Electromagnetic Field Radiation Research Articles

Effect of Terahertz Waves on the Structure of the Aβ42 Monomer, Dimer, and Protofibril: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) and its assemblies play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies conducted by experimental and computational researchers have extensively explored the structure, assembly, and influence of biomolecules and cell membranes on Aβ. However, the impact of terahertz waves on the structures of Aβ monomers and aggregates remains largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically investigate the molecular mechanisms by which terahertz waves affect the structure of the Aβ42 monomer, dimer, and tetramer through all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our findings indicate that terahertz waves at a specific frequency (42.55 THz) can enhance intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in the Aβ42 monomer and dimer, respectively, by resonating with the symmetric stretching mode of the -COO- groups and the symmetric bending/stretching mode of -CH3 groups. Consequently, the β-structure content of the Aβ42 monomer is greatly increased, and the binding energy between the monomers in the Aβ42 dimer is significantly enhanced. Additionally, our observations suggest that terahertz waves can mildly stabilize the structure of tetrameric protofibrils by enhancing the interactions among peripheral peptides. Furthermore, we also investigated the effect of the frequency of terahertz waves on the structure of Aβ42. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of external fields on the biobehavior of Aβ42 peptides and may shed some light on the potential risks associated with electromagnetic field radiation.

Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical, Herbal Medicine, and Low-Value Alternating Electromagnetic Radiation as Anti-Malaria Treatment

Malaria is a significant global health burden, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources. Pharmaceutical interventions, specifically artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), have long been the mainstay of malaria treatment due to their proven efficacy in eliminating Plasmodium parasites. Herbal medicine has also gained attention as a potential alternative or adjunctive therapy. Nevertheless, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, notably in Southeast Asia and Africa, poses a considerable challenge to the effectiveness of these pharmaceutical treatments. Using low-value alternating electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation as an anti-malaria treatment is a novel approach that requires further investigation to determine its therapeutic potential. This research studies the comparative analysis of the effect of pharmaceutical intervention, herbal medicine, and low-value alternating EMF as anti-malaria treatments. The research methodology involves a systematic literature review of relevant scientific databases, design, construction, and administration of 20mT & 30mT electromagnetic field, Lumartem and Thitonia Diversifolia (Jume 12) to plasmodium berghei-infected mice for four days consecutively at the same time interval. Results revealed that all treatments were significantly effective. Lumartem is maximally effective from the third day, while Tihonia Diversifolia was maximally effective on the second day. EMF 10mT was maximally effective on the third day, while EMF 20mT did not fully align with the non-infected mice trend, but it is likely to align if treatment continues. The results of this comparative study will contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, and low-value alternating electromagnetic field treatments for malaria.

Innovative technologies for strengthening of internal surfaces of suspension parts of heavy-loaded machines by laser and high-frequency induction methods

In the article innovative methods of surface hardening of internal surfaces of machine parts by laser and highfrequency induction heating are presented. The relevance of applying the methods of laser and induction hardening for the internal surfaces of heavily loaded parts of quarry equipment is proved. The results of modeling and calculation of thermal and electromagnetic fields under the influence of an external electromagnetic field and laser radiation beams are presented. The original design of a complex of equipment for processing the internal surfaces of suspension parts by external electromagnetic field is described. The optimal designs of inductors with magnetic circuits made of various materials are shown. The study of the structure and properties obtained on the internal surfaces of heavily loaded suspension parts of cars, line of the BelAZ company, treated according to the optimal modes of surface induction exposure is given. The developed original technology and equipment of laser surface hardening, which makes it possible to increase the wear resistance of heavily loaded parts, is described. Data on the implementation of research results at JSC “BELAZ” – the Management Company of the Holding “BELAZ-HOLDING” for processing a wide range of heavily loaded suspension parts are given.

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (50 Hz, 200 µT & 300 µT) to Increase Edamame Productivity and Safety Risks to Health

More and more research results report that exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields at low intensity can increase cell proliferation. The ELF magnetic field interacts directly with cell membranes, capable of increasing intracellular calcium and under certain conditions affecting cell proliferation. This study wanted to prove the potential of ELF magnetic field radiation with intensity of 200 µT and 300 µT on edamame productivity. The research design used a completely randomized design. The research sample was 250 edamame soybeans of the Ryokkoh-75 variety which were divided into 5 groups. Samples were soaked in warm water for 3 hours and then cured for about 12 hours and exposed to ELF magnetic fields of intensity of 200 µT and 300 µT with variations in exposure time of 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Then it is seeded and planted in the field. Observation of the number of edamame pods and the number of pods was carried out when they were already fruiting, namely day 29 to day 43. The results of the study proved that the number of pods and the number of edamame pods in the group exposed to the 200 µT and 300 µT ELF magnetic fields was higher than the control. It appears that the highest number of fruits and pods occurred in the sample group exposed to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 µT. The conclusion is that exposure to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 µT has the potential to increase edamame productivity

Using Modeling to Select the Type of Microwave Field Emitter for Dense-Layer Grain Dryers

The microwave field is used for drying and disinfecting grains during the pre-sowing seed treatment. The use of a microwave field in these installations leads to an increase in their productivity and a decrease in the energy consumed by them. In grain dryers, where the grain moves in a dense layer without being loosened, one of the challenges in using microwave fields is ensuring sufficient uniformity of the field distribution. In this article, waveguide design options that introduce microwave radiation into the grain layer are discussed. The objective of this study was to use application software to find the optimum type of transmitter from the three options presented. A mathematical simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution was performed with the use of CST Microwave Studio software 2019 in order to evaluate and compare horn-type, rectangular, and semicircular waveguides. The data on the standing wave ratio and radiation efficiency of these types of waveguides have been reported. The specific features of the microwave electromagnetic field distribution and radiation power in the output of these waveguides have been described. The results of mathematical simulations revealed that semicircular waveguides with slot-type radiators are preferable for processing dense grain layers.

Establishment of Biotesting System to Study Features of Innovative Multifunctional Biotextile

Abstract An established biotesting system designed to discover specific features of innovative multifunctional biotextile, encompassing integrated silica dioxide and succinite (Baltic amber) particles, is founded on reproducible, reliable, and relatively fast methods. The main idea starting this study was to create a system of test methods devoted to identification of specific features of biotextile materials designed to preserve living organisms from adverse environmental factors like enhanced electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies, without use of vivarium animals. Cultures of the freshwater macrophyte duckweed (Lemna minor) line Sta2 and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were chosen as model systems suitable for the study of the influence of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation. The experiments showed changes of phenotypic features and growth parameters of test objects, as well as induction of point mutations of DNA (for example, insertions or deletions in chloroplast DNA and nucleotide substitutions in nuclear genes). The responses of test organisms induced by EMF were studied using microscopy, flow cytometry, and DNA sequencing methods. On the cell level, a new fast flow cytometry method for biotextile testing was developed: immature gametic (pollen) cell cultures were used as a highly sensitive model system (plant gametic cell response is comparable to human neutrophil response) to study the influence of EMF radiation. The method was based on the measurement of differences of fluorescence intensity between group of cells experimentally affected by EMF radiation and non-affected cells.

IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATION INTENSITY ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE NETWORK EQUIPMENT

This research is about how to identify electromagnetic fields radiation intensity with measuring the electric fields and magnetic fields then compare it to the radiation exposure standards for public from ICNIRP. With the experimental method directly to the 15 randomize research sites in Pontianak city, each measurement on 1 site done on 4 sides, front, back, right and left of the objects and each sides done measurement 5 times on different distance from 1 – 5 m. The objects that has been measured are Transformer, which is very high value of electromagnetic fields compare it to any other medium voltage network equipment. The results still so much lower value than the exposure standards for public, but according to Anies reference there will be some effects about this if the public been exposed to radiation for too long, there are psychological and physicalogical effects. Hopefully this research could be referred to the public to consider the dangers exposed to radiation exposure of electromagnetic fields by medium voltage network equipment.

Development and Research of a Medium Vertical Dipole Electromagnetic Pulse Simulator

In this paper, the design of a self-developed EMP simulator with a 5 m height and an inverted conducting mono-cone antenna with a cone half-angle of 32° is introduced. The experimental region of the simulator is a circular area of 25 m in diameter around the cone vertex. Two feeding modes, feed-in over the ground and feed-in under the ground, are realized by two different high-voltage pulse sources. It can be concluded through radiation field testing that the radiation field waveform generated by the simulator has a rise time of 2–3 ns and a half-width of about 25 ns, meeting the specifications of the EMP experimental waveform in the IEC61000-2-9 standard. Meanwhile, the differences between the engineering implementation of the simulator and its ideal structure during the design process can lead to some distortion issues in the antenna radiation characteristics and the electromagnetic radiation field it generates. The radiation field waveform and the distribution of the EMP field generated by the simulator under different feeding methods, antenna wire quantities, antenna end processing methods, and different antenna resistive loading were studied, and the changes in the radiation field waveform and field distribution with different angles and distances of the monitoring point were analyzed. Based on the measurement results, the radiation characteristics of the antenna and the factors that affect the waveform of the field were studied and analyzed. Through the aforementioned work, a comprehensive understanding of the performance, radiation characteristics, and engineering factors affecting the electromagnetic environment generated by the simulator has been obtained. On this basis, the parameters of the antenna wire quantity, antenna end processing method, and test point position of the designed simulator were reconfirmed and optimized. In summary, this work has important reference significance for mastering the development technology of such simulators, understanding their antenna radiation characteristics, and conducting EMP-related assessments and effect experiments in the future.

Understanding consumer’s belief and fear: The case of smart meter installation

This paper aims to understand the issues related to the perceived negative health effects of electromagnetic field (emf) radiation due to smart devices from the consumer’s perspective. With the recent technological advancement, more and more devices like smartphones, smart locks, smart TVs, smart meters, etc., are becoming integral parts of human lives. On the one hand, these devices have added comfort and efficiency, while on the other hand, the negative health impacts of persistent exposure to emf radiation from these devices can’t be denied. This paper used smart meter as an example of a smart device to explore potential adverse health effects of emf radiation by applying Soft System Methodology (SSM). Semi-structured interviews and workshops were conducted to gain insight into the research domain. The objective hierarchy has been proposed as a result of applying SSM. Some key concerns that must be considered for addressing consumers’ health concerns were identified as the outcome of the conducted SSM workshops. The proposed hierarchy suggests creating a risk-management team of knowledgeable individuals and provides a roadmap for executives, government officials and policymakers.

Effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation on pregnancy outcome: A meta-analysis.

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (ELF-EMF) are generated by electrical devices and power systems (1 to 300 Hz). Although several studies have demonstrated that ELF-EMF may beassociated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, other studies have shown no evidence of associations. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation on pregnancy outcomes. The following electronic bibliographic databases were searched to identify relevant studies: PubMed, Web Of Science, Cochrane library, Embase, EBSCO. In addition, the manual retrieval of relevant references was conducted as a supplement. Select all eligible studies published from Database construction library to March 10, 2021. Search type for queue research on influence of electromagnetic field radiation on pregnancy results. Data were screened and extracted independently by two researchers. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis. There was no significant increase in the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects and preterm delivery in the pregnant women who lived near the electromagnetic fields compared with the control group. Conclusions: No correlation has been found between maternal ELF-EMF exposure and miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal birth defects and preterm delivery, while the effects on small gestational age and low birth weight are still uncertain. Related research with high-quality large samples and different regions are still needed for further verification.

Wideband, Wearable, Printed Monopole Antenna System for Integration into an Electromagnetic Radiation Evaluation Device

This paper describes the design steps carried out to prove the concept of a wideband monopole antenna system to be used in a wearable device conceived for the evaluation of electromagnetic field radiation. Such a device is envisaged to be integrated into protective vests worn by professional users in their working space environment as part of intelligent multi-risk protection. Initially, the main characteristics of a simple straight monopole are reviewed to serve as a reference. A modified octagonal monopole antenna element is introduced, and a two dual-linearly polarized configuration of such monopoles is designed, fabricated, and tested to be used in the frequency range of 0.7-3.5 GHz. The expected radiation characteristics (input reflection coefficient and isolation between vertically and horizontally polarized ports) are confirmed experimentally. The effects of a thick lossy foam substrate layer used to mitigate the presence of the metal shield, employed in the vest lining as a Faraday cage protection, are analyzed both by simulation and experimentally. Finally, electromagnetic simulations are carried out to confirm that a system of five dual-linearly polarized monopole elements located in the chest, shoulders, back, and helmet of the user can provide an adequate estimation of the incident electromagnetic field radiation.

A Microwave Field-Induced Nonlinear Metamaterial with Wafer Integration Level.

Field-induced nonlinear materials, with extended abilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves, have been widely employed in electromagnetic protection, absorption, and detection. Until now, it was found that the field-induced nonlinearity mainly shows in the optical and terahertz frequency bands. Applying the microwave band into such technical activities is hampered due to a lack of investigations on the nonlinearity caused by microwave electric fields, especially in the ultrawideband and microwave high-frequency bands. In this paper, a nonlinear metamaterial (NLMM) concept based on the integration of metamaterial structures and a semiconductor on the same wafer is proposed, which shows nonlinear behavior to the electromagnetics' field energy in the microwave band. The designed NLMM is transparent to low-density electromagnetic radiation fields, while it adaptively becomes opaque to high-density electromagnetic radiation fields. Two types of NLMM are designed to verify the nonlinear characteristics of ultrawide and narrow bands in the microwave band, respectively. The concept of NLMM can be used for the application of the microwave frequency band in electromagnetic protection and detection.

Hybrid deep learning model for efficient prediction of telecom data using EMF radiation

EMF has a variety of biological impacts and has an impact on the metabolic process in the human body. Antenna towers, anechoic chambers, and other sources can all produce this. Some of the human populations live very close to the EMF-emitting antenna towers. We can make humans aware of the EMF radiation and protect from diseases if there is a proper method to anticipate the EMF radiation of antennas installed in different places. For the study of telecom data and EMF emission, many machine learning and deep learning techniques have been developed in recent years. Predictive analytics played a bigger part in this. For prediction, it comprises advanced statistics, modeling and more machine learning methodologies. However, the appropriate hyper parameters must be established for the model’s effective prediction, but this cannot be guaranteed in a dynamic environment where the data is always changing. The learning model’s performance improves when these parameters are optimized. The goal of this study is to use the Telecom dataset to create a novel hybrid deep learning model for forecasting the trend of EMF radiations. The patterns were first discovered using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization method (PSO). Later to boost its performance the hybrid approach (MLP-RFD-PSO) was developed and 98.8% accuracy was achieved.

Evaluating the Electro Magnetic Fields Radiation of the Cell Sites and Their Environmental Effects: Case of Mosul City

Cell phones, also known as mobile or portable phones, have become an essential part of contemporary communication technologies. In some regions of the world, they are even the only available means of communication, as they are so well-liked for allowing people to communicate with one another without having any impact on their movements. Cell phones are becoming increasingly popular, with more than 50% of people in some nations owning one. The industrial community anticipates that by the year 2030, there will be more than 8 billion users worldwide. To accommodate broadcast and reception, more cell phone stations (towers) are being built. These stations, which are radio antennas, work to protect connections with cellular telephone equipment while using minimum power. The goal of this proposed study is to measure the electromagnetic fields radiated by cell phone towers and their effects on the local environment in a selected area of Mosul, Iraq. The results will then be compared to international standards, evaluated to help develop methods for protecting people's health, and solutions to the issue will be offered.

EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON THE WEIGHT, NUMBER AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING OF IRRADIATED PREGNANT RATS

Radiation from a cell phone causes significant changes in a living organism. Pregnant women and children belong to the most sensitive groups of population and are particularly vulnerable to electromagnetic field radiation. We decided to study the concentration of growth hormone 2 (GH-2) in pregnant rats exposed to electromagnetic field (1800 MG/H), what the effect of electromagnetic field as a negative stimulus on offspring weight, number and development would be. Irradiation of rats during pregnancy with an electromagnetic field has shown that GH2 hormone decrease and it causes retardation of offspring, shortening of the limbs and tail of newborn rats compared to controls, and that control rats' eyes open earlier than those of experimental rats and consequently weight loss in rats in the experimental group. The public, especially pregnant women, should be aware that the electromagnetic field negatively affects not only their health, but also the fetus, causing certain changes.

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure.

In recent years, the development of wireless technologies has led to fast growth in mobile networks, especially with the rise of 5G New Radio (5G NR). A huge number of base stations (BSs) are mandatory to serve the growth of mobile services, which has led to concerns about the increase in electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. To control the overall power emitted by EMF transmitters, international bodies have set maximum exposure limits. This paper investigates the compliance distances (CDs) of shared sites by a group of Mobile Network Operators (MNO) as multi-operators operating with multi-technology and sharing the same tower. The study investigated the CDs of the most two commonly used types of sharing sites, macro and indoor-Based solution sites (IBS). In addition, the study analyzed the power densities and total exposure ratios for the general public and occupational workers in each sharing scenario. The results showed that, compared with a single MNO, the CD increased by 41% in the case of two MNOs, 73% for three MNOs, and 100% for four MNOs. The EMF site sharing scale-up formula was used to estimate the increase in CDs for N number of MNOs assuming that all MNOs use the same site configuration. In addition, the results showed that 5G has the highest contribution to the total exposure ratio (TER) at the CD in the main direction of the antennae.

Floquet spectrum of Dirac crystal in the field of pulsed radiation

The Floquet spectrum of a Dirac crystal placed in the field of electromagnetic radiation which is the superposition of two waves polarized in perpendicular directions has been calculated. Each of the waves is a sequence of pulses of Gaussian profile. The quasi-energy gap dependence on both duty cycle of the signals and time shift between the signals has been studied.

Near-Field MIMO Communications for 6G: Fundamentals, Challenges, Potentials, and Future Directions

Extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA) is a common feature of several key candidate technologies for sixth generation (6G) mobile networks, such as ultra-massive multiple-input-multiple-output (UM-MIMO), cell-free massive MIMO, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), and terahertz communications. Since the number of antennas is very large for ELAA, the electromagnetic radiation field needs to be modeled by near-field spherical waves, which differs from the conventional planar-wave-based radiation model of 5G massive MIMO. As a result, near-field MIMO communications will become essential in 6G wireless networks. In this article, we systematically investigate the emerging near-field communication techniques. First, we present the fundamentals of nearfield communications and the metric to determine the near-field ranges in typical communication scenarios. Then we investigate recent studies specific to near-field communications by classifying them into two categories: techniques addressing the challenges and those exploiting the potentials in near-field regions. Their principles, recent progress, pros, and cons are discussed. More importantly, several open problems and future research directions for near-field communications are pointed out. We believe that this article will inspire more innovations in this important research topic of near-field MIMO communications for 6G.

EVALUATION OF THE EM FIELD EXPOSURE IN THE RANGE OF 4G FREQUENCIES IN THE LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT

The aim of paper is to estimate the electromagnetic (EM) field radiation on the human body in the range of 4G operations. The analytical approach consists of application of concept of the equivalent cylindrical monopole antenna presenting grounded standing human. The analytical formulas, allowing to determine the EM field exposure are derived. The experimental setup, consisting of the spectrum analyzer USB-SA44B supplemented by the respective software, notebook for analysis of signals, transmitting-receiving antenna array designed of four microstrip antennas, the transmitting antenna operating in the frequencies 0.9 GHz, 1.8 GHz and 2.45 GHz, and signal generator SA6 are used for the measurements. The designed setup demonstrates the possibility to extract the spectral characteristics of radiation in the range of 4G operations that will used subsequently for the comparison with the modeling data. It is observed that the fixed strength of radiation depends on the sources of radiation. The perspective of design is evaluation of the SAR at the laboratory environment.

Exploring the Effects of 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Field Radiation in the Etiology of Endothelial Injury

The present study has been designed to investigate whether non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the 2.45 gigahertz (GHz) band has deleterious effects on vascular endothelium. Twenty-four male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=8 in each group) sham, study (EMR,1 h/day for 30 days), and control. Serum IL-18, IL-1?, TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were similar in each group. In aortic and carotid tissues; TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were found similar in each group whereas IL-18 and IL-1? levels were found elevated in the study group (p= 0.235, p= 0.023 in aorta; p= 0.048, p= 0.039 in carotid respectively). On the histopathological examination of the aortic tissue, significant endothelial and subendothelial damage was found in the study group. As a result of our findings, we have concluded that long-term exposure to EMR in the 2.45 GHz band may cause endothelial injury.