Electronic Bills Of Lading Research Articles

4차 산업혁명 시대의 블록체인 기반 전자선하증권 활용에 관한 실증연구

Purpose: This paper evaluates the factors influencing the adoption and use of blockchain’s electronic bill of lading (e-B/L) in the trade and logistics industry, assessing its practical acceptability and suggesting future research directions. Research design, data, and methodology: This paper developed a research model based on prior studies and technology acceptance models, and used survey data from Korean trade and logistics firms to identify factors influencing e-B/L adoption. Results: Availability and suitability of a blockchain e-B/L influences its perceived ease of use positively, while security and suitability influences perceived usefulness positively. Both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness had a positive impact on the intention to use. Conclusions: This paper provides practitioners and researchers in the field of trade logistics with in-depth insights into the key factors influencing the adoption and utilization of a blockchain e-B/L, and provides a useful basis for future research and practical decisions.

Impact of the Rotterdam Rules on the Legislation on Electronic Bill of Lading

Impact of the Rotterdam Rules on the Legislation on Electronic Bill of Lading

Elektronik Konşimentoya Geçiş Engellerinin Değerlendirilmesinde Bulanık AHP Uygulaması

APPLİCATİON OF FUZZY AHP FOR ASSESSMENT OF TRANSİTİONAL BARRİERS TO ELECTRONİC BİLL OF LADİNG
 
 1- Bünyamin KAMAL, 2*- Ozan BAYAZİT
 
 1,2 Maritime Transportation Engineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turgut Kıran Maritime Faculty.
 ozan.bayazit@erdogan.edu.tr
 
 Abstract
 Advances in technology have converted the traditional paper-based bill of lading into an electronic bill of lading (eBL) format in recent years. In this regard, different eBL systems have been introduced and are increasingly being employed in the maritime transportation industry. In line with this, some major container shipping lines have started to declare their eBL services to their customers recently. However, it has been observed that there have not been come across any Turkey origin container shipping lines to utilize eBL systems. Therefore, considering container shipping lines of Turkey, this paper sought to disclose the barriers to the transition of eBL systems in Turkey. The barriers have been revealed through literature review and confirmed by industrial experts. Following that Fuzzy-AHP method was performed to prioritize their importance quantitatively. It was revealed that the legal barrier among the main barriers appeared as the most important barrier.
 
 Keywords: Digitalization, Container shipping industry, Electronic bill of lading, Transitional barriers, Fuzzy AHP approach

О развитии информационных систем в ОАО «РЖД» (на примере Восточно- Сибирской железной дороги)

The article discusses the alterations in the measures for throughput and carrying capacity, identified shortcomings in the information process. A brief overview of the software of AS EBL (Automated System Electronic Bill of Lading), AS TOM (Automated System of Transportation Operational Management), DM IL (Dynamic Model for Infrastructure Loading), AMS LP (Automated Management System of Local Performance), ETS URAL VNIIZHT (Executed Traffic Schedule URAL VNIIZHT) and other IT technologies of JSC “Russian Railways” used on the East Siberian Railway is provided. The conclusion is made about the advantages and disadvantages of the DM IL user interface.

Containerized immutable maritime data sharing utilizing Distributed Ledger Technologies

In recent years, distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), especially blockchain technology, has become a popular topic and is being implemented in different industries. Ships are expected to be equipped with more advanced equipment and less crew onboard. The communication and information sharing between different maritime stakeholders such as business partners, port authorities, tax authorities, class societies, flag states, IMO and EU become more important than ever. Trust and authenticity are key properties when utilizing data for safety or business critical applications, and will only increase in importance as automation levels increase towards fully autonomous ships and trading systems. The implementation of DLTs as close as possible to the data source helps provide a reliable, trustworthy way to share, process and verify the data. The objective of this paper is to explore how tamperfree maritime data sharing can enable automated transactions between vessels and shore-based entities. Singapores TradeTrust platform has shown that digitalization of international trade has great potential. In this paper we explore how further enhancements may be implemented and how the distributed ledger VeChain, as compared to Ethereum, have some distinct advantages that may be beneficial for continued automation and efficiency gains. The electronic Bill of Lading was taken as an example to demonstrate the concept. Reporting requirements from the other maritime data sharing scenarios are also expected to require a way of ensuring tamperfree data.

한국의 전자 선화증권 수용을 위한 비교법적 연구

Purpose : This study contributes to promoting the use of electronic bills of lading by analyzing and Korean commercial law and the laws of major foreign countries, focusing on the EU, the UK, the US, China, and Singapore, and suggests related laws of major foreign countries and from Korean commercial law for revising the international trade environment. Research design, data, methodology : The research methodology used in this study is a thorough review of the laws on electronic documents and electronic bills of lading in the EU, UK, US, China, Singapore, and Korea, and a thorough review of the literature and data. Results : All major foreign countries have laws on electronic documents and electronic bills of lading, but with the exception of the US and Singapore, the legal status for acceptance of electronic bills of lading has not been established. Korean commercial law also covers electronic bills of lading, but the legal status was not completely established. Conclusions : We provide practical guidelines for using electronic bills of lading by suggesting revisions to the relevant laws of major foreign countries and Korean commercial law in line with changes in the international trade environment.

The Role of Electronic Bill of Lading and Challenges to the Current Legal Framework

The Role of Electronic Bill of Lading and Challenges to the Current Legal Framework

Introducing Electronic Bill of Lading in Foreign Trade: Empirical Assessment of the Practical Need in Ethiopia

Introducing Electronic Bill of Lading in Foreign Trade: Empirical Assessment of the Practical Need in Ethiopia

Electronic bills of lading, blockchains and smart contracts

Abstract After a lengthy incubation period, electronic bills of lading (eBLs) are at last taking their first tentative steps in the shipping world. Systems currently in operation, however, are closed; only traders, carriers and banks who are members can participate. These closed schemes are not, therefore, true replacements for traditional paper bills of lading (pBLs), which can be used by anyone. Open eBL implementations are very difficult, which is no doubt why practical schemes so far have been closed. While blockchains and smart contracts make no difference to what is possible, they do to what is practicable. In particular, they may render feasible eBL implementations more open than those that have existed until now. They can obviate the need for distrusted central registries, and resolve the digital islands problem which can plague closed schemes. This article considers how an open eBL implementation might work. The schemes suggested here are rendered practicable by the new technology, should the industry choose to go down the eBL route. It may not so choose, at any rate in the short term, but if it does take this route, the article examines the legal obstacles that would need to be overcome. It assumes no change in the existing law, but concludes with a discussion of what lawmakers should consider, were they minded to assist.

الاحتيال البحري ووسائل التصدي له = Ways of Addressing Maritime Fraud

احتيال بحري | سند شحن | سند شحن إلكتروني | محتال | سند شحن تقليدي | سند ملكية البضاعة | إيصال استلام البضاعة | بيان الشحنة | تبادل المعلومات الدولي | عقد النقل البحري | Maritime Fraud | Bill of Lading | Electronic Bill of Lading | Fraudster | Traditional Bill of Lading | Document of Title to Goods | Goods Receipt Note | Shipment Statement | International Exchange of Information | Contract of Carriage by Sea

Bill of Lading Problems in Oil Trade and Blockchain Bill of Lading as Electronic Bill of Lading

Bill of Lading Problems in Oil Trade and Blockchain Bill of Lading as Electronic Bill of Lading

Blockchain Bills of Lading

The advent of blockchain technology will, in future, usher in a long-awaited shift away from paper bills of lading. Several maritime hubs, including Singapore, are exploring the possibility of digitalising trade and maritime documentation, such as bills of lading, using blockchain technology. However, there is still considerable uncertainty concerning the legal value of blockchain bills of lading, as with other electronic bills of lading. This paper analyses why electronic bills of lading on the registry model are not suitable for use as bills of lading in Common Law jurisdictions and discusses the suitability of blockchain bills of lading. The adoption of the MLETR may provide a legal regime for blockchain bills of lading. Key articles of the MLETR are considered, leading to a proposal for an amended version. This will entrench a sustainable, resilient and robust framework that will prepare Common Law jurisdictions for the new technological age in the shipping industry.

A Study on the Designation System of Registration Authority for Electronic Bills of Lading in Korea

A Study on the Designation System of Registration Authority for Electronic Bills of Lading in Korea

Basic Conditions of Validity of Electronic Contracts in Iran and UNCITRAL Model Law

Diverse activities such as electronic exchange of goods and services, instant digital content delivery, electronic funds transfer, electronic stock exchange, electronic bill of lading, commercial projects, common engineering and design, sourcing, government purchase, direct marketing and post-sales services included in e-commerce field. Due to the increasing spread of the electronic world in all aspects, electronic contracts, in turn, was of great importance and made significant contributions in business contracts. The present study aims to investigate the concept, fundamentals and history of electronic contracts referring to UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and Electronic Commerce Act (1996). The results indicate that in terms of the conclusion and obligations of the parties, contract in cyberspace in general is similar to the contract in the real world and in this respect, there is no major difference between these two contexts. Potential electronic contracts considered as written ones and Electronic signatures recognized as valid as the basis of the validity of the will in electronic trading.

Comparative Study of Bill of Lading Function as Title Document

One of the new transformations in the scope of maritime transportation about shipping documents includes non-paper (electronic) maritime transport documents. Three principal functions of a bill of lading in maritime transportation comprise receipt of carriage of good, reason for carriage contract, and title document. The majority of studies are about to realize the functions of carriage receipt and reason for carriage contract within substitution of electronic documents, such as replacement of paper bill of lading with an electronic bill of lading. While there is not the same conclusion about the function of the title document and this doubt on the result is beyond the replacement of paper documents with electronic documents caused by ambiguities in considering the bill of lading as a title document of goods and function of a bill of lading as a title document. In general, the transfer of a bill of lading does not mean the transfer of ownership while ownership is transferred through a contract of goods’ sale and bill of shading is considered as a document that indicates a property of goods to facilitate transactions within commercial operations.

Electronic Bills of Lading: An Easier Way to Sea Carriage

The starting point of any discuss on electronic bill of lading must as of necessity commence with the explanation of what a bill of lading is. A Bill of Lading is a document issued by, or on behalf of, a carrier or master to a sender, known as the shipper or consignor, which covers the carriage of goods destined to an ultimate receiver, known as the consignee. The bill of lading generally evidences the seller’s delivery of goods to an independent entity (the carrier) which takes over, inter alia, responsibility for the delivery to an ultimate buyer. The advancement of technology was the fulcrum upon which the electronic Bill of Lading lies. It is a recent development introduced to facilitate international trade and to reduce paper documents associated with international trade. The attendant complexities of modern day commerce have rendered obsolete the traditional means of transportation of goods over the sea as evidenced by a bill of lading. An electronic bill of lading is ordinarily the functional equivalent of a paper Bill of Lading. It clearly imitates the contents and functions of a paper bill of lading.The attendant relative novelty of this concept is the raison d'etre for this write up. The writer attempts to roll back the frontiers of ignorance by critically analysis and explaining what an Electronic Bill of Lading entails and its importance in this jet age.

Current situation and suggestions on in Electronic Bill of Lading

Current situation and suggestions on in Electronic Bill of Lading

A Study on the Designation System of Registration Authority of Electronic Bill of Lading in Korea

A Bill of Lading, an important shipping document in international trade, has been executing indispensable functions, especially in credit transactions. However, using a Bill of Lading in international trade between parties may cause inconvenience and costs. The reason stems from a situation that does not meet the basic premise for using a Bill of Lading when the Bills of Lading arrive at the destination before the goods. However, the phenomenon of the goods arriving at destination relatively faster than documents occurs when a faster shipping speed is achieved due to the development of shipbuilding technology and navigation techniques. Therefore, a situation arises where the delivery of goods is made without producing of a Bill of Lading since the goods have arrived but the Bill of Lading has not at the destination. Korean Maritime Law, which is part 5 of the Korean Commercial Law was amended and implemented, and is effective since August 3, 2007. The one reason for the revision was to introduce an electronic Bill of Lading. The purpose of this paper is to streamline the introduction of the registration authority of the electronic Bill of Lading by studying the designation system of the registration authority under Article 862 of Korean commercial law and the related enforcement regulation, and find the problems in the designation system of the registration authority and solutions to those problems.

Problems and Its Solutions of Korean Model of Electronic Bill of Lading under the Korean Commercial Law

Problems and Its Solutions of Korean Model of Electronic Bill of Lading under the Korean Commercial Law

A Study on the Legal Models of Electronic Bill of Lading

A Study on the Legal Models of Electronic Bill of Lading