Electronic Code Book Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS RC2 AND TRIPLE DES IN ECB MODE USING CRYPTOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE PROGRAM CRYPTOOL

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of symmetric key cryptographic algorithms, focusing on RC2 and Triple DES (ECB) as implemented in CrypTool. It is widely used educational software that demonstrates various cryptographic algorithms and methods. This paper aims to provide a foundational understanding of CrypTool, explain the functionalities of RC2 and Triple DES in Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode and evaluate their performance and security.

Evaluations of Crypto-System AES Using Multiple Bloc Ciphering Mode

Cryptography, a scientific field that has existed even before the beginning of computer science. This article looks at the development symmetric crypto-system, which falls within the framework of image security, by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES- Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithms. AES algorithm is not integrity protected. Cryptanalysis could use modified encrypted image of each ciphered bloc for generating oracle and getting the key. A new crypto-system uses hash function named AES-GCM (Advanced Encryption Standard-) for solving this problem. Using Galois Counter Mode (GCM) combined with Secure Hash Algorithm 256 bits (SHA-256) or BLAKE2s hash function, the old mode of ciphering like: Cipher FeedBack (CFB), Output FeedBack (OFB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Electronic Codebook Block (ECB) and CounTeR (CTR) mode encryption, will increase the security level at confidentiality and integrity. In this article, robustness of the crypto-system will be evaluated by multiple criteria, indeed the statistical analysis, sensitivity measurement and performance measurement. For the statistical analysis, the histogram is flat and the correlation between adjacent pixel is not linear for the encrypted image. The relation between clear image and encrypted image doesn’t exist. For the sensitivity analysis, Number of Pixel Changing Rate (NPCR) and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI) permit to avoid differential attack of the crypto-system. The two values are respectively near 99% and 30%. For performance measurement, the similarity of the decrypted image and original image will be tested. The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) are equals of infinity and zero. The decrypted image and original image are the same. The integrity of the image on the crypto-system will be evaluated by modifying one bit of the encrypted image. The decryption process doesn’t give decrypted image and show that the tag value is incorrect.

Improving Firebase BaaS Service Security in Counseling Chat Applications: AES-256 and CBC Approach for End-to-End Encryption

The activities of using the internet and exchanging information and sending messages have used a lot of internet media, one of which is chat message media, but over time data and information security problems in chat messages that are often encountered are active and passive wiretapping. In this research, the author wants to create a counseling chat message security application using the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm cryptographic method combined with the CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) technique which is an advanced development of the ECB (Electronic Code Book) technique. AES basically uses a block cipher with a length of 128 bits as the default operation, and the key length size varies from 128, 192 and 256 bits. so AES uses a 4x4 matrix equation with each section having a size of 1 byte. From these problems, research will be conducted to develop an application to accommodate the counseling process using a chat application that has the main focus of securing messages with image types and stored in the Firebase database service (Backend as a Service). As well as using the End-to-End service principle so that users do not need to do the encryption or decryption process directly because the process has been carried out by the system, this will also provide more security aspects in terms of confidentiality of key data and initialization vectors. So that the process of exchanging information using the media chat counseling application is secured and avoids tapping by irresponsible parties.

Implementasi AES ECB dan Hashing MD5/SHA-256 Pada Aplikasi Penyuratan Android

The Riau Ministry of Religion Regional Office is still archiving assignment letters and official travel letters manually. The staff who take care of the correspondence section, namely personnel and legal unit staff, do not have an application that facilitates the activities of assignment letters and official travel letters to simplify filing and data containing certain information contained in letters which include assignment letters and official travel letters. Security is important because it relates to data. Therefore, a correspondence application was created to support the correspondence activities of the Riau Ministry of Religion Regional Office and make it easier for staff in the Civil Service and Legal unit to properly manage assignment letters and official travel letters as well as control books. Android application development uses the waterfall method and the ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode AES algorithm and MD5/SHA-256 hashing for security. By building this application, it will be easier for leaders and employees to exchange letters and confidential information, guaranteed security and the application built can be used by users easily. The results of the Black Box testing carried out on the application produced the expected output and the UAT test obtained a score of 89%. Application testing on sentences, Jpg, Png and PDF files has a fairly high level of security using statistical analysis methods, namely bit frequency testing, autocorrelation, 0/1 bit distribution, entropy.

Secured authentication of radio-frequency identification system using PRESENT block cipher

<span lang="EN-US">The internet of things (IoT) is an emerging and robust technology to interconnect billions of objects or devices via the internet to communicate smartly. The radio frequency identification (RFID) system plays a significant role in IoT systems, providing most features like mutual establishment, key establishment, and data confidentiality. This manuscript designed secure authentication of IoT-based RFID systems using the light-weight PRESENT algorithm on the hardware platform. The PRESENT-256 block cipher is considered in this work, and it supports 64-bit data with a 256-key length. The PRESENT-80/128 cipher is also designed along with PRESENT-256 at electronic codebook (ECB) mode for Secured mutual authentication between RFID tag and reader for IoT applications. The secured authentication is established in two stages: Tag recognition from reader, mutual authentication between tag and reader using PRESENT-80/128/256 cipher modules. The complete secured authentication of IoT-based RFID system simulation results is verified using the chip-scope tool with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) results. The comparative results for PRESENT block cipher with existing PRESENT ciphers and other light-weight algorithms are analyzed with resource improvements. The proposed secured authentication work is compared with similar RFID-mutual authentication (MA) approaches with better chip area and frequency improvements.</span>

Assessment of Radiation-Induced Soft Errors on Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms Running on a Resource-Constrained Device

Most safety-critical edge-computing devices rely on lightweight cryptography (LWC) algorithms to provide security at minimum power and performance overhead. LWC algorithms are traditionally embedded as a hardware component, but with the advance of the Internet of Things (IoT), emerging firmware is more likely to support cryptography algorithms to comply with different security levels and industry-standards. This is the first work to present the soft error assessment of five cryptography algorithms executing in a low-power microprocessor running under neutron radiation, considering electronic code book (ECB) and counter (CTR) mode of operation implementations. Results obtained from two neutron radiation tests suggest that: ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> ) the NOEKEON algorithm gives the best relative soft error reliability, performance, power efficiency and memory footprint utilisation trade-offs between the five algorithms considering both ECB and CTR implementations, and ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</i> ) cryptography solutions based on the counter mode of operation present better FIT rate for silent data corruption (SDC) and crash w.r.t. ECB implementations.

Implementation of image file security using the advanced encryption standard method

The application of technology in this era has entered digitalization and is modern. Therefore, we are already in an era of advanced and rapid technological development. It has become a human need to exchange information in every activity. Documents that contain information that is frequently sought or used. The document's use also includes essential information. Document security is undoubtedly a significant factor in prioritizing important information in a document to prevent unauthorized people from misusing the document's vital information. Cryptography is a method of overcoming document security issues so that third parties cannot read the information or messages contained within the document. The 128-bit advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm is one of the algorithms included in the cryptography technique. Additionally, it can be combined with operation modes such as electronic codebook (ECB) and cipher block chaining (CBC) to create an application that can generate random codes to improve the security of the data contained in the document.

Block Ciphers Analysis Based on a Fully Connected Neural Network

With the development of high-speed network technologies, there has been a recent rise in the transfer of significant amounts of sensitive data across the Internet and other open channels. The data will be encrypted using the same key for both Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with block cipher modes called cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Electronic CodeBook (ECB). Block ciphers are often used for secure data storage in fixed hard drives, portable devices, and safe network data transport. Therefore, to assess the security of the encryption method, it is necessary to become familiar with and evaluate the algorithms of cryptographic systems. Block cipher users need to be sure that the ciphers they employ are secure against various attacks. A Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) model was initially used to assess how well the models were classified. Then, all models, including encoder models, were assessed using True Positive (TP) measures for successful classification of the discovered encoder and False Positive (FP) measures for imprecise categorization. The accuracy value, retrieval, loss, precision value, and F1 score were then calculated using a confusion matrix to assess the model's efficacy (abbreviated as F1). ECB results with an accuracy of 85% and CBC results with an accuracy of 88% were produced, and the parameters of the FCNN model were tweaked to provide better results. These results helped to identify the encryption algorithm more precisely and evaluate it.

SCB Mode: Semantically Secure Length-Preserving Encryption

To achieve semantic security, symmetric encryption schemes classically require ciphertext expansion. In this paper we provide a means to achieve semantic security while preserving the length of messages at the cost of mildly sacrificing correctness. Concretely, we propose a new scheme that can be interpreted as a secure alternative to (or wrapper around) plain Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode of encryption, and for this reason we name it Secure Codebook (SCB). Our scheme is the first length-preserving encryption scheme to effectively achieve semantic security.

FCNN Model for Diagnosis and Analysis of Symmetric Key Cryptosystem

An important part of a cryptosystem is a cryptographic algorithm, which protects unauthorized attackers from obtaining private and sensitive data. This study is a research project on identifying cryptographic algorithms using deep learning techniques and categorizing cryptographic algorithms based on feature extraction. The research involves employing block cipher modes called electronic codebook with the encryption algorithms Blowfish and advanced encryption standard (AES), where the data will be encrypted using the same key and a different key. The model has been developed by changing the structure and parameters of the proposed model and the training rate of the data. This model will build several dense FCNN of n layers on regular fully connected neural networks. Its construction will consist of five hidden layers, with each layer consisting of 128 neurons and hidden layers activation Relu except for the output layer, which consists of two classifiers and the SoftMax activation function. FCNN is better able to classify big data. It is also more efficient in use, reducing complexity, with the ability to store training data. First, the fully connected neural network (FCNN) model was used to evaluate the categorization of the models. Then, all models, even the encryption forms, were evaluated utilizing true positive measurements for satisfactory classification of the identified encryption method and false positive measurements for incorrect classification. The effectiveness of the model was then calculated using the precision value, recall, loss, accuracy range, and F1-Score metrics using a confusion matrix. The FCNN model parameters will be changed to more effectively identify the encryption algorithm. In the proposed method, when using the same key, the accuracy was 81%, and when using a different key, the accuracy was 49%. The FCNN model’s adjusted weights and learning will be based on large data to define and assess encryption algorithms more effectively and efficiently

Modeling cryptographic algorithms validation and developing block ciphers with electronic code book for a control system at nuclear power plants

Nuclear power plants have recognized the importance of nuclear cybersecurity. Based on regulatory guidelines and security-related standards issued by regulatory agencies around the world including IAEA, NRC, and KINAC, nuclear operating organizations and related systems manufacturing organizations, design companies, and regulatory agencies are considering methods to prepare for nuclear cybersecurity. Cryptographic algorithms have to be developed and applied in order to meet nuclear cybersecurity requirements. This paper presents methodologies for validating cryptographic algorithms that should be continuously applied at the critical control system of I&C in NPPs. Through the proposed schemes, validation programs are developed in the PLC, which is a critical system of a NPP’s I&C, and the validation program is verified through simulation results. Since the development of a cryptographic algorithm validation program for critical digital systems of NPPs has not been carried out, the methodologies proposed in this paper could provide guidelines for Cryptographic Module Validation Modeling for Control Systems in NPPs. In particular, among several CMVP, specific testing techniques for ECB mode-based block ciphers are introduced with program codes and validation models.

Android File And Message Encrypted Application Using Advanced Encryption Standard-Vigenere and Electronic Codebook/ Public Key Cryptography Standards/Padding a Hybrid Encryption Algorithm

The study, entitled Android File And Message Encrypted Application Using Advanced Encryption Standard-Vigenere and Electronic Codebook/ Public Key Cryptography Standards/Padding a Hybrid Encryption Algorithm, was a proposed solution about Social Engineering and hacking. With the Data Privacy Act of 2012, the study promotes and inspires. The study's goal is to provide users with security and protection for their personal information. The purpose of this research is to prevent cyber theft. The theft of financial and/or personal information through the use of a computer/device for fraudulent or other illegal purposes is referred to as cyber theft. The objectives were aimed at the system's functionality, and the scope and limitations were considered to determine the study's capability and boundaries. For this case, the study proposed solutions. The first chapter provides a general overview of the application. The project background covered the area, challenge, and how the developers came up with the plan, as well as the study's major argument. The Android SMS and File Manager Encrypted Application employs two distinct hybrid encryption algorithms. The prototype is the model that is appropriate in our system development because the proponents are developing a mobile application. This application promotes the Data Privacy Act, which protects and maintains the customer's or user's right to confidentiality. The survey results are positive, and almost everyone would like to have this type of application that can secure their files and messages. As a result, the proponents conclude that this application is feasible and long-term.

Efficient Segment-based Image Ciphering using Discretized Chaotic Standard Map with ECB, OFB and CBC

This paper presents a block-based ciphering scheme that employs the 2D discretized chaotic Standard map (CSM) in three different operation modes. The employed operation modes include the electronic codebook (ECB), the output feedback (OFB) and the cipher block chaining (CBC) modes. In the presented 2D discretized CSM with the OFB and CBC, the initiation vector (IV) is employed as the primary secret key. The presented 2D discretized CSM with the CBC has two merits. The first merit is the ability of the presented 2D discretized CSM with the ECB, OFB and CBC to encipher images of any dimensions in a comparatively short time. The second merit is the high level of security of the presented 2D discretized CSM with the OFB and CBC through the integration of both diffusion and confusion operations. Different security key metrics like histogram deviation, irregular, and coefficient of correlation, are examined to assess the functionality of the presented 2D discretized CSM with the OFB and CBC. The resistance to noise, uniformity of histogram, and encryption speed are also investigated. The suggested 2D discretized CSM with the OFB and CBC is compared with the 2D discretized CSM in ECB. The achieved outcomes demonstrate that the proposed 2D discretized CSM with the OFB and CBC has a high security than in ECB from cryptographic viewpoint. Also, achieved outcomes demonstrate that the proposed 2D discretized CSM has better noise immunity in OFB compared with ECB and OFB.

Detecting Encryption Vulnerabilities with Lossless Compression

Ciphertext entropy is a key property for detecting the use of insecure encryption modes such as Electronic Code Book (ECB) and for testing symmetric=key cryptographic algorithms. This paper discusses the use of lossless compression utilities as a proxy measurement for entropy and its use in detecting a limited set of encryption vulnerabilities. We also note the use of off-theshelf algorithms yields a teaching tool for Information Technology and Cybersecurity students. Finally, small and consistent differences between encryption modes provide the potential to identify the encryption algorithm from compression factors.

Designing a Block Cipher in Galois Extension Fields for IoT Security

This paper focuses on a block cipher adaptation of the Galois Extension Fields (GEF) combination technique for PRNGs and targets application in the Internet of Things (IoT) space, an area where the combination technique was concluded as a quality stream cipher. Electronic Codebook (ECB) and Cipher Feedback (CFB) variations of the cryptographic algorithm are discussed. Both modes offer computationally efficient, scalable cryptographic algorithms for use over a simple combination technique like XOR. The cryptographic algorithm relies on the use of quality PRNGs, but adds an additional layer of security while preserving maximal entropy and near-uniform distributions. The use of matrices with entries drawn from a Galois field extends this technique to block size chunks of plaintext, increasing diffusion, while only requiring linear operations that are quick to perform. The process of calculating the inverse differs only in using the modular inverse of the determinant, but this can be expedited by a look-up table. We validate this GEF block cipher with the NIST test suite. Additional statistical tests indicate the condensed plaintext results in a near-uniform distributed ciphertext across the entire field. The block cipher implemented on an MSP430 offers a faster, more power-efficient alternative to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) system. This cryptosystem is a secure, scalable option for IoT devices that must be mindful of time and power consumption.

Improve The Security of The Vigenère Cypher Algorithm by Modifying the Encoding Table and Key

This investigation was conducted to move forward the security of the vigenère cypher calculation by tending to the key conveyance issue and the most key issue within the calculation if cryptoanalysts effectively got it. The working demonstrates employments a 512-bit Electronic Code Book (ECB). The essential key utilized was a 512-bit arbitrary key. The randomized encoding table was also generated by the Blum Blum Shub calculation employing a scrambler key. The RSA calculation was utilized to scramble 512-bits random keys and scrambler keys. It comes about to appear that the proposed calculation does not include a key dissemination issue. With a randomized encoding table, the 512-bits arbitrary key cannot be utilized to unscramble the ciphertext off chance that cryptanalysis did not know the mixed table utilized. The preparing time appeared the proportion of the contrast of the vigenère cypher calculation. The proposed calculation was not as well essentially distinctive, and the longer the message was handled, the proportion of the time distinction possessed was moreover getting closer to one, which implies the distinction was not critical. The coming about ciphertext was too exceptionally secure, where the coming about ciphertext was irregular since the key utilized was random, and there were 3.75 x 10126 keys combination. This algorithm can be an alternative algorithm that is fast, safe, and easy to implement

Compact Implementation of ARIA on 16-Bit MSP430 and 32-Bit ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers

In this paper, we propose the first ARIA block cipher on both MSP430 and Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) microcontrollers. To achieve the optimized ARIA implementation on target embedded processors, core operations of ARIA, such as substitute and diffusion layers, are carefully re-designed for both MSP430 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA) and ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers (STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland). In particular, two bytes of input data in ARIA block cipher are concatenated to re-construct the 16-bit wise word. The 16-bit word-wise operation is executed at once with the 16-bit instruction to improve the performance for the 16-bit MSP430 microcontroller. This approach also optimizes the number of required registers, memory accesses, and operations to half numbers rather than 8-bit word wise implementations. For the ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller, the 8×32 look-up table based ARIA block cipher implementation is further optimized with the novel memory access. The memory access is finely scheduled to fully utilize the 3-stage pipeline architecture of ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers. Furthermore, the counter (CTR) mode of operation is more optimized through pre-computation techniques than the electronic code book (ECB) mode of operation. Finally, proposed ARIA implementations on both low-end target microcontrollers (MSP430 and ARM Cortex-M3) achieved (209 and 96 for 128-bit security level, respectively), (241 and 111 for 192-bit security level, respectively), and (274 and 126 for 256-bit security level, respectively). Compared with previous works, the running timing on low-end target microcontrollers (MSP430 and ARM Cortex-M3) is improved by (92.20% and 10.09% for 128-bit security level, respectively), (92.26% and 10.87% for 192-bit security level, respectively), and (92.28% and 10.62% for 256-bit security level, respectively). The proposed ARIA–CTR implementation improved the performance by 6.6% and 4.0% compared to the proposed ARIA–ECB implementations for MSP430 and ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers, respectively.

High-Speed Implementation of PRESENT on AVR Microcontroller

We propose the compact PRESENT on embedded processors. To obtain high-performance, PRESENT operations, including an add-round-key, a substitute layer and permutation layer operations are efficiently implemented on target embedded processors. Novel PRESENT implementations support the Electronic Code Book (ECB) and Counter (CTR). The implementation of CTR is improved by using the pre-computation for one substitute layer, two diffusion layer, and two add-round-key operations. Finally, compact PRESENT on target microcontrollers achieved 504.2, 488.2, 488.7, and 491.6 clock cycles per byte for PRESENT-ECB, 16-bit PRESENT-CTR (RAM-based implementation), 16-bit PRESENT-CTR (ROM-based implementation), and 32-bit PRESENT-CTR (ROM-based implementation) modes of operation, respectively. Compared with former implementation, the execution timing is improved by 62.6%, 63.8%, 63.7%, and 63.5% for PRESENT-ECB, 16-bit PRESENT-CTR (RAM based implementation), 16-bit PRESENT-CTR (ROM-based implementation), and 32-bit PRESENT-CTR (ROM-based implementation) modes of operation, respectively.

A secure data parallel processing based embedded system for internet of things computer vision using field programmable gate array devices

SummaryTechnologies and new standards have converted the traditional networks and systems into new smart cities integrated networks. Different factors are behind to build these new networks in terms of hardware, software, standards, technologies, and infrastructure. Internet of things (IoT) is one of the popular network types based on small and portable devices. Some of the IoT applications are more critical and sensitive like smart healthcare systems wherein time data delivery is needed without any delay. Keeping in view the criticality of such applications, this study proposes a secure storage, processing and transmission (SSPT) technique. This technique is based on two modules named Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode and AES in Ciphered Message Authentication Code (CMAC) mode. In the first module, the AES is implemented in ECB mode to provide encryption to IoT computer vision data. In the second module, the AES is integrated with the CMAC algorithm to provide encryption, integrity, and authentication. The said modules are implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device which acts as a secure edge computing device. The SSPT is verified by the test vectors given by international standards such as the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) and Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) which are adaptable, proficient, and vigorous as compared to previous techniques.

Secure and location privacy in geographical data with electronic codebook mode-advanced encryption standard

Location-Based Service (LBS) is considered as one of the utmost encouraging as well as new ways of convergence technologies ensuing in the development of numerous fields together with database systems, mobile communication, internet technology and positioning systems. Even though being introduced in the mid 1990s, only contemporary LBS has achieved an efficient intense study owing to its commercial and scientific influence. As the LBS is associated to the user's location that can be preferred to track the actions of user, a strong privacy concern is elevated. To maintain the user's position, different intelligent works that are introduced with numerous challenges are still expecting solutions. To solve these issues, this paper proposes an encryption technique for improving the security of the LBS system named as Electronic Codebook Mode-Advanced Encryption Standard (ECBM-AES). The key purpose of this study is to offer security in addition to location privacy against the attackers. The cryptographic approach uses two veriers, and the claimed region could be in any intermission amongst the two veriers. The results show that the proposed technique provides better key generation ratio and network size, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), security and higher location privacy compared with the existing techniques.