Electron Spin Resonance Studies Research Articles

Low-Migration Compounds with Amine Functionality as Coinitiators of Radical Polymerization.

The utilization of two-component systems comprising camphorquinone (CQ) and aromatic amines has become prevalent in the photopolymerization. However, there are still concerns about the safety of this CQ/amine system, mainly because of the toxicity associated with the leaching of aromatic amines. In light of these concerns, this study aims to develop novel coinitiator combinations featuring CQ and amines which cannot be leached out of materials, enabling free radical polymerization of representative dentalmethacrylate resins under blue light irradiation. This approach involves the initial design and analysis of hydrogen donors with low C─H bond dissociation energy through molecular modeling. Subsequently, copolymerizable methacrylate functional groups are incorporated via chemical modification, allowing it to act as both coinitiator and copolymerization monomer to achieve low migrationand leachability properties. This work presents, for the first time, the synthesis of the innovative coinitiator and compares its performance with the benchmark CQ/ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB)-based photoinitiation system (PIS). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly proposed PIS. Finally, an in-depth investigation is conducted into the reaction mechanism associated with this PIS through molecular orbital calculations and electron spin resonance studies.

Cryogenic platform to investigate strong microwave cavity-spin coupling in correlated magnetic materials

We present a comprehensive exploration of loop-gap resonators for electron spin resonance (ESR) studies, enabling investigations into the hybridization of solid-state magnetic materials with microwave polariton modes. The experimental setup, implemented in a Physical Property Measurement System by Quantum Design, allows for measurements of ESR spectra at temperatures as low as 2 Kelvin. The versatility of continuous wave ESR spectroscopy is demonstrated through experiments on CuSO 4⋅5 H2O and MgCr2O4, showcasing the g-tensor and magnetic susceptibilities of these materials. The study delves into the challenges of fitting spectra under strong hybridization conditions and underscores the significance of proper calibration and stabilization. The detailed guide provided serves as a valuable resource for laboratories interested in exploring hybrid quantum systems through microwave resonators.

Evolution of ferromagnetic cluster in perovskite La0.88Sr0.12MnO3 nanocrystalline detected by EPR spectrum

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies were performed on La0.88Sr0.12MnO3 (LSMO) nanocrystalline together with the measurement of its magnetization. Various spectrum parameters including line width, effective g-value and double-integrated intensities have been analyzed in detail. We found nonlinear behavior occurred in the inverse susceptibility far above the Curie temperature TC, indicating short-range ferromagnetic (FM) clusters and Griffiths-like phase behavior in the paramagnetic (PM) phase. Based on the variation of EPR spectra, except for a typical PM resonance peak, an extra resonance signal was observed in the lower field region and developed as temperature decreased from 320 K to 110 K, which gave a direct evidence of the existence of FM cluster in the PM region of LSMO nanocrystalline. We proposed that the appearance of the Griffiths phase was due to the short FM correlation in the PM regime enhanced by surface spin ordering.

Praseodymium orthovanadate-waste PET bottle derived sulfur doped carbon for efficient Z-scheme photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Escalating amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere are a major cause of climate change and its negative consequences, making it a global concern. The present work highlights the intersection of waste management, resource utilization, and climate change mitigation, showcasing the potential for an additional sustainable and circular economy. Synthesizing carbon from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is an eco-friendly approach. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopic, scanning electron microscopic, tunnelling electron microscopic, infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results indicate the effective extraction of carbon doped with sulfur (S@C) and the successive formation of nanocomposite with PrVO4 (PrV/S@C). Superior photocatalytic activity was observed under visible light compared to UV light. PrV/S@C showed enhanced light-driven CO2 reduction compared to pristine materials and was found to evolve 39, 56, and 98 µmol h−1 g−1 of H2, CH4 and CO, respectively. The effect of reaction temperature was examined and optimized at 100 °C. The enhanced activity in PrV/S@C compared to PrV and S@C probably due to the increased surface area, conductivity and synergy. In-Situ Diffused reflectance (DRIFT-IR) and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) confirm the evolution of CO and CH4. The optical, photo/electrochemical, Scavenger studies, Electron spin resonance (ESR) and Mott-Schottky studies suggest the formation of a direct Z-scheme photoredox reaction in the presence of PrV/S@C and sacrificial gent. The reusability studies for 5 cycles indicate good stability with a slight deviation in structure and morphology of PrV/S@C, as observed in XRD and SEM. Tackling plastic pollution and generating value-added carbonaceous products through CO2 reduction is the twin application of the present work that has piqued the interest of several researchers in environmental remediation.

Synergistic degradation of Tris (2-Chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) by US/Fenton system: Experimental, DFT calculation and toxicity evaluation.

Organophosphorus esters (OPEs), exemplified by tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), find extensive application in diverse industries such as construction materials, textiles, chemical manufacturing, and electronics, consequently resulting in an increased concentration of these compounds in industrial wastewater. The fundamental objective of this investigation was to examine the degradation of TCEP through the implementation of US/Fenton oxidation techniques in a solution. The findings revealed that the US/Fenton system effectively facilitated the degradation of TCEP, with the Chan kinetic model precisely elucidating the degradation process. Under optimized reaction conditions, the degradation efficiency of TCEP reached an impressive 93.18%. However, the presence of common co-existing aqueous substrates such as Cl-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, and HA hindered the degradation process. Bursting tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies affirmed ∙OH oxidation as the principal mechanism underlying TCEP degradation. Detailed degradation pathways for TCEP were established through the utilization of density-functional theory (DFT) calculations and GC/MS tests. Moreover, the ecotoxicological evaluation of TCEP and its intermediates was conducted using the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.).

Novel binuclear copper(II) complexes with sulfanylpyrazole ligands: synthesis, crystal structure, fungicidal, cytostatic, and cytotoxic activity.

New binuclear copper(II) [Cu(II)] tetraligand complexes (six examples) with sulfanylpyrazole ligands were synthesized. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies have shown that in solution the complexes are transformed to the mononuclear one. Fungicidal properties against Candida albicans were found for the Cu complexes with benzyl and phenyl substituents. An in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic properties of Cu chelates against HEK293, Jurkat, MCF-7, and THP-1 cells identified the Cu complex with the cyclohexylsulfanyl substituent in the pyrazole core as the lead compound, whereas the Cu complex without a sulfur atom in the pyrazole ligand had virtually no cytotoxic or fungicidal activity. The lead Cu(II) complex was more active than cisplatin. Effect of the S-containing Cu complex on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution has been investigated as well.

Ligand Effects on the Spin Relaxation Dynamics and Coherent Manipulation of Organometallic La(II) Potential Qudits.

We present pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on three La(II) complexes, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cp')3] (1), [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cp″)3] (2), and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][La(Cptt)3] (3), which feature cyclopentadienyl derivatives as ligands [Cp' = C5H4SiMe3; Cp″ = C5H3(SiMe3)2; Cptt = C5H3(CMe3)2] and display a C3 symmetry. Long spin-lattice relaxation (T1) and phase memory (Tm) times are observed for all three compounds, but with significant variation in T1 among 1-3, with 3 being the slowest relaxing due to higher s-character of the SOMO. The dephasing times can be extended by more than an order of magnitude via dynamical decoupling experiments using a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence, reaching 161 μs (5 K) for 3. Coherent spin manipulation is performed by the observation of Rabi quantum oscillations up to 80 K in this nuclear spin-rich environment (1H, 13C, and 29Si). The high nuclear spin of 139La (I = 7/2), and the ability to coherently manipulate all eight hyperfine transitions, makes these molecules promising candidates for application as qudits (multilevel quantum systems featuring d quantum states; d >2) for performing quantum operations within a single molecule. Application of HYSCORE techniques allows us to quantify the electron spin density at ligand nuclei and interrogate the role of functional groups to the electron spin relaxation properties.

Catalytically Relevant Organocopper(III) Complexes Formed through Aryl-Radical-Enabled Oxidative Addition.

Stepwise oxidative addition of copper(I) complexes to form copper(III) species via single electron transfer (SET) events has been widely proposed in copper catalysis. However, direct observation and detailed investigation of these fundamental steps remain elusive owing largely to the typically slow oxidative addition rate of copper(I) complexes and the instability of the copper(III) species. We report herein a novel aryl-radical-enabled stepwise oxidative addition pathway that allows for the formation of well-defined alkyl-CuIII species from CuI complexes. The process is enabled by the SET from a CuI species to an aryl diazonium salt to form a CuII species and an aryl radical. Subsequent iodine abstraction from an alkyl iodide by the aryl radical affords an alkyl radical, which then reacts with the CuII species to form the alkyl-CuIII complex. The structure of resultant [(bpy)CuIII(CF3)2(alkyl)] complexes has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Competition experiments have revealed that the rate at which different alkyl iodides undergo oxidative addition is consistent with the rate of iodine abstraction by carbon-centered radicals. The CuII intermediate formed during the SET process has been identified as a four-coordinate complex, [CuII(CH3CN)2(CF3)2], through electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. The catalytic relevance of the high-valent organo-CuIII has been demonstrated by the C-C bond-forming reductive elimination reactivity. Finally, localized orbital bonding analysis of these formal CuIII complexes indicates inverted ligand fields in σ(Cu-CH2) bonds. These results demonstrate the stepwise oxidative addition in copper catalysis and provide a general strategy to investigate the elusive formal CuIII complexes.

Fabricating of Pd and Ni bimetal modified halloysite nanotube composite and its application for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

Tetracycline (TC) is extensively employed as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, and its byproducts have been identified in a variety of water bodies, posing a significant risk to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Among the prevalent techniques for treating water contaminants, photodegradation stands out. In this research, we synthesized a novel nanocomposite material, embedding bimetallic nanoparticles onto halloysite nanotubes (HNT) (Pd@Ni/N-HNT), aimed at photocatalytically degrading TC. The Pd@Ni/N-HNT demonstrated the capability to enhance the TC degradation efficiency to 100 % under visible light for a duration of 120 min, effectively doubling the performance of pure H2O2 degradation. The influence of pH levels in aquatic environments on the TC degradation efficiency was explored. Through electron spin resonance (EPR) studies and free radical scavenging tests, it was verified that •O2− and h+ are pivotal in the degradation process. Furthermore, Pd@Ni/N-HNT showcased effective degradation capabilities in both tap and river water, achieving degradation rates exceeding 70 % in 120 min and 95 % in 180 min, respectively. This investigation not only sheds light on the potential of utilizing Pd@Ni/N-HNT as a potent catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of TC but also offers a comprehensive framework for the future development of nanomaterials aimed at the environmental remediation of organic pollutants. The findings herein provide a pivotal reference and guide for advancing the application of nanotechnology in the purification of water, thereby contributing to the safeguarding of aquatic ecosystems and public health.

Quantum Magnetism of the Iron Core in Ferritin Proteins-A Re-Evaluation of the Giant-Spin Model.

The electron-electron, or zero-field interaction (ZFI) in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of high-spin transition ions in metalloproteins and coordination complexes, is commonly described by a simple spin Hamiltonian that is second-order in the spin S: H=D[Sz2-SS+1/3+E(Sx2-Sy2). Symmetry considerations, however, allow for fourth-order terms when S ≥ 2. In metalloprotein EPR studies, these terms have rarely been explored. Metal ions can cluster via non-metal bridges, as, for example, in iron-sulfur clusters, in which exchange interaction can result in higher system spin, and this would allow for sixth- and higher-order ZFI terms. For metalloproteins, these have thus far been completely ignored. Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are multi-metal ion high spin complexes, in which the ZFI usually has a negative sign, thus affording a ground state level pair with maximal spin quantum number mS = ±S, giving rise to unusual magnetic properties at low temperatures. The description of EPR from SMMs is commonly cast in terms of the 'giant-spin model', which assumes a magnetically isolated system spin, and in which fourth-order, and recently, even sixth-order ZFI terms have been found to be required. A special version of the giant-spin model, adopted for scaling-up to system spins of order S ≈ 103-104, has been applied to the ubiquitous iron-storage protein ferritin, which has an internal core containing Fe3+ ions whose individual high spins couple in a way to create a superparamagnet at ambient temperature with very high system spin reminiscent to that of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. This scaled giant-spin model is critically evaluated; limitations and future possibilities are explicitly formulated.

Mechanism of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Action of Gold(I) Compounds: A Theoretical and Experimental Approach

In the search for a more effective chemotherapy for the treatment of Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, the use of gold compounds may be a promising approach. In this work, four gold(I) compounds [AuCl(HL)], (HL = bioactive 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones) were studied. The compounds were theoretically characterized, showing identical chemical structures with the metal ion located in a linear coordination environment and the thiosemicarbazones acting as monodentate ligands. Cyclic voltammetry and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) studies demonstrated that the complexes could generate the nitro anion radical (NO2−) by reduction of the nitro moiety. The compounds were evaluated in vitro on the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi and human cells of endothelial morphology. The gold compounds studied showed activity in the micromolar range against T. cruzi. The most active compounds (IC50 of around 10 μM) showed an enhancement of the antiparasitic activity compared with their respective bioactive ligands and moderate selectivity. To get insight into the anti-chagasic mechanism of action, the intracellular free radical production capacity of the gold compounds was assessed by ESR and fluorescence measurements. DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pirroline-N-oxide) spin adducts related to the bioreduction of the complexes and redox cycling processes were characterized. The potential oxidative stress mechanism against T. cruzi was confirmed.

Trivalent Cations Slow Electron Transfer to Macrocyclic Heterobimetallic Complexes.

Incorporation of secondary redox-inactive cations into heterobimetallic complexes is an attractive strategy for modulation of metal-centered redox chemistry, but quantification of the consequences of incorporating strongly Lewis acidic trivalent cations has received little attention. Here, a family of seven heterobimetallic complexes that pair a redox-active nickel center with La3+, Y3+, Lu3+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+, and Na+ (in the form of their triflate salts) have been prepared on a heteroditopic ligand platform to understand how chemical behavior varies across the comprehensive series. Structural data from X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrate that the positions adopted by the secondary cations in the crown-ether-like site of the ligand relative to nickel are dependent primarily on the secondary cations' ionic radii and that the triflate counteranions are bound to the cations in all cases. Electrochemical data, in concert with electron paramagnetic resonance studies, show that nickel(II)/nickel(I) redox is modulated by the secondary metals; the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate is diminished for the derivatives incorporating trivalent metals, an effect that is dependent on steric crowding about the nickel metal center and that was quantified here with a topographical free-volume analysis. As related analyses carried out here on previously reported systems bear out similar relationships, we conclude that the placement and identity of both the secondary metal cations and their associated counteranions can afford unique changes in the (electro)chemical behavior of heterobimetallic species.

A Water-Soluble Wavy Coordination Polymer of Cu(II) as a Turn-On Luminescent Probe for Histidine and Histidine-Rich Proteins/Peptides.

Histidine plays an essential role in most biological systems. Changes in the homeostasis of histidine and histidine-rich proteins are connected to several diseases. Herein, we report a water-soluble Cu(II) coordination polymer, labeled CuCP, for the fluorimetric detection of histidine and histidine-rich proteins and peptides. Single-crystal structure determination of CuCP revealed a two-dimensional wavy network structure in which a carboxylate group connects the individual Cu(II) dimer unit in a syn-anti conformation. The weakly luminescent and water-soluble CuCP shows turn-on blue emission in the presence of histidine and histidine-rich peptides and proteins. The polymer can also stain histidine-rich proteins via gel electrophoresis. The limits of quantifications for histidine, glycine-histidine, serine-histidine, human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin, pepsin, trypsin, and lysozyme were found to be 300, 160, 600, 300, 600, 800, 120, and 290 nM, respectively. Utilizing the fluorescence turn-on property of CuCP, we measured HSA quantitatively in the urine samples. We also validated the present urinary HSA measurement assay with existing analytical techniques. Job's plot, 1H NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), fluorescence, and UV-vis studies confirmed the ligand displacement from CuCP in the presence of histidine.

Stabilization of a Photoradiated Naphthalene Diimide-Based Organic Radical Anion Inside a Peptide-Based Gel Matrix with an Improvement of Optoelectronic Properties.

An amino acid-conjugated naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based highly red fluorescent radical anion has been found in a water medium under the photoradiated condition. This molecule has failed to form the radical anion in the monomeric state; however, the J aggregation in the aqueous medium has ensured the formation of radical anion in the ambient condition after the irradiation of both sunlight and UV light exposure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies clearly suggest the formation of radical anions. Herein, the stability of the radical anion in the aqueous medium is only a few minutes as a small amount of shaking is enough to quench the radical anion in the solution state. Furthermore, the incorporation of this molecule into a peptide-based hydrogel matrix and the consequent photoirradiation have not only helped to develop radical anion in the gel matrix but also increased the enormous stability of the radical anion inside the hydrogel matrix even for 30 days. It is envisaged that the formation of the radical anion within the gel matrix prevents the free movement of the NDI molecules and restricts the diffusion of molecular oxygen in the system, which leads to the stability of the radical anions in the gel. Moreover, the stability of the radical anion within the gel has helped to enhance the conductivity of the hybrid gel to a great extent. Interestingly, the radical anion-containing hybrid hydrogel has shown a potential photoswitching property.

Manganese- and Platinum-Driven Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Oxaliplatin-Associated CIPN with Special Reference to Ca4Mn(DPDP)5, MnDPDP and DPDP.

Platinum-containing chemotherapeutic drugs are efficacious in many forms of cancer but are dose-restricted by serious side effects, of which peripheral neuropathy induced by oxidative-nitrosative-stress-mediated chain reactions is most disturbing. Recently, hope has been raised regarding the catalytic antioxidants mangafodipir (MnDPDP) and calmangafodipir [Ca4Mn(DPDP)5; PledOx®], which by mimicking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) may be expected to overcome oxaliplatin-associated chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Unfortunately, two recent phase III studies (POLAR A and M trials) applying Ca4Mn(DPDP)5 in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving multiple cycles of FOLFOX6 (5-FU + oxaliplatin) failed to demonstrate efficacy. Instead of an anticipated 50% reduction in the incidence of CIPN in patients co-treated with Ca4Mn(DPDP)5, a statistically significant increase of about 50% was seen. The current article deals with confusing differences between early and positive findings with MnDPDP in comparison to the recent findings with Ca4Mn(DPDP)5. The POLAR failure may also reveal important mechanisms behind oxaliplatin-associated CIPN itself. Thus, exacerbated neurotoxicity in patients receiving Ca4Mn(DPDP)5 may be explained by redox interactions between Pt2+ and Mn2+ and subtle oxidative-nitrosative chain reactions. In peripheral sensory nerves, Pt2+ presumably leads to oxidation of the Mn2+ from Ca4Mn(DPDP)5 as well as from Mn2+ in MnSOD and other endogenous sources. Thereafter, Mn3+ may be oxidized by peroxynitrite (ONOO-) into Mn4+, which drives site-specific nitration of tyrosine (Tyr) 34 in the MnSOD enzyme. Conformational changes of MnSOD then lead to the closure of the superoxide (O2•-) access channel. A similar metal-driven nitration of Tyr74 in cytochrome c will cause an irreversible disruption of electron transport. Altogether, these events may uncover important steps in the mechanism behind Pt2+-associated CIPN. There is little doubt that the efficacy of MnDPDP and its therapeutic improved counterpart Ca4Mn(DPDP)5 mainly depends on their MnSOD-mimetic activity when it comes to their potential use as rescue medicines during, e.g., acute myocardial infarction. However, pharmacokinetic considerations suggest that the efficacy of MnDPDP on Pt2+-associated neurotoxicity depends on another action of this drug. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have demonstrated that Pt2+ outcompetes Mn2+ and endogenous Zn2+ in binding to fodipir (DPDP), hence suggesting that the previously reported protective efficacy of MnDPDP against CIPN is a result of chelation and elimination of Pt2+ by DPDP, which in turn suggests that Mn2+ is unnecessary for efficacy when it comes to oxaliplatin-associated CIPN.

On the Microstructure and Dynamics of Membranes Formed by Lipid as From Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a Member of Gut Microbiome: An EPR Study

AbstractLipid As are the main components of the external leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Their molecular structure has evolved to allow the bacteria survival in specific environments. In the present work, we investigate how and to what extent lipid membranes that include in their composition lipid A molecules of a bacterium of the gut microbiota, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, differ from those formed by the lipid A of the common Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica, which is not specific to the gut and is here used as a reference. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, using spin-labelled lipids as molecular probes, allows the segmental order of the acyl chain and the polarity across the bilayer to be analyzed in detail. Both considered lipid As cause a stiffening of the outermost segments of the acyl chains. This effect increases with increasing the lipid A content and is stronger for the lipid A extracted from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia than for that extracted from Salmonella enterica. At the same time, the local polarity of the bilayer region just below the interface increases. As the inner core of the bilayer is considered, it is found that the lipid A from Salmonella enterica causes a local disorder and a significant reduction of the local polarity, an effect not found for the lipid A from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. These results are interpreted in terms of the different lengths and distributions of the acyl tails in the two lipid As. It can be concluded that the symmetrically distributed short tails of the lipid A from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia favors a regular packing within the bilayer.

Electron paramagnetic resonance as a tool to determine the sodium charge storage mechanism of hard carbon

Hard carbon is a promising negative electrode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries due to the ready availability of their precursors and high reversible charge storage. The reaction mechanisms that drive the sodiation properties in hard carbons and subsequent electrochemical performance are strictly linked to the characteristic slope and plateau regions observed in the voltage profile of these materials. This work shows that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful and fast diagnostic tool to predict the extent of the charge stored in the slope and plateau regions during galvanostatic tests in hard carbon materials. EPR lineshape simulation and temperature-dependent measurements help to separate the nature of the spins in mechanochemically modified hard carbon materials synthesised at different temperatures. This proves relationships between structure modification and electrochemical signatures in the galvanostatic curves to obtain information on their sodium storage mechanism. Furthermore, through ex situ EPR studies we study the evolution of these EPR signals at different states of charge to further elucidate the storage mechanisms in these carbons. Finally, we discuss the interrelationship between EPR spectroscopy data of the hard carbon samples studied and their corresponding charging storage mechanism.

Efficient activation of periodate using MnFe2O4/BC composite for removal of organic contaminants: Performance and mechanism

The periodate (PI)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an economical and energy-saving method for remediating water by degrading pollutants. An efficient system for PI activation was developed by loading manganese ferrite spinel (MnFe2O4) on biochar (BC) through a facile method, affording a metal-oxide MnFe2O4/BC composite catalyst. The developed system demonstrated significant effectiveness in eliminating various organic pollutants, particularly achieving high removal (5.26 and 2.83 times that of biochar and MnFe2O4, respectively) and mineralization (49.7 %) of the model pollutant tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) within 30 min. The system exhibited outstanding catalytic performance under various environmental conditions (pH, inorganic salts, humic acid, and real water bodies), as evidenced by quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, proving that superoxide radicals (O2•-) are the main reactive species for TC degradation in the reaction system, in addition to singlet oxygen (1O2), iodyl radicals (IO3•) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Potential pathways for TC degradation in this system were revealed based on density functional theory (DFT) and the ecological toxicity of the intermediates was analyzed through quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) assessment. Analysis of the magnetic hysteresis and cycling stability demonstrated that the composites were stable and could be recycled by applying a magnetic field. This work opens a new pathway for designing efficient PI activators for the selective oxidation of organic pollutants and highlights the potential application of this system in practical wastewater treatment.

Oxygen vacancy enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction

In this study, a method was developed to create oxygen vacancies in Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunctions. By varying the amounts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate, and copper acetate, Cu2O/TiO2 with different Cu ratios were synthesized. Tests on CO2 photocatalytic reduction revealed that Cu2O/TiO2's performance is influenced by Cu content. The ideal Cu mass fraction in Cu2O/TiO2, determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), is between 0.075% and 0.55%, with the highest CO yield being 10.22μmol g-1 h-1, significantly surpassing pure TiO2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance studies showed optimal oxygen vacancy in the most effective heterojunction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated a 0.088 eV lower energy barrier for ∗CO2 to ∗COOH conversion in Cu2O/TiO2 with oxygen vacancy compared to TiO2, suggesting that oxygen vacancies enhance photocatalytic activity.

Investigating oxidant-catalyst interactions in the persulfate system: Implications for efficient removal of phenolics and antibiotics

Persulfate (PS) activation by carbon catalyst holds both scientific and practical significance to curb the toxicity effects of organic pollutants in the natural water environment. Here, we investigated a relatively unfamiliar characteristics (i.e., oxidant-catalyst interaction) that influence the removal efficiency in PS activated system, utilizing N-doped mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (N-MCHS; size ∼385 nm) as a catalyst. The selection of this catalyst was motivated by its desired physicochemical characteristics such as high dispersibility, uniformly distributed pores and high specific surface area (1109 m2 g−1) for catalytic application. The removal performance was studied by degrading bisphenol A at very low PS (0.25 mM) and catalyst (10.0 mg L−1) concentrations. Through this study, we established a correlation between the surface charge of N-MCHS and PS interaction on the catalytic performance. Further, electron spin resonance (ESR) and radical scavenger studies were carryout out to prove the nonradical oxidation process. Electrochemical studies provided a strong evidence for PS complexation and electron transfer during oxidative removal of bisphenol A. Additional studies with different phenolics and antibiotics demonstrated that N-doping significantly accelerates the degradation rate and enhances the removal efficiency. The results of present study unveil the potential use of PS+N-MCHS in the degradation of different organic contaminants at low catalyst dosages.