Electromagnetic Wave Radiation Research Articles

Scalar and Tensor Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces

We have developed a method for controlling electromagnetic surface wave propagation and radiation from complex metallic shapes. The object is covered with an artificial impedance surface that is implemented as an array of sub-wavelength metallic patches on a grounded dielectric substrate. We pattern the effective impedance over the surface by varying the size of the metallic patches. Using a holographic technique, we design the surface to scatter a known input wave into a desired output wave. Furthermore, by varying the shape of the patches we can create anisotropic surfaces with tensor impedance properties that provide control over polarization. As an example, we demonstrate a tensor impedance surface that produces circularly polarized radiation from a linearly polarized source.

Nonlinear fan instability of electromagnetic waves

This paper studies the linear and nonlinear stages of the fan instability, considering electromagnetic waves of the whistler frequency range interacting resonantly with energetic electron fluxes in magnetized plasmas. The main attention is paid to determine the wave-particle interaction processes that can lead to the excitation of intense electromagnetic waves by nonequilibrium particle distributions involving suprathermal tails, and to explain under what conditions and through what mechanisms they can occur, develop, and saturate. This paper presents and discusses two main processes: (i) the linear fan instability and (ii) the nonlinear process of dynamical resonance merging, which can significantly amplify the energy carried by linearly destabilized waves after they saturate due to particle trapping. This study consists of (i) determining analytically and numerically, for parameters typical of space and laboratory plasmas, the linear growth rates of whistlers excited by suprathermal particle fluxes through the fan instability, as well as the corresponding thresholds and the physical conditions at which the instability can appear, (ii) building a theoretical self-consistent 3D model and a related numerical code for describing the nonlinear evolution of the wave-particle system, and (iii) performing numerical simulations to reveal and characterize the nonlinear amplification process at work, its conditions of development, and its consequences, notably in terms of electromagnetic wave radiation. The simulations show that when the waves have reached sufficient energy levels owing to the linear fan instability, they saturate by trapping particles and due to the complex dynamics of these particles in the electromagnetic fields, the resonant velocities’ domains of the waves overlap and merge, meanwhile a strong increase of the wave energy occurs.

Manufacture technique and electrical properties evaluation of bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel complex yarn and knitted fabrics

There are derivative problems of electromagnetic wave radiation accompanying the advances of science and technology nowadays and secure protections are also emphasized gradually. To shield these electromagnetic wave radition jeopardizing people’s health, in this study, stainless steel wires were the core yarn and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarns were the wrapped yarn. The bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel (BC/SS) complex yarns were manufactured using a rotor twister machine. The BC/SS complex knitted fabrics were woven with the complex yarns employing a circular knitting machine. Three manufacture parameters were the wrapped amount of the complex yarn (2 to 6 turns/cm), the lamination amount of the knitted fabrics (1 to 6 layers) and lamination angles of the knitted fabrics (0°/0°/0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45°, and 0°/90°/0°/90°/0°/90°). The knitted fabric exhibited the lowest surface resistance 32.3 Ω/sq. Optimum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was 45 dB when the knitted fabrics were with 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45° laminating in 0.51 GHz.

Radiation of planar electromagnetic waves by a line source in anisotropic metamaterials

We show experimentally that a line source in an anisotropic metamaterial directly radiates planar electromagnetic waves instead of cylindrical waves, when one component of the permeability tensor approaches zero. The impedance of this material can be perfectly matched to that of free space, which can significantly reduce the reflections between the source and the superstrate, as in traditional highly directive antennas based on zero index metamaterials. Such a unique property determines the two-way propagation of electromagnetic waves excited by a line source, instead of all-way propagation. From this feature, a highly directive emission of electromagnetic waves is achieved using the anisotropic metamaterial with arbitrary shape. We have designed and fabricated the anisotropic metamaterial in the microwave region, and observed the generation of plane waves and their highly directive emission. The proposed plane-wave emission is independent of the shape variance of the anisotropic metamaterial, which can be utilized in the design of conformal antennas.

Effect of 99 GHz continuous millimeter wave electro-magnetic radiation on E. coli viability and metabolic activity

Purpose: To investigate time exposure dependence of continuous millimeter wave (CW) 99 GHz radiation on Escherichia coli bacterial cell viability and metabolic activity.Materials and methods: Suspensions of E. coli bacterial cells with an optical density of OD660nm = 0.1 were used for viability tests and OD660nm = 1.0 for metabolic activity tests. These suspensions were exposed to 99 GHz CW electromagnetic radiation, generated by a Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) tube base instrument with a horn antenna at the BWO exit, to obtain an almost ideal Gaussian beam. Calculations of the Gaussian beam show that a power of 0.2 mW/cm2 was obtained at the bacterial plane.Results: The experimental results show that 1 hour of exposure to 99 GHz CW electromagnetic radiation had no effect on E. coli viability and colony characterisation. In 19 h of radiation, the number of colonies forming units was half order of magnitude higher than the sham-exposed and the control. However, 19 h of exposure did not affect the E. coli metabolic activity.Conclusions: Exposure of E. coli to millimeter wave (MW) CW 99 GHz radiation for a short period did not affect the viability of E. coli bacterial cells. However, exposure for 19 h caused a slight proliferation but did not influence the metabolic activities of about 90 biochemical reactions that were examined. Hence, we assume that the slight proliferation (half order of magnitude) after 19 h of exposure dose not have a biological meaning.

Parallelizing a hybrid finite element-boundary integral method for the analysis of scattering and radiation of electromagnetic waves

This paper presents the practical experience of parallelizing a simulator of general scattering and radiation electromagnetic problems. The simulator stems from an existing sequential simulator in the frequency domain, which is based on a finite element analysis. After the analysis of a test case, two steps were carried out: first, a “hand-crafted” code parallelization of a convolution-type operation was developed within the kernel of the simulator. Second, the sequential HSL library, used in the existing simulator, was replaced by the parallel MUMPS (MUltifrontal Massively Parallel sparse direct Solver) library in order to solve the associated linear algebra problem in parallel. Such a library allows for the distribution of the factorized matrix and some of the computational load among the available processors. A test problem and three realistic (in terms of the number of unknowns) cases have been run using the parallelized version of the code, and the results are presented and discussed focusing on the memory usage and achieved speed-up.

Polarization selectivity of interaction of DNA molecules with X-ray radiation

The optimum form of a long helical molecule, which DNA is, has been calculated in terms of the classical electromagnetic theory. Three different methods of classical electrodynamics are used: the theory of dipole radiation of electromagnetic waves, the energetic power approach, and a helical model of molecules of chiral medium. In all three cases, an identical result for the optimum geometrical form of a long spiral molecule has been obtained. The lead angle between the tangent to the helix and the plane normal to the axis of the helix should be equal to 24.5 degrees. This condition imposes restrictions on the radius and the pitch of the helical molecule. The experimentally measured geometrical characteristics of the DNA molecule satisfy the theoretically calculated condition precisely enough. Having the optimum geometrical form, the DNA molecule is not influenced by a circularly right-polarized electromagnetic wave in the soft X-ray range λ = 7–8 nm. This wave, for which the right-handed DNA molecule is “transparent,” should propagate orthogonally to the helix axis and form a right-handed screw in space. The wave radiated by the right-handed DNA molecule orthogonally to helix axis in the range of λ ≈ 7–8 nm has, accordingly, the left-handed circular polarization. The polarization selectivity of the DNA molecule by the action of X-ray radiation is exhibited strongly enough in the wavelength range of λ ≈ 1–35 nm. The results obtained are valid for any distribution of electric currents in DNA, i.e., for any sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA.

Quantum theory of stimulated Cerenkov radiation of transverse electromagnetic waves by a low-density electron beam in a medium

The quantum theory of stimulated Cerenkov radiation of transverse electromagnetic waves by an electron beam in an anisotropic medium is presented. Relativistic quantum nonlinear equations of the Cerenkov beam instability are obtained. In the linear approximation, the quantum dispersion equation is derived and the instability growth increments are determined. The nonlinear problem of the saturation of the quantum Cerenkov beam instability is solved.

Detection of Anomalous ELF Band Environmental Electromagnetic Wave Based on Fluctuation in Magnetic Field Azimuth

Anomalous radiation of environmental electromagnetic wave is reported as a portent of earthquakes. Then, we are observing environmental electromagnetic waves of the ELF band all over Japan. We have been regarding the large amplitude in the observed signal as anomalous radiation. However, the observed signal contains a lot of slight amplitude anomalies hidden by background noise. To detect the earthquake precursor, it is necessary to detect not only large amplitude anomaly but also slight amplitude anomaly. In this paper, we propose the method of detecting anomalous radiation using the magnetic field azimuth which does not depend on the amplitude level. It is assumed that magnetic field azimuth has notable fluctuation when anomaly EM radiation occurs. We detect this fluctuation by the azimuthal standard deviation calculated every 20 minutes. Moreover, we show that it is dominant in anomaly detection to use the fluctuation in magnetic field azimuth instead of the amplitude level.

Numerical Simulation by FDTD Method with PML for Electromagnetic Wave Radiation from Antenna and Its Application(Application)

Numerical Simulation by FDTD Method with PML for Electromagnetic Wave Radiation from Antenna and Its Application(Application)

Modern aspects of the asymptotic theory for wave radiative transfer in disordered media

Two modern problems of the theory of multiple scattering of electromagnetic wave radiation in discrete randomly inhomogeneous media are discussed. One problem is related to the effective magnetic permeability of a statistical assembly of nonmagnetic conducting particles; the other problem is focused on the regard for the near-field effects of scatterers in the radiative transfer theory.

Improved equivalent source theory

The equivalent source theorem, which is an important technique in the study of radiation and scattering by apertures, is improved by using the two axioms of the modified theory of physical optics. The method is applied to the problem of radiation of electromagnetic waves by a parallel plate waveguide. The results are investigated numerically.

Improved equivalent source theory

The equivalent source theorem, which is an important technique in the study of radiation and scattering by apertures, is improved by using the two axioms of the modified theory of physical optics. The method is applied to the problem of radiation of electromagnetic waves by a parallel plate waveguide. The results are investigated numerically.

Effect of backward radiation of electromagnetic waves by a metamaterial waveguide structure

The anomalous properties of electromagnetic radiation from an antenna in the form of a rectangular section waveguide tube made of a metamaterial with the negative real parts of permittivity and permeability have been demonstrated. The metamaterial is an isotropic two-dimensional array of left and right-twisted coils placed on a thin polyurethane substrate. The coils of the sample are directed in equal numbers along the x, y, and z axes. The possibility of the preferential backward radiation of the structure has been shown on the basis of numerical calculations with the use of the method of moments and the measurements of the radiation pattern of the antenna in an anechoic chamber at frequencies close to the 3-GHz resonance frequency of the metamaterial. The causes and existence conditions of the effect have been revealed.

Neutrino in matter and external fields

A technique for describing various processes proceeding in matter and involving neutrinos and electrons is discussed. This technique is based on “the method of exact solutions,” which implies the use of solutions to proper Dirac equations for particle wave functions in matter. Exact solutions for the neutrino and the electron in the cases of uniform nonmoving and rotating matter are discussed. On studying relativistic neutrino motion and associated neutrino-energy quantization in rotating matter, a semiclassical interpretation of particle finite motion is developed. In the general case of neutrino and electron motion in matter with varying parameters, the corresponding effective force acting on the particles is determined. The possibility of electromagnetic-wave radiation by an electron that moves in a dense neutrino flux of varying density and which is accelerated by this kind of force is predicted.

Ionospheric penetration characteristics of ELF waves radiated from a current source in the lithosphere related to seismic activity

Electromagnetic wave radiation from an underground current source related to seismic activity is discussed. In order to estimate the ionospheric effects on the electromagnetic waves associated with the seismic activity, ELF waves in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 kHz in the ionosphere radiated from a possible seismic current source modeled as an electric dipole located in the lithosphere, are precisely computed by using a full‐wave analysis. In this calculation, the ionosphere is assumed to be an inhomogeneous and anisotropic medium, and the Earth's crust is assumed to be a homogeneous and isotropic conductive medium. Especially, the effects of the geomagnetic field on the ionospheric wave propagation are precisely considered. The results of the calculations in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 kHz show frequency dependence in spatial distributions of the wave intensities due to the geomagnetic field‐aligned whistler propagation in the ionosphere and the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide propagation. Wave intensities which could be observed on the ground and in the ionosphere are determined by assuming the magnitude of the current moment of a seismic dipole source. In a possible situation, the current moment is estimated to be about 80 A·m/Hz1/2 which generates a detectable wave magnetic field on the ground just above a seismic source. However, if we try to detect it in the ionosphere, the source current moment must be thousands of times more intense.

Simplified Approach New for Dielectric Heat Control

This paper proposes a Dielectric heat control via solid state medium frequency generation technique and its optimization for use in Stone cutting Industries. Dielectric heating is the phenomenon in which radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material, especially as caused by dipole rotation. The essential advantage of dielectric heating resides in the generation of heat within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid.

Resonance radiation of electromagnetic waves by a diffraction grating filled with metamaterial

We consider the diffraction of a plane inhomogeneous H-polarized wave, generated by a modulated sheet electron beam, on a periodic reflective grating with rectangular grooves filled by a metamaterial with the effective permittivity characterized by a frequency dispersion. The problem is solved using the method of reexpansion. The phenomenon of resonance radiation of electromagnetic waves by the grating is discovered and the conditions for its manifestation are established.

Shapiro steps and stimulated radiation of electromagnetic waves due to Josephson oscillations in layered superconductors

Single crystals of layered high-temperature superconductors intrinsically behave as stacks of Josephson junctions. We analyze response of current-biased stack of intrinsic junctions to irradiation by the external electromagnetic (em) wave. In addition to well-known Shapiro steps in the current-voltage characteristics, irradiation promotes stimulated radiation which adds with spontaneous Josephson radiation from the crystal. Such enhancement of radiation from current-biased crystal may be used for amplification of em waves. Irradiation also facilitates synchronization of Josephson oscillations in all intrinsic Josephson junctions of a single crystal as well as oscillations in intrinsic junctions of different crystals.

Electron-Beam Instability in Left-Handed Media

We predict that two electron beams can develop an instability when passing through a slab of left-handed media (LHM). This instability, which is inherent only for LHM, originates from the backward Cherenkov radiation and results in a self-modulation of the beams and radiation of electromagnetic waves. These waves leave the sample via the rear surface of the slab (the beam injection plane) and form two shifted bright circles centered at the beams. A simulated spectrum of radiation has well-separated lines on top of a broad continuous spectrum, which indicates dynamical chaos in the system. The radiation intensity and its spectrum can be controlled either by the beams' current or by the distance between the two beams.