Electromagnetic Wave Exposure Research Articles

Effect of skin thickness on electromagnetic dosimetry analysis of a human body model up to 100 GHz

Abstract The accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) exposure assessments depends mainly on the resolution of a voxel human body model. The resolution of the conventional human body model is limited to a few millimeters. In the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, EM waves are absorbed by the superficial tissues in the human body. Therefore, resolution and skin thickness of the human body model are important for accuracy of the EM wave exposure metrics recommended by international human safety guidelines. Realistic thickness modeling of the skin tissue on the human body may provide greater accuracy in the EM exposure assessment, especially at mmWave frequency range. In this paper, effects of the skin thickness on the EM exposure metrics in one-dimensional multi-layered models obtained from different regions of the body model are investigated using the dispersive algorithm based on the finite-difference time-domain method over the frequency range from 1 to 100 GHz. Furthermore, effects of eyelid tissue in a human eye on the EM exposure metrics are studied over the frequency range. The EM exposure metrics such as absorbed power density, heating factor, and power transmission coefficient are calculated up to 100 GHz to evaluate the limits of EM wave exposure.

Interaction between Electromagnetic (EM) wave and human head: Normal adult and elderly heads

In recent years, there has been an increasing public concern about the health implications of electromagnetic (EM) wave exposure with the use of mobile telephones. In this paper, we have evaluated the EM absorption in the human head at GSM 900 MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) and DCS 1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System) radiation. Two models for human head were considered. The first model was normal adult head whereas the second model was normal elderly head. First, a stratified structure of the human head is modeled. Next, a two-dimensional (2-D) cylindrical head model based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is investigated. Our previous described 2-D FDTD code based on LabVIEW has been utilized. Much attention has been paid to the induced specific absorption rate (SAR) in elderly human head.

A Simulation Method Suited for the Whole French Territory Electromagnetic Waves Exposure

A Simulation Method Suited for the Whole French Territory Electromagnetic Waves Exposure

The Impact of Electromagnetic Waves Propagation to the Dielectric Nanoparticles on Crude Oil Interfacial Tension Reduction for Oil Recovery: A Review

The presence of interfacial tension (IFT) force between crude oil and other fluids in reservoirs is one of the critical parameters that restrict the effective mobility of the oil and is continuously entrapped in reservoir pores. Reducing binding forces between oil and such fluids is one of the methods employed to improve oil productivity known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Various nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized to reduce IFT. However, NPs encountered a challenge in terms of successful operation under a high temperature. Consequently, the NPs tend to segregate at the oil/ water interface which diminishes the IFT influences and more oil continuously entrapped. Recently, an innovative approach to enhance oil mobility was proposed by activating the charges of the NPs via electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation. Few analyses were reported using dielectric NPs with reasonable reductions to IFT. The dielectric properties of NPs are essential attributes corresponding to EM waves. During the EM wave exposure, the extra disruptions were generated at the fluid/oil interface that function as activating agents for the NPs resulting in the additional reduction for IFT. The present study provides a comprehensive review of the few results available, challenges that confronted the success of this novel approach, and admirable recommendations to improve the process in the future.

Evaluating numerous techniques for the effects of electromagnetic waves on the Electro Cardio Gram (ECG)

<p>Nowadays, due to the widespread use of mobile phones and the proliferation of mobile towers the human body parts especially the heart are getting affected. Furthermore, these waves are ubiquitous in our modern society, with various sources emitting these waves in our environment. As medical devices become more prevalent and wireless technologies continue to advance, concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of electromagnetic waves on human health. It is important to monitor the condition of your heart. With the increase in the number of mobile phones, there is also an increase in electromagnetic radiation, which can affect the human heart. The heart is an important component of the human body and an electrocardiogram (ECG) can provide valuable information about its condition. ECG parameters can show how well the heart is working. In this paper, the author proposes how ECG parameters change under the influence of mobile phones in three different situations. A comprehensive experimental setup was devised. A group of healthy human subjects volunteered to participate in the study, with each subject undergoing ECG recording under controlled conditions. The subjects were exposed to varying intensities and frequencies of electromagnetic waves generated by a standardized source. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the ECG measurements obtained during exposure to electromagnetic waves with those obtained in a controlled environment without electromagnetic wave exposure. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the potential health effects of electromagnetic waves. By specifically focusing on the ECG signal, which is vital for cardiovascular diagnostics, this research provides valuable insights into the safety and reliability of using ECG in environments with electromagnetic wave exposure. The findings will help inform healthcare professionals, engineers, and policymakers to establish appropriate guidelines and safety measures concerning the use of medical devices and wireless technologies in proximity to patients or individuals with cardiac conditions.</p>

Education on Electromagnetic Waves Exposure from Smart Devices in Elementary School

Advances in science and technology are increasingly sophisticated and complex. Smart devices, smartphones, tablets, and other complicated media mark the rapid development of communication technology. Smart devices are electronic devices, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols. One example of a smart device that is widely used is a smartphone. People frequently use smartphones as a communication tool in the current global era. As a result, most people are dependent on these devices, which can expose them to harmful electromagnetic waves. Given the dangers smartphones can cause to people, it is recommended to limit the use of smartphones. Therefore, the purpose of implementing this community service is to educate the public, especially students and teachers at SDN 16 Bekut, on the dangers of smartphone radiation. This is done by educating people about the need to use smartphones responsibly and not excessively. Based on the questionnaire results and recapitulation of the results of this activity, it was found that the level of understanding and satisfaction index of the actifvity participants reached 86.45%.

A Novel Reverberation Chamber for In Vitro Bioelectromagnetic Experiments at 3.5 GHz

In this article, a mode-stirred reverberation chamber (RC) was designed and proposed for the first time as a cell culture incubator for in vitro electromagnetic waves exposure of adherent cells in tissue culture plates (TCPs). Typical cell incubators require specific conditions, such as temperature of 37 °C and humidity rate of 95%, which are challenging conditions for an RC. The chamber was characterized as an RC through an innovative experimental methodology based on the measurements of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> parameter of the emitting antenna. The proposed RC is adapted for in vitro bioelectromagnetic experiments for simultaneous exposure of up to 10 TCPs under highly homogeneous exposure conditions at 3.5 GHz, i.e., the mid-frequency band of the 5G telecommunication networks. Experimental results showed that the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the exposed samples extracted from temperature measurements was similar (an acceptable maximum variation lower than 30% was observed) in reason of the homogeneity and the uniformity of the field within the chamber. Specifically, measured SAR values were around 1.5 and 1 W/kg per 1 W incident, in 6-well or 96-well plates used for biological exposure, respectively. To validate our system, numerical simulations were performed. Overall, we showed that experimental and numerical SARs are in good agreement with differences <30% considering the standard deviation.

Effects of continuous prenatal and postnatal global system for mobile communications electromagnetic waves (GSM-EMW) exposure on the oxidative stress biomarkers in female rat liver

In light of the increased use of communication technologies, the harm caused by continuous exposure to emitted radiation on pregnancy and developing newborns is among the public concerns. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, our study investigates the effects of 24 h/day prenatal and postnatal 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure of female rats on liver oxidative stress (OS) and other hepatic parameters at postnatal days (PND) 1, 9, and 21. Our results showed that RF-EMR exposure led to an increase in oxidative stress status as indicated by a significant elevation in MDA level at PND9 and PND21, a decrease in catalase (CAT) activity at all ages, a reduction (PND1 and PND9) in catalase amounts and mRNA expression, in addition to a decrease in GPx activity at PND21 in the exposed group. Current findings also showed a significant increase in cytoSOD at PND9 and 21 and a reduction in mitoSOD at PND21 in the exposed groups compared to the control groups. However, significant increases in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level and mitoSOD activity were observed at all studied ages. Furthermore, cytoSOD activity showed a significant reduction in PND1, whereas in PND9 the value of this parameter increased compared to the non-exposed group. Moreover, while SOD1 mRNA expression increased at PND1, it decreased at PND9 and 21. However, GPx1 expression was shown to be always decreased in the exposed group. In addition, at PND1 and 9, exposed rats showed a similar response on Akt1, nuclear factor erythroïd 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Therefore, an increased oxidative stress status produced from a continuous (24 h/day) GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure during the prenatal and postnatal periods may result in adverse health effects during future life stages.

Base transceiver station antenna exposure and workers’ health

Objectives. With the rapid development of technologies related to the communications industry, human exposure to electromagnetic fields has increased during recent decades. The study aimed at investigating the effect of exposure to waves emitted from the base transceiver stations (BTS) on workers' health. Methods. 240 workers participated in the study. In order to determine the general health conditions in two groups, along with electromagnetic waves exposure measurement, the general health questionnaire (GHQ) was completed and the data on blood parameters were assessed. Results. The mean age and job experience in the case and control groups were 34.1 ± 4.8 and 10.1 ± 6 years and 31.6 ± 5.5 and 8.8 ± 7 years, respectively. According to the GHQ results, only anxiety and insomnia subscales showed a significant difference between the two groups. The white blood cell and red blood cell counts in the case and control groups were 6715.6 ± 1591 and 7594 ± 2416, 5.3 × 106 ± 4.6 × 105 and 5.05 × 106 ± 5.39 × 105 per ml, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that the difference between the two groups was significant. Conclusion. The results revealed that blood parameters in the BTS operators showed more changes. Thus, it can be concluded that these health impacts result from occupational exposure to BTS waves.

Perovskite Manganit Analysis Based on La0.7Ca0.3Mn1-xTixO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) as Potential Microwave Absorber Material with Sol-Gel Method

&lt;p&gt;Electromagnetic wave is an energy flow in the form of electric and magnetic field as the technology development causes electromagnetic wave exposure level changes significantly and resulting an electromagnetic wave radiation that leads bad impacts on human health. In this case, manganite perovskite became an interesting topic of study that aims to produce material engineering to obtain a material with the best property as absorber. This study is based on lanthanum manganite La&lt;sub&gt;0.7&lt;/sub&gt;Ca&lt;sub&gt;0.3&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Ti&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ( and ) using sol-gel method with the with a heating temperature in the oven of 200&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C for 2 hours, calcination temperature of 600&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C for 6 hours, and sintering temperature of 1000&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C for 12 hours. The sample is characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) that shows the sample had succeeded to form single phase and had crystal cubic structure with space group p m -3 m, the substitution of Ti&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;ions did not cause the structural changes, but it was marked with the changes of lattice parameter, unit cell volume and average crystallite size. Meanwhile Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) on the frequency range 8-12 GHz shows that the sample has ability to absorb microwave until 90.16% on 10.4 GHz frequency. Therefore, the material based on lanthanum manganite La&lt;sub&gt;0.7&lt;/sub&gt;Ca&lt;sub&gt;0.3&lt;/sub&gt;Mn&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Ti&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;has the potential as the microwave absorber material.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of Continuous Prenatal and Postnatal Global System for Mobile Communications Electromagnetic Waves (Gsm-Emw) Exposure on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Female Newborn Rat's Liver

Effects of Continuous Prenatal and Postnatal Global System for Mobile Communications Electromagnetic Waves (Gsm-Emw) Exposure on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Female Newborn Rat's Liver

Electromagnetic wave and Microwave heating: an eco-compatible solution to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the primary pest of palms. Although several methods are used for its control, there is concern that insecticidal treatments can cause substantial environmental pollution. Therefore, the use of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) or microwaves (MWs) to control R. ferrugineus is an attractive alternative option. Microwave heating is increasingly used to manage a wide variety of agricultural and forest pests because it induces thermal death in insects that have a thermal tolerance lower than that of the host matrix. In this study, EMWs (360 Hz, 100 W) applied for 60 min caused 100% mortality of adult RPWs but had no effects on larvae. Microwave heating (2.45 GHz, 500 W) caused 100% mortality of adults in 4 min, whereas larvae required MW heating for only 40 s to achieve 100% mortality. The brain of adult R. ferrugineus was the most damaged region following EMW exposure, with severe damage to the neural cells after 60 min. The neural bundles were broken, and the granular cells were scattered. Microwave exposure affected the cuticle and muscles in adult R. ferrugineus after 4 min and the midgut, cuticle, and muscles in larvae after 40 s. The gut epithelium separated from the basement membrane and became highly vacuolated, almost disintegrating. The cuticle was reduced with separated layers, and muscle fibers were also affected. This work confirms that EMWs and MW heating are promising, ecocompatible methods to fight the spread of R. ferrugineus.

High Power Electromagnetic Waves Exposure of Healthy and Tumor Bearing Mice: Assessment of Effects on Mice Growth, Behavior, Tumor Growth, and Vessel Permeabilization.

High power radiofrequencies may transiently or permanently disrupt the functioning of electronic devices, but their effect on living systems remains unknown. With the aim to evaluate the safety and biological effects of narrow-band and wide-band high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) waves, we studied their effects upon exposure of healthy and tumor-bearing mice. In field experiments, the exposure to 1.5 GHz narrow-band electromagnetic fields with the incident amplitude peak value level in the range of 40 kV/m and 150 MHz wide-band electric fields with the amplitude peak value in the range of 200 kV/m, did not alter healthy and tumor-bearing animals’ growth, nor it had any impact on cutaneous murine tumors’ growth. While we did not observe any noticeable behavioral changes in mice during the exposure to narrow-band signals when wide-band HPEM signals were applied, mice could behave in a similar way as they respond to loud noise signals: namely, if a mouse was exploring the cage prior to signal application, it returned to companion mates when wide-band HPEM signals were applied. Moreover, the effect of wide-band signals was assessed on normal blood vessels permeability in real-time in dorsal-chamber-bearing mice exposed in a pilot study using wide-band signal applicators. Our pilot study conducted within the applicator and performed at the laboratory scale suggests that the exposure to wide-band signals with the amplitude of 47.5 kV/m does not result in increased vessel permeability.

Numerical modeling of downlink electromagnetic wave exposure generated by 5G beamforming antennas

In this paper different scenarios were compared for the numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave exposure to beamforming antennas. These scenarios range from the simplest (using an average radiation pattern) to an almost realistic one (MU-MIMO beamforming taking into account user locations) with intermediate. The results underline the influence of the environment around the antennas on the distribution of the electric field.

The Biocompatibility of Wireless Power Charging System on Human Neural Cells

The progress in technology and science leads to the invention and use of many electrical devices in the daily lives of humans. In addition to that, people have been easily exposed to increased newly generated artificial electromagnetic waves. Exponential use of modern electronic devices has automatically led to increase in electromagnetic wave exposure. Therefore, we constructed the prototype of wireless power charging system to study the biocompatibility of electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by this system on various human cell lines. There are many studies indicating the negative bio-effect of EMF on various types of cells, such as induction of apoptosis. From the other point of view, these effects could rather be beneficial in the way, that they could eliminate the progress of various diseases or disorders. For that reason, we compared the impact of EMF (87 kHz, 0.3–1.2 mT, 30 min) on human normal as well as cancer cell lines based on morphological and cellular level. Our results suggested that EMF generated by wireless power charging systems does not have any detrimental effect on cell morphology, viability and cytoskeletal structures of human neural cells.

Wireless power transfer system rigid to tissue characteristics using metamaterial inspired geometry for biomedical implant applications

Conventional resonant inductive coupling wireless power transfer (WPT) systems encounter performance degradation while energizing biomedical implants. This degradation results from the dielectric and conductive characteristics of the tissue, which cause increased radiation and conduction losses, respectively. Moreover, the proximity of a resonator to the high permittivity tissue causes a change in its operating frequency if misalignment occurs. In this report, we propose a metamaterial inspired geometry with near-zero permeability property to overcome these mentioned problems. This metamaterial inspired geometry is stacked split ring resonator metamaterial fed by a driving inductive loop and acts as a WPT transmitter for an in-tissue implanted WPT receiver. The presented demonstrations have confirmed that the proposed metamaterial inspired WPT system outperforms the conventional one. Also, the resonance frequency of the proposed metamaterial inspired TX is negligibly affected by the tissue characteristics, which is of great interest from the design and operation prospects. Furthermore, the proposed WPT system can be used with more than twice the input power of the conventional one while complying with the safety regulations of electromagnetic waves exposure.

The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency on the Histology and Expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 Gene of the Forelimb in an NMRI Mouse.

Introduction: Today the use of electromagnetic waves has dramatically increased in modern industrial societies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to 2.4 GHz wireless frequency on forelimb development in an NMRI mouse in vivo. Methods: A total of 21 female mice weighing 25-30 g were included in the present study. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups, namely control (n=7), sham (n=7), and experimental (n=7). After mating, the experimental group was exposed to 2.4 GHz radio frequency at a distance of 20-30 cm from the device, 4 h/d until the delivery. The sham group was placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the device every day without exposure to electromagnetic waves, and the control group had a pregnancy period without any stress and electromagnetic wave exposure. After giving birth, the forelimbs were isolated from the infants and examined by stereological studies and RT-PCR for the evaluation of osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene expression. Results: Although, at first glance, there was no macroscopic teratogen effect in forelimbs in all groups, via a stereological method, we showed that bone and cartilage volume decreased in the experimental group compared to the other groups. We also found that the experimental group had lower expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene than the control and sham groups did. However, there were no significant differences between the control and sham groups in terms of bone and cartilage volume and gene expression. Conclusion: Although teratogen effect of prenatal exposure to 2.4 GHz radio frequency on forelimbs was not demonstrated macroscopically, further studies showed negative effects on the forelimb bone, cartilage volume, and gene expression.

The Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Mitochondria: An Ultra‐structural and Biochemical Study

Smart phones use non‐ionizing low frequency electromagnetic waves (RFW) for communication. Excessive use of smart phones may cause adverse health effects. We studied the effects of these RFW on the developing chick embryo. 40 ‘Cobb’ (Gallus gallus domesticus) breed zero‐day fertilized chicken eggs were randomly divided into control and exposed groups. A popular mobile phone and service provider was selected with 1800 MHz frequency, power of 0.47 W/kg and SAR 1.10 w/KG. The mobile phone was placed inside the 30‐egg incubator in call receiving mode in the exposed group, while in the control group, mobile phone was not used. Mobile phone was called by another mobile from outside for 50 minutes daily starting from day one of incubation. The embryos were sacrificed at day 10 (total exposure time 500 minutes) and day 15 (total exposure time 750 minutes), liver and heart tissues were dissected for electron microscopy, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its mRNA. Results revealed increase in the number of mitochondria in the hepatocytes at day 10 in the exposed group. At day 15, the mitochondria were rounded, elongated, or dumbbell shaped, and cristae were disorganization with areas of degeneration. The mitochondria were found surrounded by fragments of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes and an increase number of lipid filled vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. In the heart muscle, mitochondria became elongated with areas of degeneration of the cristae, however, rough endoplasmic reticulum or free ribosomes were not seen surrounding the mitochondria. Geoffry N et al. reported that mitochondria are the source of free radicals produced in response to electromagnetic wave exposure in human sperms. It was further reported that potential causative mechanism of electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain caused oxidative DNA damage. Hsin‐Chen LEE reported that oxidative stress induced by H2O2 leads to increase number of mitochondria and mtDNA in human lung. Gorczynska and Wegrzynowicz reported that mitochondria was the most sensitive organelle to cell stress leading to its swelling, source of free radicals, which was due to electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Increase levels of mRNA and Hsp70 were observed in the exposed groups at both day 10 and 15. This increase was 14% at day 10 and became 39% at day 15 demonstrating cellular mechanism in attempting to express housekeeping genes and Hsp70 for survival. Hsp70 is a multifaceted chaperon protein that is conserved across species and is involved in many cellular metabolic processes. We conclude that RFW exposure caused early damage to mitochondria in liver and heart tissues of chick embryo and resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which caused marked increase in mRNA and Hsp70.Support or Funding InformationInternal medical college grantThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

A Study on Shielding Effects for Electromagnetic Waves of the Sheet Heating Elements

Exposure of human bodies to the electromagnetic waves emitted in various ways in our daily lives has become a growing concern. The extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves generated from ordinary products and electric power facilities are closely related to our daily lives. Nevertheless, there has been no clear solution suggested to shield the ELF electromagnetic waves from electronic products used by the general public. This study investigated the electromagneticwave shielding effects when exposed to ELF-emitting heating products. We (i) installed an actual surface heater on the floor of the classroom, (ii) measured the electromagnetic wave exposure at different settings (shielding/non-shielding/isolation distance), (iii) compared the measured results with the applicable international standards, and (iv) suggested a solution to shield electromagnetic waves and underscored the importance of isolation distance.

An efficient use of mixing model for computing the effective dielectric and thermal properties of the human head.

As a preventive measure against the electromagnetic (EM) wave exposure to human body, EM radiation regulatory authorities such as ICNIRP and FCC defined the value of specific absorption rate (SAR) for the human head during EM wave exposure from mobile phone. SARquantifies the absorption of EM waves in the human body and it mainly depends on the dielectric properties (ε', σ) of the corresponding tissues. The head part of the human body is more susceptible to EM wave exposure due to the usage of mobile phones. The human head is a complex structure made up of multiple tissues with intermixing of many layers; thus, the accurate measurement of permittivity (ε') and conductivity (σ) of the tissues of the human head is still a challenge. For computing the SAR, researchers are using multilayer model, which has some challenges for defining the boundary for layers. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to propose a method to compute effective complex permittivity of the human head in the range of 0.3 to 3.0GHz by applying De-Loor mixing model. Similarly, for defining the thermal effect in the tissue, thermal properties of the human head have also been computed using the De-Loor mixing method. The effective dielectric and thermal properties of equivalent human head model are compared with the IEEE Std. 1528. Graphical abstract ᅟ.