Electronic Attacks Research Articles

Analysis and Investigation of Disturbance in Radar Systems Using New Techniques of Electronic Attack

With the end of World War II and the rapid advent of war technology, wars have shifted to electronic warfare, and today a nation can win wars that are more powerful in the field of telecommunications and electronic warfare. The purpose of this article is to promote new content in the field of electronic warfare and we try to introduce and introduce new techniques of electronic attacks on victim radar systems. With the exception of false targets created by point or sweep jams, most false targets are created with automatic responders or repeaters. An automatic response generator for producing false targets includes a receiver, a variable delay circuit, a signal generator, a power amplifier, and an antenna. Upon receiving a pulse from the threatening radar, the transponder waits for the time corresponding to the target man's distance to the false target, and then sends a similar echo signal to the radar. . As soon as the pulse is received from the threatening radar, the transponder delays it sufficiently to cause the difference in distance to create a false target. Then, a pulse similar to the RF echo pulse of the radar is returned to it.

WITHDRAWN: Best ways computation intelligent of face cyber attacks

Abstract The rising of information and communication technologies brought about new challenges that need to be dealt with is the citizens' security is considered. Undoubtedly, the latest well known electronic attacks have indicated the losses that are likely to happen as ICT and security as a field widens. There are several types of electronic attacks like Denial of service, phishing attacks, backdoors, Day-Zero gaps, and technical gaps that facilitate the vulnerabilities that are often taken advantage of by malicious persons. There is a need for cybersecurity because it defines the body of processes, technologies, and practices in terms of how they are designed to help protect various programs, devices, networks, and data from the malicious persons who perform unauthorized access and damage these resources. There have been technical measures, development of cyber talents, and investment in cybersecurity insurances, community awareness, cyber alliances, as well as encryption and backing up of data to ensure their security is guaranteed. There have been technological steps to help counter cyber-attacks that need the response from organizations at the technical, operational, and managerial levels, such as security of the networks, malware defences, and data recovery systems. Based on the process side, there is a need to activate cybersecurity strategies and plans. From the users' side, there is a need for the adoption of a focused method of monitoring the security and threat intelligence as well as a continued awareness of the need for security among its users and those who apply executive management of the visible support.

Electronic Attack Signal Transmission System using Multiple Antennas

In electronic warfare, beamforming using multiple antennas is applied for effective transmission of electronic attack signals. In order to perform an electronic attack against multiple threats using the same frequency resource, it is necessary to apply a multi-beam transmission algorithm that has been studied in wireless communication systems. For electronic attacks against multiple threats, this paper presents an MMSE(Minimum Mean-Squared Error) beam-forming technique based on the prior location information of threats and an optimization method for power allocation. In addition, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated and received signals of multiple threats are compared and analyzed. Keywords: ì „ìžì „, ì „ìž 공격, 다중 ìž ì¶œë ¥ ì‹œìŠ¤í œ, 최소 í‰ê· ì œê³± 오차, ì „ë ¥ í• ë‹¹ Keywords: Electronic Warfare, Electronic Attack, Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems, Minimum Mean-Squared Error, Power Allocation

Adaptive Radar Detection and Classification Algorithms for Multiple Coherent Signals

In this paper, we address the problem of target detection in the presence of coherent (or fully correlated) signals, which can be due to multipath propagation effects or electronic attacks by smart jammers. To this end, we formulate the problem at hand as a multiple-hypothesis test that, besides the conventional radar alternative hypothesis, contains additional hypotheses accounting for the presence of an unknown number of interfering signals. In this context and leveraging the classification capabilities of the Model Order Selection rules, we devise penalized likelihood-ratio-based detection architectures that can establish, as a byproduct, which hypothesis is in force. Moreover, we propose a suboptimum procedure to estimate the angles of arrival of multiple coherent signals ensuring (at least for the considered parameters) almost the same performance as the exhaustive search. Finally, the performance assessment, conducted over simulated data and in comparison with conventional radar detectors, highlights that the proposed architectures can provide satisfactory performance in terms of probability of detection and correct classification.

Improved Active Interference Canceling Algorithms for Real-Time Protection of 2nd/3rd Level Facilities in Electronic Warfare Environment

In an electronic warfare environment, important equipment or facilities of the friendlies are placed in protective facilities to protect against external Electronic Attacks (EA). No matter how well shielded the facility is, some external electromagnetic waves may penetrate through various paths such as power lines or fans, and the electromagnetic waves may be fatal to certain devices due to the structural resonance of the protective facilities. This paper introduced a real-time electromagnetic canceling technique that removes the resonance field inside the protection facility caused by the intended electronic attack from the enemy. The method makes it possible to cancel the process much faster than the conventional ones that have applied the Matrix Pencil Method (MPM). This is because the internal resonant field can be predicted in a closed-form under the assumption that the external electromagnetic wave is a complex exponential function. Longer exposure to Intended Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) could be fatal for some devices. Therefore, it is imperative to attenuate the noise within a short time, and a method of reducing internal noise in real-time is beneficial for Electronic Protection (EP). The proposed method could be applied as a new technique to protect important protection facilities, rather than the more traditional method called wrapping using the Faraday cage effect.

Automatic Modulation Classification Based on In-Phase Quadrature Diagram Constellation Combined with a Deep Learning Model

Objectives: This study aims to present a framework for Automatic Modulation recognition using Deep learning without feature extraction. Methods: We study seven modulations using the In-Phase Quadrature constellation polluted by Additive White Gaussian Noise. We apply the K-means algorithm to normalize data transmitted and polluted by noise; the new diagram obtained is considered as an image and coded in pixel before entering in a Deep Neural Network where we apply 20% dropout on hidden layers to avoid overfitting. The simulation is carried out in Matlab. Findings: Experiment performed on selected modulations following the proposed framework gives a good percentage of recognition equal to 96.12%. Our algorithm Deep Neural Network imaGe gives the best performance results at epoch equal to 2,000,000. Applications: The outcome will be beneficial for researchers in Software-Defined Radio for civilian and military applications like electronic attacks and electronic protection. Keywords: Modulations, I–Q Diagram Constellation, Clustering, Deep Neural Network, Dropout.

Electronic Warfare in NAVWAR: Impact of Electronic Attacks on GNSS / GBAS Approach Service Types C and D Landing systems and their proposed Electronic Protection Measures (EPM)

Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) applications -using different satellite signals in space- are currently and hugely subjected to Electronic Attacks (EAs) such as Jamming, Spoofing, and/or Meaconing. Many accidents were observed in the past decade, while huge dependency on GNSS applications in governmental and private critical infrastructure, in both civil and military aspects. The EAs could be expensive and high-power such as the military-grade jammers, which are an integral pillar of navigation warfare (NAVWAR) strategies. On the other hand, EAs could be cheap and low-power such as the so-called Personal Protection Devices (PPD), which they are widely available. Electronic Attacks, most critically observed by ICAO and FAA, are in Ground Based Augmentation System -(GNSS/GBAS) Landing systems, in which is riskier and more critical than other applications due to the sensitivity of the final landing phase of all flights. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the three different types of EA on the performance GNSS/GBAS landing system. On the other hand, to address and examine their latest proposed Electronic Protection Measures (EPM).

An Inherent Limitative Parameter in Spoofing GNSS-Based Navigation Clients

Deception of navigational subsystems of a client, ranging from a hunting GPS receiver to the military-class GNSS receiver onboard of a Cruise Missile, is one of the probable electronic attacks. One of the simplest and practical way too deceive these receivers is to re-broadcast the delayed navigational signals. The authors were studied the feasibility of this method in the “Best” attainable conditions while the generality of study retained. The results from introduced geometrical and mathematical models were used to define the minimum and maximum operational range of Repeater Deception System parametrically. Then the parameters were substituted by information of various GNSS constellations. Investigation of reliability of selected EW scenario concluded the article.

High secure sequence design in frequency hopping communications

Frequency-hopping (FH) technique is widely used in high-secure communications by exploiting its capabilities of mitigating interference and confidentiality. However, electronic attacks in wireless systems become more and more rigorous, which poses huge challenges to the use of the number theory based and chaos theory assisted sequences. The structure of the FH sequence directly affects the performance of FH communication systems. In this paper, the novel FH sequence generation scheme is proposed with the aid of the so-called Government Standard (GOST) algorithm, which achieves a promising balance between efficiency and security. Moreover, the security performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed, which reveals that it is more resistant to impossible differential attacks than the widely-used Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. The numerical results show that the FH sequences generated by the GOST algorithm significantly outperform the ones generated by the DES algorithm and chaotic theory in terms of the randomness and complexity.

Image steganography using exploiting modification direction for compressed encrypted data

Building a balanced relation between image quality and the payload, the robustness of the method in facing electronic attacks and securing data, all the mentioned processes represent the main challenge in steganography. Here, a novel approach to steganography is suggested using Vigenere Cipher and Huffman Coding methods to encrypt and compress the mystery message content. This approach will raise the security and ensure the message content cannot be extracted without earlier knowledge of decrypting rules and the Huffman Dictionary Table. Later, the image is segmented into blocks, size (w*h) groups for each block and with each group having n pixels. Subsequently, the knight tour algorithm and arbitrary function are utilized to select which blocks and groups can be used to conceal the mystery digit within a specific pixel in the group randomly. This is to address the weakness of the Exploiting Modification Direction (EMD) technique that uses a serial selection to enhance the robustness of the suggested scheme. The EMD technique is then utilized to insert the mystery digits inside a specific pixel. Later, the chi-square method is employed to apply statistical attacks on the stego-image to estimate the suggested scheme robustness. The empirical outcomes show that the suggested scheme is more efficient compared to the old Steganography schemes with respect to Imperceptibility by PSNR of 55.71 dB, the Payload of 52,400 bytes and the robustness.

Dynamically Detecting Security Threats and Updating a Signature-Based Intrusion Detection System’s Database

The electronic attacks that threaten the security of networks and information are increasing, especially during the current rapid electronic revolution. Therefore, it is necessary to use surveillance and protection systems in order to secure computer networks. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the most important security systems available on the market. An IDS is a system that can be used to observe network traffic for illegal activities or illegitimate access to the network and to display alerts in such cases. There are three main types of IDSs: signature-based IDSs, anomaly-based IDSs and a hybrid of both. Auto-updating lists of attacks in order to overcome new types of attacks is one of the main challenges for a signature-based IDS. Most IDSs update their databases manually—done by network administrators—or by using websites that offer newly detected attack signatures. This paper proposes a model of auto-updating the attack lists using a filtering engine that acts as a second IDS engine. The results show an improvement in the overall accuracy of the IDS using the proposed model. In addition to detecting new attack signatures based on similarity, a blacklist of IP factors is used in the proposed model, which automates the updating process of IDS databases with the new attack signatures without human interference.

Detecting Fake Images on Social Media using Machine Learning

In this technological era, social media has a major role in people’s daily life. Most people share text, images, and videos on social media frequently (e.g. Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram). Images are one of the most common types of media share among users on social media. So, there is a need for monitoring of images contained in social media. It has become easy for individuals and small groups to fabricate these images and disseminate them widely in a very short time, which threatens the credibility of the news and public confidence in the means of social communication. This research attempted to propose an approach to extracting image content, classify it and verify the authenticity of digital images and uncover manipulation. Instagram is one of the most important websites and mobile image sharing applications on social media. This allows users to take photos, add digital photographic filters and upload pictures. There are many unwanted contents in Instagram's posts such as threats and forged images, which may cause problems to society and national security. This research aims to build a model that can be used to classify Instagram content (images) to detect any threats and forged images. The model was built using deep algorithms learning which is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Alexnet network and transfer learning using Alexnet. The results showed that the proposed Alexnet network offers more accurate detection of fake images compared to the other techniques with 97%. The results of this research will be helpful in monitoring and tracking in the shared images in social media for unusual content and forged images detection and to protect social media from electronic attacks and threats.

Advancing electronic voting systems in Nigeria's electoral process: legal challenges and future directions

This article aims to examine the legal and policy challenges associated with adopting an electronic voting (e-voting) system in Nigeria’s electoral process. Nigeria, Africa’s largest democracy, has for many years been held down by issues of election fraud, thuggery, violence as seen in past manual elections in the country. The article argues that, if properly implemented and financed, e-election offers great promise and potential as the panacea for voter fraud in Nigeria’s electoral system. First, it examines the theoretical, legal and constitutional basis for e-voting. Second, drawing lessons from other jurisdictions, it analyses practical challenges for the implementation and adoption of an e-voting system in Nigeria. These challenges include the possible compromise of e-voting devices, by viruses or other malicious software; manipulation by people with privileged access to the system, either system developers, system administrators or malicious hackers; denial-of-service attacks (attacks that result in the e-voting facility being disabled or otherwise unavailable for voters to use); lack of adequate supervision mechanisms; and the difficulties of proving electronic attacks in courts of law among other things. Many of these problems are beyond the contemplation of and, therefore, are unaddressed by Nigeria’s Electoral Act, making the law currently incapable and unsuitable to effectively respond to these problems. The article calls for a reform of the Nigerian Electoral Act to better address peculiar legal and constitutional challenges associated with e-voting systems.Keywords: E-elections, Hacking, Democracy, Election Piloting

Modeling and Simulation for the Investigation of Radar Responses to Electronic Attacks in Electronic Warfare Environments

An electronic warfare (EW) simulator is presented to investigate and evaluate the tracking performance of radar system under the electronic attack situations. The EW simulator has the input section in which the characteristic parameters of radar threat, radar warning receiver, jammer, electromagnetic wave propagation, and simulation scenario can be set up. During the process of simulation, the simulator displays the situations of simulation such as the received signal and its spectrum, radar scope, and angle tracking scope and also calculates the transient and root-mean-squared tracking errors of the range and angle tracking system of radar. Using the proposed EW simulator, we analyze the effect of concealment according to the noise and signal powers under the noise jamming and also analyze the effect of deception by calculating errors between the desired value and the estimated one under the deceptive jamming. Furthermore, the proposed EW simulator can be used to figure out the feature of radar threats based on the information collected from the EW receiver and also used to carry out the electronic attacks efficiently in electronic warfare.

The Management of Risk Institutional in the Jordanian Insurance Companies - Reality and Challenges

During the last decade and as a result of the 2008 global financial crisis, Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) gained more attention from the financial services sector especially banks and insurance companies. In addition, many companies had adopted practices dedicated to ERM and consulting firms started to establish departments specialized in ERM. Meanwhile, universities have developed specializations related to ERM. Moreover, research centers embarked on research on this subject matter. This study aims to investigate the reality of enterprise risk management in the Jordanian insurance industry in order to reveal the challenges facing it by focusing on the four most important dimensions related to enterprise risk management which are: governance and risk management strategy, risk culture, risk management operations and its interdependencies, and finally the support technology for risk management. The study is based on the descriptive inductive methodology in building the questionnaire, which was distributed to a sample that consisted of most insurance companies in Jordan during the period from December 2015 to February 2016. The study found that risk management practices and regulatory authorities have a long way to go, where the most important results of this study were: 28% of the insurance companies surveyed have a plan and a budget for Information Technology (IT) risk management. The support level of technology to the risk management in the insurance companies surveyed is 30%. 33% of the insurance companies surveyed have standard practices in the enterprise risk management, such as: ISO 31000 and COSO standard. 33% of the insurance companies surveyed currently have a risk management system. 37% of the insurance companies surveyed were a target of electronic attacks over the past 18 months. 47% of the insurance companies surveyed have a risk management department that is responsible for adhering to regulatory and legislative requirements set by the legislator. 49% of the insurance companies surveyed, are evolving universities, consulting firms and specialized training centers, in developing and enhancing risk management personnel. 56% of the insurance companies surveyed are willing to have a risk management program 60% of the insurance companies surveyed have an accredited policy of risk management The level of the risk management operations and its interdependence in the insurance companies is 64% The level of the governance of risk management and its strategy in the insurance companies is 69% Based on these results and in order to begin to improve the reality of risk management practices in the Jordanian insurance companies, the researcher has the following recommendations: Activating the role of risk management through the establishment of specialized departments in this field. Activating the role of the legislative and regulatory authorities to play a bigger role in order to confirm the existence of these departments and to improve procedures and instructions provided by these actors in this area. Increasing the role of academia represented by universities, consulting firms and specialized training centers, to ensure improving the efficiency of the staff of risk departments. Encouraging the companies through the regulatory authorities to adopt global standards in risk management, such as: ISO 31000 COSO standards. Encouraging the companies to have a plan and a budget for the information technology risk management. Directing companies to have accredited policies in risk management. Drawing the attention of the companies to the importance of technology information in the risk management systems and the confidentiality of their information. Drawing the attention of companies to raise the level of management in the governance and risk management strategies in the insurance companies. Inducing to increase the level of risk management operations and its interdependencies among insurance companies. Drawing the attention of researchers and academia to the importance of research and scientific studies in this area to demonstrate its importance to the Jordanian insurance companies, to increase the desire and willing of the insurance companies to adopt risk management programs, at present time and in the future.

Improved capacity Arabic text watermarking methods based on open word space

Digital watermarking is used to protect text copyright and to detect unauthorized use. In this paper, two invisible blind watermarking methods for Arabic text are proposed. Since the pseudo-space is very small space used to force the connected characters to be isolated, it is added to the word space to hide binary bit “0” or “1”. In the first proposed method, the pseudo-space is inserted before and after normal word space based on dotting feature in Arabic text. The second proposed method inserts the pseudo-space and other three small or zero width spaces to increase the capacity, where the presence of them indicates bit “1” and the absence indicates bit “0”. The comparative results obtained by testing the proposed methods with some of existing watermarking methods using variable size text samples with different watermark lengths. The experiments show that the proposed methods have the highest capacity and higher imperceptibility than other watermarking techniques from the literature. The robustness of the proposed methods is tested under most of possible text attacks. They are robust against electronic text attacks such as: copying and pasting, text formatting and text tampering for tampering ratio up to 84%.

Optimal fusion of multiple GNSS signals against spoofing sources

Electronic attacks such as spoofing are becoming an increasing threat for satellite-based navigation receivers. The aim of this paper is to develop a preventive method against such electronic attacks. In our scheme, the localization system uses four different Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs): GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and Compass. The signals received from these satellite systems will be fused inferentially and will be tracked according to a linear model. The linear model that we developed is solved with a Kalman filter and simulated under different scenarios. When a discrepancy is detected in the output of one of the GNSS receivers due to spoofing, it is excluded from the fusion.

Toxic Ties

We examine instances of youth cyber aggression, arguing that the close relationships of friendship and romance substantially influence the chances of being targeted. We investigate networks of friendship, dating, and aggression among a sample of 788 eighth- to twelfth-grade students in a longitudinal study of a New York school. Approximately 17 percent reported some involvement in cyber aggression within the past week. LGBTQ youth were targeted at a rate over four times that of their heterosexual peers, and females were more frequent victims than males. Rates of cyber aggression were 4.3 times higher between friends than between friends of friends. According to both an exponential random graph model and a lagged, network MRQAP regression, electronic attacks emerged far more frequently between current or former friends and dating partners, presumably due to competition, revenge, or attempts to fend off romantic rivals.

State Responsibility for Acts of CyberrTerrorism

This article discusses international law mechanism allowing to prosecute a state for electronic threats generated from its territory, directed against a foreign sovereign. It analyses the possibility to recognize a cyber‐attack as an act of international aggression and shows existing difficulties at the present state of international debate. Afterwards, it turns to the traditional notion of state responsibility for the lack of due diligence as a source of state’s responsibility for cyber‐attacks. Such due diligence should be guaranteed through sufficient criminal law regulations that are properly executed in order to effectively prevent and persecute electronic attacks. The article submits in this context that an international debate, resulting in international guidelines is required. The results of such a debate would than allow harmonize national criminal law regulations. Although the author points to the need of an international debate on the system of protection against cyberattacks on state key electronic infrastructure, she also emphasizes already existing international obligations for states to take responsibility for attacks conducted form their territory.

Pulse compression security enhancement as an electronic protection technique by exploiting a block cipher output as phase‐code

In this study, the exploitation of a block cipher output as phase-code for pulse compression in a radar system is introduced. This method is as an effective electronic protection technique against some electronic intelligence-based electronic attacks. Security enhancement of the mentioned scheme is discussed and some autocorrelation properties of it are investigated. Probabilities of false alarm and detection in case of using a block cipher generated phase-code are also studied. A new method for countering the effects of repeater jammers and digital radio frequency memories is also proposed which is based on block cipher encryption key update. This new method tries to implement a low probability of identification radar. All of the mentioned subjects are investigated by mathematical equations and simulation verifications.