Electron Radius Research Articles

Kerr–Newman electron as spinning soliton

Measurable parameters of the electron indicate that its background should be described by the Kerr–Newman (KN) solution. The spin/mass ratio of the electron is extreme large and the black hole (BH) horizons disappear, opening a topological defect of space–time — the Kerr singular ring of Compton size, which may be interpreted as a closed fundamental string to low-energy string theory. The singular and two-sheeted structure of the corresponding Kerr space has to be regularized, and we consider the old problem of regularizing the source of the KN solution. As a development of the earlier Keres–Israel–Hamity–López model, we describe the model of smooth and regular source forming a gravitating and relativistically rotating soliton based on the chiral field model and the Higgs mechanism of broken symmetry. The model reveals some new remarkable properties: (1) the soliton forms a relativistically rotating bubble of Compton radius, which is filled by the oscillating Higgs field in a pseudo-vacuum state; (2) the boundary of the bubble forms a domain wall which interpolates between the internal flat background and the external exact KN solution; (3) the phase transition is provided by a system of chiral fields; (4) the vector potential of the external KN solution forms a closed Wilson loop which is quantized, giving rise to a quantized spin of the soliton and (5) the soliton is bordered by a closed string, which is a part of the general complex stringy structure.

A screw model for quantum electrodynamics: from gravitation to quanta

A screw model is developed for photons and fermions to offer a physical representation for the Feynman's arrow scheme in quantum-electrodynamics. This model interprets intrinsic parameters of particles: spin, rest energy and magnetic moment by self-rotations with the speed of light forming either a helical (boson) or a spherical (fermion) screws. Due to the extreme Lorentz contraction, the surface of screws is zero, while the radius remains finite (Compton radius). According to the general theory of relativity, the non-Euclidean geometry of space-time caused by the self-rotation of particles should produce an intrinsic force, which is analogous to the gravitation, but being 32-42 orders of magnitudes stronger, we denote it as strong gravitation. It is a self-stabilizing force for the intrinsic rotations, which is the source of spin and defines the Planck constant. The spherical screws of fermions are formed by double rotations, where the two rotations have right or left-handed chirality representing the particles and anti-particles. The double-rotation produces Coriolis force, where the sign is determined by the chirality and this force is the origin of electric charge. Parity violation in the beta-decay of neutrons is related to the symmetry of reflection for the self-motion of particles. The finite radius of self- rotation may resolve also divergences in the theory of quantum-electrodynamics.

Electron-pair shell density approximation applied to inner and outer electron radii of atoms

The shell density approximation to the electron-pair radial density of atoms is applied to the inner 〈r<〉 and outer 〈r>〉 electron radii, which are two components of the familiar average electron radius 〈r〉. The inner and outer radii with two-electron nature are found to be expressed by simple weighted sums of single-electron shell radii, where the weight factors are related to the numbers of shell electrons. A numerical examination of the 53 atoms He through Xe shows that the average relative errors of the approximation are only 3.5% and 1.1% for the inner and outer electron radii, respectively. Lower and upper bounds to 〈r<〉 and 〈r>〉 are discussed. The present results also bound the electron-pair relative distance and centre-of-mass radius in terms of the single-electron shell radii.

Assessment of water content in an impregnated pressboard based on DC conductivity measurements theoretical assumptions

The paper presents results of investigations of the effect of moisture content and temperature on DC conductivity of the impregnated pressboard. It has been found that the conductivity of the impregnated pressboard is a function of activation energy, moisture content and temperature. It has been found that moisture content ranging from 1.4% to 6.4% do not cause any changes in the conductivity activation energy whose value is ΔWav = (0.853+0.071) eV. On the other hand water content strongly influences the value of DC conductivity. It has been also found that the conductivity is determined by electron hopping between the closest located potential wells formed by water molecules in the oil-impregnated cellulose structure. For the experimentally obtained dependences of conductivity vs. moisture content and temperature theoretical ones have been determined to describe the experimental results. Based on the research results, a localization radius of the water molecule valence electron that coincides with the O2- ion radius has been determined. The obtained results concerning DC conductivity vs. moisture level and temperature dependence of an electric insulation pressboard can make a basis for the identification of the amount of moisture accumulated in solid elements of a power transformer paper-oil insulation.

Radiation and a dynamical UV/IR connection in AdS/CFT

We compute holographically the expectation value of the energy density sourced, in a strongly-coupled CFT, by a quark with large but finite mass (or equivalently, small but finite Compton radius) undergoing arbitrary motion. The resulting gluonic profile has two surprising features in the far region. First, besides the expected radiation, it contains a component that is attributable to the `intrinsic' or `near' field of the quark, and nevertheless falls off as the square of the distance. Second, even at distances much larger than the size of the quark, it differs from the profile set up by a pointlike quark. We explain how this second feature provides a useful case study for the UV/IR connection in a dynamical setting. We also examine some specific sample trajectories, including uniform circular motion and harmonic oscillation, where features such as the extent of the region with negative energy are found to vary with the quark mass.

Electric charges and magnetic monopoles in Gravity's Rainbow

In this work, we explore the possibility that quantum fluctuations induce an electric or magnetic charge or both, in the context of Gravity's Rainbow. A semi-classical approach is adopted, where the graviton one-loop contribution to a classical energy in a background spacetime is computed through a variational approach with Gaussian trial wave functionals. The energy density of the graviton one-loop contribution, in this context, acts as a source for the electric/magnetic charge. The ultraviolet (UV) divergences, which arise analyzing this procedure, are kept under control with the help of an appropriate choice of the Rainbow's functions. In this way we avoid the introduction of any regularization/renormalization scheme. A comparison with the observed data leads us to determine the size of the electron and of the magnetic monopole which appear to be of Planckian size. Both results seem to be of the same order for a Schwarzschild and a de Sitter background, respectively. Estimates on the magnetic monopole size have been done with the help of the Dirac quantization procedure. We find that the monopole radius is larger than the electron radius. Even in this case the ratio between the electric and magnetic monopole radius appears to be of the same order for both geometries.

Radiation-reaction trapping of electrons in extreme laser fields.

A radiation-reaction trapping (RRT) of electrons is revealed in the near-QED regime of laser-plasma interaction. Electrons quivering in laser pulse experience radiation reaction (RR) recoil force by radiating photons. When the laser field reaches the threshold, the RR force becomes significant enough to compensate for the expelling laser ponderomotive force. Then electrons are trapped inside the laser pulse instead of being scattered off transversely and form a dense plasma bunch. The mechanism is demonstrated both by full three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations using the QED photonic approach and numerical test-particle modeling based on the classical Landau-Lifshitz formula of RR force. Furthermore, the proposed analysis shows that the threshold of laser field amplitude for RRT is approximately the cubic root of laser wavelength over classical electron radius. Because of the pinching effect of the trapped electron bunch, the required laser intensity for RRT can be further reduced.

Autolocalized States of an Excess Electron in an Ionic Cluster

A theory of electron affinity for an ionic cluster is proposed both in a quasiclassical approach and with quantization of a polarization electric field in a nanoparticle. The critical size of a cluster as for the formation of electron’s autolocalized state and dependences of the energy and the radius of a polaron on cluster’s size are obtained by the variational method. It has been found that the binding energy of an electron in the cluster depends on cluster’s radius, but the radius of electron’s autolocalization does not and equals the polaron radius in a corresponding infinite crystal. The bound state of an electron in the cluster is possible only if cluster’s radius is more than the polaron radius.

The GEM Unification Theory of the Vacuum: Did Dimensional Collapse Trigger the Big Bang

The GEM (Gravity EM) unification theory builds on the Sakharov and Kaluza-Klein approaches to unify all four force fields of nature: Gravity, EM, Strong, and Weak using Feynman Path integral formalism. The model is rudimentary, and can be called a “Bohr Model” of unification. It is basically found that Gravity and the other forces can be understood as quantum electrodynamics. In particular the proton emerges as a fundamental particle despite being composed of quarks and is the principle interaction vertex of the Higgs boson, which is seen here as direct consequence of a hidden 5th dimension, where the Higgs mass is due to 5th dimensional compactification. Collapse and compactification of a 5th dimension is argued as the triggering event for the Big Bang. A particle mass formula based on Feynman Path Integrals including paths across the hidden 5th dimension gives the proton and electron masses to high accuracy and finds the charged bosons responsible for the short range nuclear forces. The masses calculated for the particles are as follows: the charged pion m = 2 me / 140.0 MeV and W boson: mw =2 mp = 80.4 GeV. The c meson m =2985 GeV is identified with the 5th dimension compactification force mediated by the Radion field. The Higgs boson associated with this mass inducing field is the most general EM+Radion scattering quanta off the hidden dimension size with a mass mp/α  127.7 GeV. This results in a structural resonance Higgs = rp where Higgs is the Compton radius of the Higgs boson and Higgs =c/mHiggsc2 the rp electro-dynamic length of the proton rp=e2/mpc2. Vacuum decay results from this value of the Higgs boson mass, which is a key parameter in a mass system that creates the proton-electron mass system and thus hydrogen in the Big Bang. The vacuum is found to decay into proton-electron pairs and to give an “eternally inflating” cosmos of Hubble Time TH  ( 9/ )1/3 /2 e2 /(4oGmemp ) re/c = 1.2 x1010 years. The predicted value of the CBR(Cosmic Background Radiation) temperature from this vacuum decay is TCBR  (4cGme2/(3Th2Stefan-Boltz.)1/3 = 2.65K Support for this consists of observation of the failure of the Sunaeyev-Zeldovich effect, where distant galaxies are not observed to cast shadows in the CBR indicating a source for the CBR in the vacuum itself in the line of sight to more distant galaxies.

What tells gravity on the shape and size of an electron

Gravitational field of an electron, fixed by experimental values of its mass, spin, charge and magnetic moment, is given by the metric of Kerr-Newman (KN) solution. Unexpectedly, this metric contains a singular ring of the Compton radius, which should be regulated resulting in a weeak and smooth source. The consistent source takes the form of an oblate vacuum bubble, bounded by a closed string of the Compton radius. The bubble turns out to be relativistically rotating and should be filled by a coherently oscillating Higgs field in a false vacuum state.

ON–OFF Mechanism of a Fluorescent Sensor for the Detection of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II)Transition Metal Ions

An ab initio multiconfigurational (CASPT2//CASSCF) approach has been employed to map radiative and nonradiative relaxation pathways for a cyclam-methylbenzimidazole fluorescent sensor and its metal ion (Zn(2+), Cd(2+), and Cu(2+)) complexes to provide an universal understanding of ON-OFF fluorescent mechanisms for the selective identification of these metal ions. The photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the receptor and the signaling unit is quantitatively attributed for the first time to a newly generated transition of S0→SCT((1)nπ*), which is a typical (1)nπ* excitation but exhibits a significant charge transfer character and zwitterionic radical configuration. The present study contributes the two theoretical models of the competitive coexistence of radiative/nonradiative decay channel in (1)ππ*/SCT((1)nπ*) states for the detection of metal ions with d(10) configuration (i.e., Zn(2+), Cd(2+), etc.) and a downhill ladder relaxation pathway through multi nona-diabatic relays for the probing of d(9) cations (Cu(2+), etc.). These computational results will establish a benchmark for ON-OFF mechanisms of a fluorescent sensor that coordinates various transition metal ions with different electron configuration and radius.

Localized States of an Excess Electron in an Ionic Cluster

A theory of an electron affinity for an ionic cluster is proposed both in a quasiclassical approach and with quantization of a polarization electric field in a nanoparticle. A critical size of the cluster regarding in formation of an electron's autolocalized state, dependencies of energy and radius of a polaron on a cluster's size are obtained by a variational method. It has been found that binding energy of the electron in the cluster depends on a cluster's radius but a radius of electron's auto-localization does not depend on the cluster's radius and it equals to the polaron radius in a corresponding infinity crystal. A bound state of the electron in a cluster is possible only if the cluster's radius is more than the polaron radius.

The gravitational self-energy of a spherical shell

According to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence, a body with a given mass extending in a large region of space, will get a smaller mass when confined into a smaller region, because of its own gravitational energy. The classical self-energy problem has been studied in the past in connection with the renormalization of a charged point particle. Still exact consistent solutions have not been thoroughly discussed in the simpler framework of Newtonian gravity. Here we exploit a spherically symmetrical shell model and find two possible solutions, depending on some additional assumption. The first solution goes back to Arnowitt, Deser and Misner (1960). The second is new. When applied to a spherical shell of a given “bare” mass M0, both solutions lead to a vanishing “renormalized” mass for a vanishing radius R of the shell. As a consequence the condition for the existence of a Newtonian black hole will never be met for finite R . When applied to the e.m. mass of a pure static electric charge the second solution yields a new vanishingly small value (10−55cm) for the classical electron radius.

On the electron to proton mass ratio and the proton structure

We derive an expression for the electron to nucleon mass ratio from a reinterpreted lattice gauge theory Hamiltonian to describe interior baryon dynamics. We use the classical electron radius as our fundamental length scale. Based on expansions on trigonometric Slater determinants for a neutral state, a specific numerical result is found to be less than three percent off the experimental value for the neutron. Via the exterior derivative on the Lie group configuration space u(3) we derive approximate parameter-free parton distribution functions that compare rather well with those for the u and d valence quarks of the proton.

The Lorentz-Dirac and Landau-Lifshitz equations from the perspective of modern renormalization theory

This paper uses elementary techniques drawn from renormalization theory to derive the Lorentz-Dirac equation for the relativistic classical electron from the Maxwell-Lorentz equations for a classical charged particle coupled to the electromagnetic field. I show that the resulting effective theory, valid for electron motions that change over distances large compared to the classical electron radius, reduces naturally to the Landau-Lifshitz equation. No familiarity with renormalization or quantum field theory is assumed.

The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Beat of the Universe

A new theory has been presented, for first time, called Phase Theory, which is natural evolution of physical thought and is considered one beyond super string theory. This theory solves unsolved problems of mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards unification of forces of nature. In this theory, vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with same frequency. This allows force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without need to invoke notion of force carrier particles, as (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm theory presented in form of relation between electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves the flavor problem in QCD, and gives clue to answer questions of Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives equation of big bang theory which describes singularity of moment of creation of universe.

Gravity beyond quantum theory: Electron as a closed heterotic string

The observable gravitational and electromagnetic parameters of an electron determine that its background should be the Kerr-Newman (KN) solution of the rotating black hole without horizons. This metric has a topological defect—the Kerr singular ring which, as we show, is a closed heterotic string of the Compton radius a = ħ/(2m). We show that the Dirac equation emerges as a consequence of the underlying KN gravity and string theory. Regularization of the KN solution leads to a model of gravitating soliton of the oscillon type, in which the closed heterotic string is positioned on the edge rim of a disklike vacuum bubble. It is suggested that the string-like core of the electron should be experimentally observable by the novel methods of the “Deeply Virtual (nonforward) Compton scattering”.

Radii of electrons and their α-quantized relations

Varieties of experimental and theoretical considerations indicate eight different types of radii of an electron like classical electron radius, Compton radius (electron), electromagnetic radius (electron) etc. Here we attempt to discuss the α-quantized relations among different types of radii of electrons, where α is the fine structure constant. In addition, α-quantized results for current and magnetic fields are also focused here.

Phase transitions in quantum plasmas

We present a theory for a critical point and phase transitions in quantum plasmas (QPs). We use a newly obtained Lennard-Jones-type interaction potential or an oscillating exponential-screened Coulomb potential around ions that are screened by degenerate electrons in an unmagnetized QP. Expressions for the free energy and an equation of state for non-degenerate ions are obtained. It is found that the existence of a critical point and phase separations in our QPs depends on the Wigner–Seitz electron radius and the equilibrium ion temperature. Our results are relevant for understanding superdense astrophysical objects such as the cores of white dwarfs.

Modified gravity and the CMB

We consider the effect of modified gravity on the peak structure of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) spectrum. We focus on simple models of modified gravity mediated by a massive scalar field coupled to both baryons and cold dark matter. This captures the features of chameleon, symmetron, dilaton and $f(R)$ models. We find that the CMB peaks can be affected in three independent ways provided the Compton radius of the massive scalar is not far-off the sound horizon at last scattering. When the coupling of the massive scalar to Cold Dark Matter (CDM) is large, the anomalous growth of the CDM perturbation inside the Compton radius induces a change in the peak amplitudes. When the coupling to baryons is moderately large, the speed of sound is modified and the peaks shifted to higher momenta. Finally when both couplings are non-vanishing, a new contribution proportional to the Newton potential appears in the Sachs-Wolfe temperature and increases the peak amplitudes. We also show how, given any temporal evolution of the scalar field mass, one can engineer a corresponding modified gravity model of the chameleon type. This opens up the possibility of having independent constraints on modified gravity from the CMB peaks and large scale structures at low redshifts.