of text, tables, graphs, diagrams, illustrations, animations, audio, and video materials, as well as the use of information modeling and navigation. The prospect of further scientific research lies in the detailed analysis of dictionary entry distinctive features.

The use of Electronic Dictionary Strategies among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners

It is true that dictionaries have played an indispensable role in the process of language acquisition, and in the case of EFL learning, this is not an exception. However, in Vietnam, there have not been many studies, research, and materials exploring the use of electronic dictionaries (EDs) as well as instructing EFL learners to employ them effectively. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate EFL learners’ use of electronic dictionary (ED) strategies at an English center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study involved 98 EFL learners who were asked to complete the given questionnaire. The quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS to extract their mean, standard deviation, and frequency. The results indicated that the EFL participants only made use of an average number of ED strategies. It is hoped that these introductory findings can be beneficial for other researchers in their studies related to dictionary use as well as providing potential ideas for EFL teachers who want to implement dictionary training into their lessons.

APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF MULTIMODALITY IN MODERN LEXICOGRAPHY

The search for the optimal and most comprehensible ways of lexical units semantization has been the key problem of lexicography and metalexicography for the dictionary user and remains the contemporary problem. Introduction of computer technology has radically changed the concept of the dictionary, solved many problems of the lexicographic genre, and expanded the capabilities of the dictionary user. Along with this, the abundance of lexicographic works, including electronic ones, dictionary platforms, that act as aggregators of several online dictionaries, an overabundance of reference information, disorient an inexperienced consumer. Due to this, the objective of this article is the typology of existing online dictionaries and information dictionary platforms based on the material of the German language, depending on their content and general purpose. The most accurate multi-aspect interpretation of a word comprises various features and connotations taken into account. Nevertheless, the reference nature requires a laconic description of the material, devoid of a formalized meta-language, and the ability to quickly find the necessary explanation. Regarding this, the analysis of the application of the principles of multimodality is conducted in the article to solve the problems of meaning representation in electronic dictionaries. Besides, the author underlines the significance of the multimodal meaning representation for the effective interpretation of foreign lexis in all variety of nuances, and, therefore, for the effectiveness of a foreign language lexis acquisition and overcoming translation difficulties.

Innoverende toegangsroetes in selfoonwoordeboeke

Innovative Access Structures in Mobile Dictionaries. The access structure of any dictionary is an important one. It provides the user with a means to obtain the required data or to extract valuable information. This dictionary structure mostly overlaps with other structures such as the macro-, micro- and mediostructure, which in turn creates different access routes a dictionary user can follow to try and satisfy his or her lexicographic needs. In printed dictionaries, the access structure can already be found on the cover, while in electronic or online dictionaries this structure is usually visible on the home or landing page (Du Plessis 2015: 51-52). Gouws and Prinsloo (2005: 64) differentiate between two types of access structures: the outer access structure, which relates to the access or search routes that lead a user to the lemma sign, and the inner access structure, which, among other things, involves the search routes and zones within a dictionary article. The traditional functions and uses of dictionary structures are adapted for the online and mobile medium in order to better satisfy user needs. The disadvantage of this, however, is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between different dictionary structures (Müller-Spitzer 2013: 368-369). Fortunately, e-dictionaries have the freedom to provide new and innovative ways for users to access lexicographic material. The goal of this article is to highlight and evaluate some of these innovative access routes, particularly in mobile dictionaries. This is done to determine which access routes deserve further investigation or should be considered as a standard practice in mobile and other e-dictionaries. Keywords: access routes, access structure, cellphone dictionaries, dictionary structures, electronic dictionaries, e-lexicography, inner access structure, mobile applications, mobile dictionaries, mobile lexicography, outer access structure, search routes, smart phones

VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES OF THE SECOND-SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM AT TADULAKO UNIVERSITY

This research aims to identify the strategies used and find out the effective strategies used by the second-semester students of English Education Study Program in learning vocabulary. This research applied qualitative research, especially case study. The participants were 20 students filling out the questionnaires and six students answering the interviews. The participants of this research were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires and interviews. The data gathered were analyzed by google form and descriptively. The data analysis results show that most students always use an electronic dictionary to find out the meaning of a word in determination strategies. Next, in social strategies, most students prefer to interact with their friends through group discussion in class or asking the meaning of a new word. Then, in memory strategies, most students often remember a new word from its pronounced. In cognitive strategies, they often use context in the text to explain the meaning of a word. While, in metacognitive strategies, most students often use an English song to learn new words and watch videos related to the deep pronunciation of English. The effective strategies were watching videos or movies. Then, they often make new vocabulary notes to memorize the words and remember a new word when it is pronounced. They also use an electronic dictionary to find out the meaning of the word. In general, most second-semester students almost use all the strategies in the taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies. The strategies most often used are using media, electronic dictionaries, interacting with other people, remembering new words when they are pronounced, and using context in the text to explain the new word's meaning.