Electromechanical Control Research Articles

Electromechanical modelling and vibration control analysis of cyclic symmetric structures with a piezoelectric vibration absorber

This study explored the application of piezoelectric vibration absorbers (PVAs) equipped with synthetic circuits for the vibration control of cyclic symmetric structures. A cyclic symmetric electromechanical model (CSEM) integrated with PVAs was introduced to facilitate the design and optimization of the PVAs. This model was formulated analytically based on the circulant matrix theory, and the dynamic response was computed using the complex mode superposition method with explicit consideration of the intrinsic resistance within the PVA. A case study involving a simplified blisk model and an experimental test rig was conducted to validate the proposed CSEM. The validity of the model was confirmed through a comparative analysis of both the natural and dynamic characteristics obtained using the finite element model and experimental results. Furthermore, the impact of synthetic circuit parameters (inductance and negative capacitance values) and the placement of piezoelectric patches on the vibration control performance of PVA were investigated. The results suggested that the optimal inductance coincide with the analytical value, whereas the optimal negative capacitance of the series was slightly greater than the intrinsic capacitance of the patch. Additionally, mounting the piezoelectric patch on the blade root improved the vibration control.

Functional bias of contractile control in mouse resistance arteries

Constrictor agonists set arterial tone through two coupling processes, one tied to (electromechanical), the other independent (pharmacomechanical) of, membrane potential (VM). This dual arrangement raises an intriguing question: is the contribution of each mechanism (1) fixed and proportionate, or (2) variable and functionally biased. Examination began in mouse mesenteric arteries with a vasomotor assessment to a classic Gq/11 (phenylephrine) or Gq/11/G12/13 (U46619) agonist, in the absence and presence of nifedipine, to separate among the two coupling mechanisms. Each constrictor elicited a concentration response curve that was attenuated and rightward shifted by nifedipine, findings consistent with functional bias. Electromechanical coupling preceded pharmacomechanical, the latter’s importance rising with agonist concentration. In this regard, ensuing contractile and phosphorylation (CPI-17 & MYPT1 (T-855 & T-697)) measures revealed phenylephrine-induced pharmacomechanical coupling was tied to protein kinase C (PKC) activity, while that enabled by U46619 to PKC and Rho-kinase. A complete switch to pharmacomechanical coupling arose when agonist superfusion was replaced by pipet application to a small portion of artery. This switch was predicted, a priori, by a computer model of electromechanical control and supported by additional measures of VM and cytosolic Ca2+. We conclude that the coupling mechanisms driving agonist-induced constriction are variable and functionally biased, their relative importance set in accordance with agonist concentration and manner of application. These findings have important implications to hemodynamic control in health and disease, including hypertension and arterial vasospasm.

Electromechanical braking systems and control technology: A survey and practice

Electromechanical braking systems and control technology: A survey and practice

Conformal Ordered Solid–Liquid Coupled Piezoelectric Units for Programmable Adaptive Optics

AbstractOrdered piezoelectric units are designed to achieve unnaturally large strains and artificial vibrational modes, owing to the synergistic effects of multiple units. However, when interfacing with another physical field, the challenge for ordered piezoelectric units is to achieve precise control of individual unit independently while maintaining a large manipulation range. In this study, conformal ordered solid–liquid coupled piezoelectric units are introduced, which effectively reduce stress transfer by as much as 84% between units via incorporating a liquid phase into each unit. This design allows for the generation of considerable strain levels (up to ɛZ = 1.13%) when used with a flexible layer and optimized structure. Hence, these conformal ordered piezoelectric units achieve simultaneous production of large strains and independent electromechanical control for each individual unit. As a practical illustration, a biomimetic piezoelectric adaptive lens and a lens array based on solid–liquid coupled piezoelectric units are designed and fabricated. They offer an extensive zoom range from 100.3 mm to infinity, ultra‐high diopter sensitivity of 70 D mV−1, ultra‐rapid response time of 50 µs, and programmable optical focusing through individual manipulation of each unit. This research paves the way for inspiring new designs for piezoelectric metamaterials and devices for intelligent electromechanical systems.

Counter-rotating synchronization theory and experiment of tri-rotor actuated with dual-frequency considering adaptive global sliding mode control strategy

In petroleum drilling engineering, self-synchronous vibration screen with single-frequency actuation is difficult to implement the scheduled synchronous behavior caused by its invariance and instability of dynamic characteristics, which usually leads to reduction of the production efficiency. Hence, to solve the problem mentioned above, a dual-frequency counter-rotating synchronization control method among three exciters is presented by combining adjacent cross-coupling control (ACCC) structure with global sliding mode control (GSMC) theory. Firstly, motion differential equation of the vibration system in each direction is derived according to mathematical model of the tri-rotor vibration machine. Secondly, considering exponential reaching law and adaptive control algorithm, the adjacent cross-coupling controller and the vector controller of each induction motor are investigated to achieve the stable zero phase difference synchronization between double-frequency rotors. Subsequently, Runge-Kutta method is introduced to establish the electromechanical coupling control model and prove validity of the control theory. Meanwhile, it is also discussed that the rotors cannot obtain an ideal self-synchronization state since velocity of high-frequency motor is not strictly equal to twice that of low-frequency motor. Finally, based on the experimental test scheme, an experimental prototype related to controlled multi-rotor synchronization vibration system is designed independently, which further verifies the validity of theory and computer simulation. Research shows that the desirable synchronous state of the vibration system can be accurately controlled via the designed control strategy, and the control system can implement diversity of the dynamical characteristics, due to the existence of strong robustness.

Coupled nanopores for single-molecule detection.

Rapid sensing of molecules is increasingly important in many studies and applications, such as DNA sequencing and protein identification. Here, beyond atomically thin 2D nanopores, we conceptualize, simulate and experimentally demonstrate coupled, guiding and reusable bilayer nanopore platforms, enabling advanced ultrafast detection of unmodified molecules. The bottom layer can collimate and decelerate the molecule before it enters the sensing zone, and the top 2D pore (~2 nm) enables position sensing. We varied the number of pores in the bottom layer from one to nine while fixing one 2D pore in the top layer. When the number of pores in the bottom layer is reduced to one, sensing is performed by both layers, and distinct T- and W-shaped translocation signals indicate the precise position of molecules and are sensitive to fragment lengths. This is uniquely enabled by microsecond resolution capabilities and precision nanofabrication. Coupled nanopores represent configurable multifunctional systems with inter- and intralayer structures for improved electromechanical control and prolonged dwell times in a 2D sensing zone.

On the electromechanical bandgap of microscale vibration isolation metamaterial beams with flexoelectric effect

In this paper, a type of metamaterial isolation beam consisting a cantilever beam with flexoelectric film attached is provided. Electrodes interconnect on the surface to create parallel resonant shunt circuits, enabling band-stop filtering. The electromechanical control equations are derived using the Hamiltonian principle. A closed-form analytical expression for the bandgap range is obtained via the root locus method. Theoretical results are validated through finite element methods. Findings reveal that the operational bandgap of millimeter-scale flexoelectric metamaterial isolation beams is 5.2 times greater than that of conventional piezoelectric metamaterial beams. Furthermore, the vibration excitation amplitude is reduced by 99.9%. These results highlight the significant advantages of flexoelectric materials for microscale high-frequency passive isolation, providing superior stability in complex vibration environments. The research investigates the effects of end mass, electrode plate count, and external resistance on the vibration isolation performance of flexoelectric metamaterial beams. The study also examines the variations in relative bandgap width between flexoelectric and piezoelectric metamaterial beams concerning material, size, and structural parameters, identifying optimal values. Notable differences in bandgap characteristics are observed between flexoelectric and piezoelectric beams; for instance, while piezoelectric beams have an optimal substrate elastic modulus, flexoelectric beams do not, and the optimal film thickness for flexoelectric beams is 2.2 times that for piezoelectric beams.

Electrically induced and controlled piezoelectricity

The quasi-linear electromechanical effect, which resembles piezoelectricity, can be induced by strong electric field in any solid dielectric. This effect is defined as linearized electrostriction, which is observed in the biasing electric field and is proportional to the square of the dielectric permittivity. The present work analyses physical mechanisms of the occurrence of such an effect in the piezoelectrics, the paraelectrics and the relaxor ferroelectrics, taking into account the inertia of electromechanical response. Hysteresis-less electromechanical control of deformation is used in actuators and tuneable microwave devices. The efficiency of the induced piezoelectricity is maximal in dielectrics with high permittivity, while the efficiency is ensured by mechanisms of low-inertia quasi-elastic polarization. To assess the maximum performance of piezoelectric actuators made of different materials, the method of dielectric spectroscopy is used.

Modified Multimachine Power System Design with DFIG-WECS and Damping Controller

Rotor angle stability, which involves electromechanical oscillation damping and control, is very important in maintaining the stability of modern power grid systems. Renewable energy sources like wind energy are undergoing massive integration into modern power grid systems to meet energy demands and decarbonize power grid systems of carbon emissions from fossil fuel generators. To enable increased integration of wind renewable energy sources, precise models are needed for research and analytical purposes. Wind renewable energy is generated through a wind energy conversion system (WECS); one such conversion system is the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) system. In this study, a precise model of a DFIG-WECS was modeled and integrated into the IEEE’s two-area Kundur power test system, which represents the available power grid system, and is also a multimachine power system using the Matlab/Simulink 2023 software. A damping controller known as the power system stabilizer (PSS), whose optimal parameters were obtained using artificial eco-system optimization (AEO), was also incorporated into the integrated power grid system to control and damp electromechanical oscillations. The results showed that the PSS damping controller effectively damped electromechanical oscillations in the integrated power grid system.

Synchronous control of tri-motor vibration system considering an adaptive back-stepping control strategy

In oil and gas drilling engineering, the anti-phase synchronization of two co-rotating rotors in a tri-motor vibration system is easy to implement owing to its inherent coupling characteristics, which can lead to the exciting force generated by the vibrating system being very small. Thus, an adaptive back-stepping control strategy is proposed to apply in a tri-motor vibrating system and improve the processing capacity of drilling fluid shaker screens. The algorithm developed in this paper is that a complex higher-order nonlinear system is simplified into lower-order subsystems by the adaptive back-stepping control theory, and then the adaptive law for varying load torque is derived by combining with the adaptive theory to regulate the velocity of motors in a closed loop. Firstly, a dynamical model to describe the tri-motor vibration system is established, and the dynamical equations of the vibrating system are derived based on the Lagrange equation. Then, the speed error controller and the phase difference error controller are designed by combining the adaptive back-stepping control algorithm with the master–slave control (MSC) structure. According to Barbalat’s lemma, the stability of the control system is analyzed to verify the feasibility of the control method. Finally, the dynamical equations of the vibrating system are used to establish an electromechanical coupling control model of a tri-motor driven planar system through the Runge–Kutta method, and it verified the reliability of the control strategy, the robustness, and the stability of the control system, respectively, and intuitively revealed the synchronization characteristics of tri-motor vibration control system. The results demonstrate the phase difference among the three motors can be accurately stabilized at zero by a phase synchronization control strategy based on the adaptive back-stepping control method, and the method is simple and fast-speed and the control system has better robustness.

Performance enhancement of PV panels by a channel shaped heat exchanger with an electromechanical control

Performance enhancement of PV panels by a channel shaped heat exchanger with an electromechanical control

Retracted: Design and Application of Electromechanical Control System Based on Computer Fault Tolerance Technology

Retracted: Design and Application of Electromechanical Control System Based on Computer Fault Tolerance Technology

An intelligent decision support system for groundwater supply management and electromechanical infrastructure controls

This study presents an intelligent Decision Support System (DSS) aimed at bridging the theoretical-practical gap in groundwater management. The ongoing demand for sophisticated systems capable of interpreting extensive data to inform sustainable groundwater decision-making underscores the critical nature of this research. To meet this challenge, telemetry data from six randomly selected wells were used to establish a comprehensive database of groundwater pumping parameters, including flow rate, pressure, and current intensity. Statistical analysis of these parameters led to the determination of threshold values for critical factors such as water pressure and electrical current. Additionally, a soft sensor was developed using a Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm, enabling real-time forecasting of key variables. This was achieved by continuously comparing live telemetry data to pump design specifications and results from regular field testing. The proposed machine learning model ensures robust empirical monitoring of well and pump health. Furthermore, expert operational knowledge from water management professionals, gathered through a Classical Delphi (CD) technique, was seamlessly integrated. This collective expertise culminated in a data-driven framework for sustainable groundwater facilities monitoring. In conclusion, this innovative DSS not only addresses the theory-application gap but also leverages the power of data analytics and expert knowledge to provide high-precision online insights, thereby optimizing groundwater management practices.

Comparative Evaluation of Electro-Mechanical Brake Clamping Force Estimation and Sensor Compensation Control Method for High-Speed-Train

Comparative Evaluation of Electro-Mechanical Brake Clamping Force Estimation and Sensor Compensation Control Method for High-Speed-Train

Local gravity control method for solving load-mismatch issue in isolators

Quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) shows significant advantages in low frequency vibration isolation. However, the isolation performance is heavily dependent on the rated load and prone to load-mismatch. Here, a general local gravity control method (LGCM) is proposed to eliminate these limitations by introducing an expected constant force to adjust the equivalent gravity of the mismatched load. As a result, the isolators can be maintained at an ideal static equilibrium point with low dynamic stiffness. The load-mismatch was investigated and emphasized combined with the spring-link mechanism (SLM). The analysis indicated that the load-mismatch results in stiffness hardening, natural frequency increasing, and vibration isolation band shortening. The principle of the LGCM was fully revealed in the respect of conceptual design, electromechanical coupling analysis, control system and operation mechanism. The harmonic balance method (HBM) was used to model the response of the periodic and sweep excitation. The electromechanical coupling simulation was implemented to theoretically verify adjustment ability of LGCM. A prototype based on SLM and Arduino UNO was fabricated and tested with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) to validate the effectiveness of the LGCM. The results illustrates that the vibration transmissibility in mismatched isolator at resonance frequency is decreased by 50 % with LGCM, which means that the resonance frequency can be decreased efficiently, and the isolation band is significantly broadened. The LGCM can be easily attached to any QZS systems, which can be regarded as a general patch for the bug of load-mismatch and is conducive to broaden the load-variable applications of QZS isolators.

Electromechanical Control of Metal Oxide Thin Films deposition in Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction for gas sensors devlopement

Electromechanical Control of Metal Oxide Thin Films deposition in Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction for gas sensors devlopement

Electromechanical control method of rheological and technological characteristics of building mixtures

The paper is devoted to the enhancement of control methods for the rheological and technological properties of building mixtures: foam concrete, injection mortar, and tamponage mortars. For this, a new method for determining these properties and a device that extends the range of measurements in comparison with the widespread ones are developed. This device consists of the DC motor that directly brings the spherical spindle into a uniform motion in the building mixture. It allows for transforming the rheological characteristics into electrical signals during the preparation processes of mixtures. For the first time, the physical-mathematical model of such dependence is obtained. Also, for the first time, the experimental and calculated dependencies between the values of the amperage and the common technological characteristics of the cement mortar and conditional viscosity have been determined. It is established that the viscosity is within 0.23 ÷ 0.07 Pа⋅s, and the current strength is within 60 ÷ 225 mА for sand-cement mortars with the ratio 1:1 ÷ 1:1.5 and W/C 0.7 ÷ 1.2. For cement suspension, the viscosity is equal to 2.7 Pа⋅s for W/C = 0.3 and 1.2 Pа⋅s for W/C = 0.5. Wherein, the amperages comprise 607 and 278 mА for W/C = 0.3, 226 and 116 mА for W/C = 0.5 for spindles of different diameters. Obtained dependencies could be the basis of the software for the development and of the automatic monitoring system of rheological and technological characteristics of cement-sand mortars, as well as the automatic management system for preparing building mixtures with set rheological properties.

Study on the performance of spherical collision triboelectric nanogenerator

The development of the theoretical model for the spherical collision triboelectric nanogenerator (SC-TENG) has been slow, despite its ability to generate electric energy through low-frequency vibration while simultaneously reducing the motion response of the primary system. Previous theoretical models have solely focused on energy harvesting, disregarding the damping effect of spherical collisions. This paper presents an electromechanical coupling control equation, which accounts for the dynamic and electrical characteristics of spherical particles, to describe the relationship between motion displacement, velocity, acceleration, and particle number. The particle motion process is divided into two phases: non-collision and collision process. Using the constant velocity before and after collision, this paper calculates voltage and current changes corresponding to two collisions of particles in one cycle. Cadence software simulates and analyzes the equivalent circuit parameters of the TENG, where output voltage is proportional to the resistor/capacitor. Single, two, and three-particle acceleration, velocity, and displacement before and after collision are simulated using Abaqus software. Particle collision simulation shows the energy loss is related to the number of particles, the more the number of particles, the more the energy loss. The single-degree-of-freedom experimental model tests vibration reduction and energy collection effects of particles. As mass ratio increases, the vibration reduction and energy collection effects improve for particles. If the mass ratio remains constant, the vibration reduction effect does not vary much for different particle diameters (10/12/15 mm), but the energy collection effect of particle diameter of 10 mm is superior. Multi-layer particles, vibration control, voltage and current increase linearly with the number of layers. SC-TENG can be applied in the future to reduce structural vibration, while its additional energy collection capabilities can be as self-powered sensing to monitor movement of vibrating structures in real-time.

Low-cost livestock sorting information management system based on deep learning

Modern pig farming leaves much to be desired in terms of efficiency, as these systems rely mainly on electromechanical controls and can only categorize pigs according to their weight. This method is not only inefficient but also escalates labor expenses and heightens the threat of zoonotic diseases. Furthermore, confining pigs in large groups can exacerbate the spread of infections and complicate the monitoring and care of ill pigs. This research executed an experiment to construct a deep-learning sorting mechanism, leveraging a dataset infused with pivotal metrics and breeding imagery gathered over 24 months. This research integrated a Kalman filter-based algorithm to augment the precision of the dynamic sorting operation. This research experiment unveiled a pioneering machine vision sorting system powered by deep learning, adept at handling live imagery for multifaceted recognition objectives. The Individual recognition model based on Residual Neural Network (ResNet) monitors livestock weight for sustained data forecasting, whereas the Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Nets (WGAN) image enhancement algorithm bolsters recognition in distinct settings, fortifying the model's resilience. Notably, system can pinpoint livestock exhibiting signs of potential illness via irregular body appearances and isolate them for safety. Experimental outcomes validate the superiority of this proposed system over traditional counterparts. It not only minimizes manual interventions and data upkeep expenses but also heightens the accuracy of livestock identification and optimizes data usage. This findings reflect an 89% success rate in livestock ID recognition, a 32% surge in obscured image recognition, a 95% leap in livestock categorization accuracy, and a remarkable 98% success rate in discerning images of unwell pigs. In essence, this research augments identification efficiency, curtails operational expenses, and provides enhanced tools for disease monitoring.

Retracted: A Global Optimization Algorithm for Intelligent Electromechanical Control System with Improved Filling Function

Retracted: A Global Optimization Algorithm for Intelligent Electromechanical Control System with Improved Filling Function