Electronic Compensation Research Articles

Enhanced high dielectric characteristics tri‐layered structural ceramics for 5G/6G communications

AbstractTri‐layered structural Zn0.997Cu0.003ZrNb2O8–TiO2+ZnO/TiO2+CuO/TiO2–Zn0.997Cu0.003ZrNb2O8 ceramics with different mass fractions of TiO2+ZnO/TiO2+CuO/TiO2 were successfully prepared. The advantages of the multilayered design were completely demonstrated, and the microwave dielectric characteristics were modified by the components of each dielectric layer. In comparison to the random distribution‐type, Zn0.997Cu0.003ZrNb2O8@TiO2+ZnO, this tri‐layered construction could increase the Q f value by approximately 100%. Meanwhile, based on the electronic compensation mechanisms, the Q f value of the tri‐layered structural ceramics with TiO2‐doped interlayer can be increased by nearly 20% compared with that of the pure TiO2 interlayer. The Zn0.997Cu0.003ZrNb2O8–TiO2+ZnO–Zn0.997Cu0.003ZrNb2O8 tri‐layered ceramic exhibited excellent dielectric characteristics ( = 33.75, Q × f = 59 000 GHz, and = +2.27 ppm/°C) with 0.05 wt% TiO2+ZnO sintered at 1240°C for 6 h, and the integrated optimization of microwave dielectric characteristics was achieved. This article provides a strategy for the synthesis of high‐performance microwave dielectric components for application in 5G/6G wireless communication technologies.

Femtosecond-Level Frequency Transfer at 10 GHz over Long Fiber Link with Optical–Electronic Joint Compensation

We report a fiber-optic 10 GHz frequency transfer technique based on an optical–electronic joint phase compensator. A highly stable frequency signal at 10 GHz was transferred in a 50-km long fiber link by using this technique. Two key parameters of the frequency dissemination, the timing fluctuation and frequency stability were both measured. The experimental results show the root-mean-square timing fluctuation of the transferred microwave is about 103 fs within 10,000 s, and the frequency stability for the transmission link is 2.2 × 10−14 at 1 s and 8.5 × 10−17 at 2000 s. The technique proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool which can be used to transfer atomic clocks (e.g., commercial H-master and Cs clocks) in a long fiber link.

Bimetallic synergy boost TCPP(Ni)-Co MOF as the high-performance electrochemical sensor for enhanced detection of trace theophylline

A bimetallic porphyrin MOF TCPP(Ni)-Co has been synthesized by the combination of reflux method and hydrothermal method. Due to the inherent conjugated ligand TCPP and the synergistic effect between metal center Co2+ and Ni2+, the TCPP(Ni)-Co MOF could work as the high-performance electrochemical sensor by the modification on the GCE. TCPP(Ni)-Co@GCE could realize the detection of trace theophylline with high sensitivity, fast response time (less than 3 s), detection range of 10–100 nM, and the extreme detection limit as low as about 3.3 nM. The good stability, repeatability and anti-interference performance further support TCPP(Ni)-Co MOF function as an excellent electrochemical sensor for theophylline. The enhanced detection mechanisms have been carefully discussed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammograms (CVs) experiments. The coordination of Ni2+ in higher electron affinity could construct more electron-deficient environment in the well conjugate TCPP ligand, which could reduce the electron compensation to Co2+ in the formation of Co-COO coordination bond and set “Co-COO” in a higher oxidation state, thus enables TCPP(Ni)-Co MOF as the high-performance sensor for trace theophylline.

Influence of Positive Ion (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) Doping on the Basic Resistance and Sensing Performances of ZnO Nanoparticles Based Gas Sensors

Despite potential advantages of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs)-based gas sensors, the limitation of very high baseline resistance is still unsatisfactory for practical application. By means of element doping, the performance of metal oxide materials used as gas sensors can be optimized. Herein, different cations (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized and used as the acetone sensing materials. Results show that the resistance of sensors based on Sn4+ doped ZnO was significantly reduced (from 5.18 to 0.28 MΩ) at 270 °C without sacrificing the acetone sensing responses. In addition, the gas sensor also exhibited the fast response/recovery time (1/10 s) and great long-term stability. The electron compensation and improved adsorbing oxygen ability for the Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles contributed to the relatively low resistance and enhanced acetone sensing performances.

Cross-Domain Active Learning for Electronic Nose Drift Compensation.

The problem of drift in the electronic nose (E-nose) is an important factor in the distortion of data. The existing active learning methods do not take into account the misalignment of the data feature distribution between different domains due to drift when selecting samples. For this, we proposed a cross-domain active learning (CDAL) method based on the Hellinger distance (HD) and maximum mean difference (MMD). In this framework, we weighted the HD with the MMD as a criterion for sample selection, which can reflect as much drift information as possible with as few labeled samples as possible. Overall, the CDAL framework has the following advantages: (1) CDAL combines active learning and domain adaptation to better assess the interdomain distribution differences and the amount of information contained in the selected samples. (2) The introduction of a Gaussian kernel function mapping aligns the data distribution between domains as closely as possible. (3) The combination of active learning and domain adaptation can significantly suppress the effects of time drift caused by sensor ageing, thus improving the detection accuracy of the electronic nose system for data collected at different times. The results showed that the proposed CDAL method has a better drift compensation effect compared with several recent methodological frameworks.

Burst release of antibacterial clusters from gold-silver nanoboxes triggered by carboxylates modulating electron compensation effect

Nanoalloys have been well attracted due to their unique physiochemical and optical properties. Although some nanoalloys are known to remain stable in complex biological environment because of the electron compensation effect (ECE), the effective modulation of ECE has yet to be explored. Here, we have demonstrated that the ECE can be modulated after adsorption of carboxylate on gold silver nanoboxes (GSNBs), accompanied with the release of alloy nanoclusters, as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the electron density difference calculation. Moreover, the modulation efficiency is dependent on the pH of solution and the number of carboxylate groups. Using citrate as a representative, about 80 % silver components of GSNBs can be oxidized and released within 30 min in the presence of H2O2, producing highly-efficient antibacterial alloy clusters for both in vitro and in vivo applications. These results may offer a deep insight into modulation of intermetallic electron transfer of nanoalloys to develop new and effective antibacterial strategies.

A Comprehensive Review of the On-Road Wireless Charging System for E-Mobility Applications

The recent progress in the dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system brings feasibility to increase the driving range of an electric vehicle (EV). The on-road wireless charging system reduces the volume of the EV’s battery and charging the vehicle while driving. So, the powered roadways can potentially decrease the dependency on heavy-sized batteries for EV applications. The capability of transferring maximum power from the ground surface to the vehicle requires the critical design of the entire DWPT system. The various factors such as wireless charging pads, power electronic converters, compensators, and controllers influence the power transfer rate of the system. An appropriate impedance matching network assists the system during power transfer. Moreover, the design of coils in DWPT needs to consider the sensitive misalignment tolerance, safety issues, complex design, and cost factors. In this article, the basic topologies, history, and fundamentals of the DWPT charging system are discussed. In addition, the impact on the power grid due to the DWPT system and factors involved in microgrid integration are discussed. However, the current scenario of different compensators, converters, and design topologies proposed in the dynamic charging system is included. This article presents a comprehensive overview and challenges involved in a DWPT system such as the design of a power converter, charging couplers, compensation network, foreign object detection system, economic factors, and microgrid-integrated DWPT system. An economic analysis, electromagnetic compatibility, and interference of the charging system are also analyzed vastly. The human exposure level with its allowable limits developed for the wireless power transfer system is discussed.

One-pot hydrothermal growth of indium oxide-CNT heterostructure via single walled carbon nanotube scaffolds and their application toward flexible NO2 gas sensors

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are recognized as a promising sensing material for flexible NO2 gas sensors, whereas poor recovery at room temperature is a significant barrier to practical application. This study reports a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of an indium oxide/single-walled carbon nanotube heterostructure (h-In2O3/SWNT) for efficient recovery in gas sensors. This results in the stable formation of 2-dimensional electron gases and their favorable electron compensation in the channel layers. The h-In2O3/SWNT FET gas sensors (h-GS) exhibit a sensing resolution of 1 ppm, negligible degradation over 9 consecutive cycled exposures with a 2-day-interval, and a significant improvement in recovery within 10 min at room temperature. Surprisingly, even when the flexible h-GS is evaluated under repeated tensile strain of 0.88 %, electrical reliability and reproducibility of the h-GS is fully validated. Thus, with its demonstrated robust sensing properties and compensation scheme, the h-In2O3/SWNT is expected to be a promising candidate for use as a novel sensing layer in a wearable gas sensor, resolving one of the long-standing issues associated with gas sensor sluggish recovery and reliability for impact.

Results of research on backlash compensation in a power electric drive by low-power electronic device

This article considers the feasibility of restoring and maintaining the kinematic accuracy of the support-rotary device drives by introducing a backlash compensation device into the control system. The power electromechanical drives of support-rotary device considered in this article contain two motors, the summation of the torques of which is carried out on a common output shaft. It is shown that the restoration of the required kinematic accuracy of the drives can be achieved by introducing one of two variants of an electronic device for backlash compensation into the control system. In the first variant, equal and opposite displacement signals are introduced into the control signals of the motors. The second variant introduces an electronic cross-connections backlash compensation scheme was into the control system. The study of the operation of the support-rotary device drive system with two backlash compensation devices carried out by a simulation method showed that the use of a cross-connection scheme is the most preferable and effective.As a result of the research, it was shown that the introduction of an electronic backlash compensation device into the control system makes it possible to ensure the operability of the power electromechanical drives of a support-rotary device with initial kinematic accuracy.

Power recovery of the PV arrays under partial shading by a power electronic compensator

The partial shading phenomenon in some modules of the PV arrays limits the total current of the series modules and reduces the total output power. In this paper, a power electronic compensator with a multi-winding transformer is presented to recover the undelivered energy of the shaded modules. The proposed configuration compensates reduced currents due to the partial shading on the series modules by injecting the required currents into parallel circuits of the shaded modules. The unshaded modules provide the compensatory currents by creating a common flux into the core of the multi-winding transformer. The average current and the output power of the PV array are considerably improved under partial shading conditions. The proposed configuration has a very simple and sensorless control structure, and its power electronic elements are less than other improving configurations. The simulation and experimental results confirm the presented analytical relations and desirable performance of the proposed configuration to recover the undelivered energy of the PV array under the partial shading conditions.

From Doping to Dilution: Local Chemistry and Collective Interactions of La in HfO2

Lanthanum (La) doping is considered as a promising route to overcome reliability issues of switchable ferroelectric HfO2‐based devices. This study links the local chemistry at the La lattice sites with local and collective electronic properties of the La:HfO2matrix using hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The satellite structure of the La 3dcore level, the plasmonic excitation energies, and core‐level rigid binding energy shifts are investigated for La:HfO2samples with a wide range of La doping, ranging from 3.5% to 33%, i.e., from the doping to dilution level. The emerging chemical phases and electronic properties are discussed as a function of La content. From the evolution of the plasmon excitation energies and rigid binding energy shifts, it is concluded that electronic charge compensation by oxygen vacancies occurs for increasing La content.

Charge compensation mechanisms of BaTiO3 ceramics co-doped with La2O3 and Bi2O3

Doping modification is commonly used to improve the electrical properties of BaTiO 3 (BT). In this study, the ((1- x )BT- x (Bi 2 O 3 –La 2 O 3 )) ceramics were synthesised to investigate the charge balance compensation mechanisms of BT ceramics co-doped with La 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 as donors at A-site. The XRD results showed that a pseudo-cubic phase was formed by intruding dopants. The Raman spectroscopy revealed that the samples, which x = 0.10 and 0.16, had relatively more oxygen and titanium vacancies. After heat-treatment the samples in oxygen atmosphere, the dielectric constant of the sample with x = 0.10 was higher than that of the untreated, but for x = 0.16, it was almost no changed. These results indicated that the different charge balance compensation mechanism was exist in the samples with x = 0.10 and 0.16. Impedance measurements showed that the resistance tendency exhibited initial decrease and subsequent increase, leading to the electronic and ionic compensation mechanisms with x = 0.10 and 0.16, respectively. Ferroelectric properties also implied charge balance compensation mechanism transition, due to P s and P r were higher for x = 0.10 than for x = 0.16, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for modulating the electric properties of BT-based ceramics.

Optimizing DC restoration in Kramers-Kronig optical single-sideband receivers.

Kramers-Kronig optical single-sideband receivers remove the signal-signal beat interference (SSBI) that occurs when detecting a signal that has electrical signals mapped onto its optical field at the transmitter; such signals support electronic dispersion compensation without the need for a coherent receiver. To use the full range of the analog-to-digital converter's (ADC) range, it is best to a.c.-couple the photocurrent, to remove its DC content; however, the DC must be restored digitally before the KK algorithm is applied. Recent publications have concentrated on perfectly determining the restored DC's required level from the signal, with a view this is optimal for lowering error rates. In this paper, we investigate signal-signal beat interference (SSBI) cancellation in a single photodiode receiver using Kramers-Kronig receiver algorithm, with large variations in optical carrier-to-signal power ratio (CSPR) and DC offset level. Through simulations and experiments, we find a strategy to optimize the signal quality without the need of an extensive search for the DC offset value. We also find that a theoretically perfect determination of the original DC level does not provide best signal quality especially for low CSPRs; in order to achieve maximum cancellation of signal-signal beat interference, the level of the restored DC has an optimum value that depends on the optical CSPR. We define a digital CSPR, which is the value of the CSPR in the digital domain after DC restoration. Our measurements show that we simply need to bias the signal upwards and make the minimum signal above zero by 0.1% of the r.m.s. signal amplitude when the optical CSPR is low. For higher values of optical CSPR, the optimal digital CSPR is about 2-dB lower than the optical CSPR, and the optimal DC offset can be calculated from this digital CSPR. We find that the boundary between our low optical CSPR region and high optical CSPR region depends on the noise level in the system.

Particle‐in‐cell/Monte Carlo‐simulation of the discharge in helium initiated by a relativistic electron beam in the chamber with a magnetic mirror

AbstractA gas discharge is simulated and numerically studied in the gaseous helium in the region of the squeezed state of a single tubular magnetized relativistic electron beam at its partial reflection from a magnetic mirror. The code based on the particle‐in‐cell/Monte Carlo method was used. The electron beam dynamics, time evolution of phase portraits of particles, physical parameters, and spatial–time characteristics of plasma were calculated. It is shown that dense plasma appears in the cavity under the action of an electron beam in the form of a thin‐walled long cylinder of a large length; its electron concentration can be several units of 1011 cm−3. At the same time, it turned out that plasma is considerably inhomogeneous in length; its more dense part corresponds to the part of the squeezed state of a beam. The time dependence of the charge compensation of electrons on the helium atom concentration in the chamber was calculated. The dependence turned out to be decreasing since the rate of discharge development is increasing with the growth of the helium pressure in the cavity.

Electronic Compensation with Microbial Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification Process of Nitrate Contaminated Groundwater

Electronic Compensation with Microbial Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification Process of Nitrate Contaminated Groundwater

Evaluation of Nd0.8-x Sr0.2Ca x CoO3-δ (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) as a cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

A series of Nd0.8−xSr0.2CaxCoO3−δ(x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) cathode materials was synthesized by sol–gel method. The effect of Ca doping amount on the structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal expansion, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical properties were evaluated for possible application in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes. Results showed that second phase NdCaCoO4+δ is generated when the Ca doping amount is higher than 0.1. The increase in Ca limits the electronic compensation capacity of the material, resulting in a decrease in thermal expansion coefficient (TEC). With the increase of Ca content, the conductivity increases at first and then decreases, and the highest value of 443 S cm−1 is at x = 0.1 and T = 800 °C. Nd0.7Sr0.2Ca0.1CoO3−δ exhibits the lowest area specific resistance of 0.0976 Ω cm2 at 800 °C. The maximum power density of Nd0.7Sr0.2Ca0.1CoO3−δ at 800 °C is 409.31 mW cm−2. The Ca-doped material maintains good electrochemical properties under the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) reduction and thus can be used as an intermediate-temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) cathode.

Translucent red-emitting AlN: Mn phosphor ceramics with high luminescence thermal stability

Developing new phosphor ceramics with higher thermal conductivity is a matter of priority for high power solid-state lighting. Herein, translucent red-emitting AlN: Mn phosphor ceramic with high thermal conductivity (72.37 W m−1 K−1 at 25 °C) and high luminescence thermal stability are successfully fabricated by pressureless sintering at 1800 °C for 3 h. Preparation process, photoluminescence, afterglow and electronic compensation mechanisms were discussed in detail. TEM analysis showed that the tiny grain boundaries are composed of disordered Al2O3 phases. The EPR and TL spectra were used to reveal the O-related trap distribution. The AlN: Mn phosphor ceramics have brightly red afterglow with the longest afterglow time of 88 s and possess high luminescence thermal stability, that is to say, the luminescence intensity at 250 °C preserves 93.7% of that at room temperature. The encapsulated AlN: Mn LED device has a very bright red emission peak at 598 nm with a color purity of about 99%, indicating great application potential in solid-state lighting.

Electronic structure and charge compensation in AuxAg25-xSR181− (x = 0, 12, 13, 25), AuAg12Au12SR181−, and AgAu12Ag12SR181− clusters

Electronic structure and charge compensation in AuxAg25-xSR181− (x = 0, 12, 13, 25), AuAg12Au12SR181−, and AgAu12Ag12SR181− clusters

Tailored SiO2‐TiO2 Aerogel/Ag Flexible Films as Stable SERS Substrates for Hazardous Materials Detection

AbstractFlexible surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates have received more and more attention for their non‐invasive sample collection ability. However, majority of them have poor stability and reproducibility because noble metal is easily oxidized and led to lose SERS activity. Herein, SiO2‐TiO2‐Ag hybrids aerogel (STAHA) material is first applied as a flexible SERS substrate for explosives and dyes long‐term sensitive detection. The sensitive non‐invasive detection of 3‐nitro‐1, 2, 4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO) residues can be achieved with a limit of 1 × 10−6 m by wiping sample collection method. Meanwhile, similar SERS sensitivity from long‐term (50 days) kept substrates is observed compared with fresh‐made substrates. This long‐term sensitivity is contributed to electronic transfer compensation from TiO2 aerogel. This proposed flexible STAHA enrich the type of SERS substrates, and their long‐term sensitivity can provide a prospective application for trace analyses of explosives and other hazardous residues in criminal forensic, military, and security check.

Performances of current monitor for a long pulse width sensing

The current transformer (CT) is an important part of the current diagnostic system as a non-destructive beam intensity measurement monitor. The bandwidth, sensitivity, precision and droop are some characteristic parameters of a CT. In order to improve the limits of a commercial CTs, an electronic error compensator is developed in this paper. The proposed device compensates the phase error, the droop current through the secondary winding of the transformer and improves the characteristics of commercial sensor systems. The results of measurements demonstrated that the proposed circuit could precisely improve the low frequency response of a commercial CT without using any auxiliary.winding or auxiliary core, or any modification of these CTs. The droop error of the proposed design compared to the first droop remains negligible to the value less than 0.1%/µs, and a consistent sensitivity of 12.4 V/A.