Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Research Articles

Efficiency of pulsed electromagnetic field and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on painful shoulder following stroke

Efficiency of pulsed electromagnetic field and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on painful shoulder following stroke

173 Electrical Stimulation Used as an Adjunct to Cervical Spine Fusion in Patients at Risk for Pseudarthrosis

INTRODUCTION: Prior studies show that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation promotes bone healing and can be a valuable tool to help overcome biological deficiencies in patients at risk. The current study further evaluates the adjunct effect of PEMF in subjects undergoing cervical spinal surgery presenting with risk factors for pseudarthrosis. METHODS: A prospective multicenter clinical trial (NCT 03177473) was conducted at eleven clinical sites. Subjects undergoing cervical spinal fusion surgery with one or more risk factors for pseudarthrosis were identified for enrollment. Risk factors for pseudarthrosis included multilevel fusion, prior failed cervical spine fusion, diabetes, osteoporosis, or smoking. Subjects undergoing cervical spinal fusion were required to wear the PEMF device for 4 hours/day for 6 months post-op. Fusion status was determined at the 12-month visit using anterior/posterior, lateral, and flexion/extension radiographs and computed tomography (without contrast). NDI, EQ-5D, SF-36, and VAS for neck and arm pain were collected as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: Out of 160 subjects, 144 (90.0%) were graded as fused (all levels) at the 12-month visit. Fusion success was 91.7% (n = 55/60), 89.0% (n = 89/100), and 90.9% (n = 20/22) for subjects with 1, 2+, or 3+ risk factors, respectively. Significant improvements in NDI, SF-36, EQ-5D, VAS-arm and VAS-neck were observed compared to baseline (p < 0.001). A device compliance rate of 85.0% was observed at 3-months and 78.3% at 6-months in subjects who had successful cervical fusion. CONCLUSIONS: The PEMF bone growth stimulator device is a valuable tool to aid in fusion healing, especially in challenging populations. Subjects in this study experienced favorable fusion rates of 90% and significant improvement in patient reported outcomes despite having elevated comorbidity and/or complex surgeries.

1085 Adjunctive Use of Bone Growth Stimulation in Cervical Spine Fusion in Patients at Risk for Nonunion

INTRODUCTION: Prior failed fusion, multi-level disease, diabetes, nicotine usage, and osteoporosis are factors associated with nonunion, leading to prolonged pain, reduced function, and overall decreased quality of life. Previous studies have shown that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation can improve fusion rates, particularly in subjects at risk for nonunion. METHODS: Data from a multi-center prospective study of subjects that underwent cervical spine fusion and were treated with PEMF was compared to a “matched” retrospective cohort that had fusion but were not treated with PEMF. The prospective cohort was enrolled based on having 1 or more of the following risk factors for nonunion: prior failed cervical spine fusion, multilevel fusion, diabetes, osteoporosis, or nicotine use. Fusion was assessed at 12 months postop using x-rays and/or CT. A cohort of cervical spine fusion patients that were prescribed PEMF, but did not receive PEMF treatment (e.g., insurance denial) were compared to PEMF treated subjects. RESULTS: At baseline, subjects in the PEMF treated group had a significantly higher average number of risk factors for nonunion (1.8 for treated group vs. 1.1 for control, p < 0.001), and significantly higher average number of surgical levels (2.8 for treated group vs. 2.0 for control, p < 0.005). At 12 months post-op, subjects in the PEMF group (n = 161) had a 90.1% fusion rate, compared to a 65.4% for the control group (n = 26) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PEMF stimulation provides significant improvements in cervical spine fusion rates in subjects having risk factors for nonunion. Compared to control subjects, PEMF treated subjects had improved fusion outcomes despite being older, having more risk factors for pseudarthrosis, and undergoing more complex surgeries.

Investigation of the effectiveness of intermittent electromagnetic field stimulation for early internal cartilaginous ossification in prechondrocytic ATDC5 cells.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has been widely applied clinically to promote bone healing; however, its detailed mechanism of action, particularly in endochondral ossification, remains elusive, and long-term stimulation is required for its satisfactory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation using a mouse prechondroblast cell line (ATDC5), and establish an efficient PEMF stimulation strategy for endochondral ossification. The changes in cell differentiation (gene expression levels of aggrecan, type II collagen, and type X collagen) and proliferation (cellular uptake of bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU]) in ATDC5 cells in the presence or absence of rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, was measured. The effects of continuous and intermittent PEMF stimulation on changes in cell differentiation and proliferation were compared. Rapamycin significantly suppressed the induction of cell differentiation markers and the cell proliferation activity. Furthermore, only intermittent PEMF stimulation continuously activated the mTOR pathway in ATDC5 cells, significantly promoting cell proliferation. These results demonstrate the involvement of the mTOR pathway in chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation and suggest that intermittent PEMF stimulation could be effective as a stimulus for endochondral ossification during fracture healing process, thereby reducing stimulationtime.

Abstract 4705: Repetitive membrane potential oscillations enhance metformin's antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma stem cells

Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and lethal brain tumor and there is a general agreement that GB stem cells (GSCs) are primarily responsible for its high aggressiveness and recurrence. It was recently reported that GSCs are enriched in the transmembrane form of CLIC1 protein (tmCLIC1) and its inhibition was shown to impair tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. IAA94 hampers tmCLIC1 function but could not be used in clinics. However, tmCLIC1 is also sensitive to metformin, the most used drug to treat type-2 diabetes. Metformin has been demonstrated to have the same effect as IAA94 in in vitro experiments, resulting in an antitumoral action on cancer cells. Moreover, GB orthotopic mouse model treated with metformin shows a 50% survival compared to control animals, even if metformin concentration in the mice brain resulted in the nanomolar range. In this scenario, the main aim of this work is to enhance the effect of metformin able to reach the brain, improving its antitumoral activity in GB. The interaction between metformin and tmCLIC1 occurs only when this protein is in its open state. TmCLIC1 has the peculiarity of being a voltage-dependent ion channel that opens at depolarized voltages. Thus, our strategy is to apply electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation to induce repetitive membrane depolarization, increasing metformin-tmCLIC1 binding. Our results show that EMF stimulation induces the close-to-open transitions of tmCLIC1, resulting in a 10-fold decrease of the operative concentration of Metformin. This was verified initially in vitro with GSC culture and spheroids model and afterward confirmed also in an in vivo model. The project’s long-term goal is to combine transcranial stimulation and metformin administration in patients as an adjuvant therapy able to target cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and drive tumor relapse. Citation Format: Ivan Verduci, Gaetano Cannavale, Guido Rey, Francesca Cianci, Alessandro Fantin, Michele Mazzanti. Repetitive membrane potential oscillations enhance metformin's antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4705.

Cognitive Decline: Current Intervention Strategies and Integrative Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a pressing global health challenge, with an anticipated surge in diagnoses over the next two decades. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder unfolds gradually, with observable symptoms emerging after two decades of imperceptible brain changes. While traditional therapeutic approaches, such as medication and cognitive therapy, remain standard in AD management, their limitations prompt exploration into novel integrative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in AD research focus on entraining gamma waves through innovative methods, such as light flickering and electromagnetic fields (EMF) stimulation. Flickering light stimulation (FLS) at 40 Hz has demonstrated significant reductions in AD pathologies in both mice and humans, providing improved cognitive functioning. Additionally, recent experiments have demonstrated that APOE mutations in mouse models substantially reduce tau pathologies, with microglial modulation playing a crucial role. EMFs have also been demonstrated to modulate microglia. The exploration of EMFs as a therapeutic approach is gaining significance, as many recent studies have showcased their potential to influence microglial responses. Th article concludes by speculating on the future directions of AD research, emphasizing the importance of ongoing efforts in understanding the complexities of AD pathogenesis through a holistic approach and developing interventions that hold promise for improved patient outcomes.

Unraveling the transcriptome profile of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation in bone regeneration using a bioreactor-based investigation platform

IntroductionHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) sense and respond to biomechanical and biophysical stimuli, yet the involved signaling pathways are not fully identified. The clinical application of biophysical stimulation including pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has gained momentum in musculoskeletal disorders and bone tissue engineering. MethodologyWe herein aim to explore the role of PEMF stimulation in bone regeneration by developing trabecular bone-like tissues, and then, culturing them under bone-like mechanical stimulation in an automated perfusion bioreactor combined with a custom-made PEMF stimulator. After selecting the optimal cell seeding and culture conditions for inspecting the effects of PEMF on hMSCs, transcriptomic studies were performed on cells cultured under direct perfusion with and without PEMF stimulation. ResultsWe were able to identify a set of signaling pathways and upstream regulators associated with PEMF stimulation and to distinguish those linked to bone regeneration. Our findings suggest that PEMF induces the immune potential of hMSCs by activating and inhibiting various immune-related pathways, such as macrophage classical activation and MSP-RON signaling in macrophages, respectively, while promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which mimics the dynamic interplay of biological processes during bone healing. ConclusionsOverall, the adopted bioreactor-based investigation platform can be used to investigate the impact of PEMF stimulation on bone regeneration.

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Implantation and Magnetic Field Exposure Modulate Bone Microarchitecture Following Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Male Rats

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the detrimental effects of spinal cord injury (SCI), leading to bone loss. It has already been established that superparamagnetic nanoparticles when exposed to an external magnetic field (MF) show strong magnetisation and promote locomotor recovery. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to explore the role of magnetised nanoparticles in ameliorating SCI-induced osteoporosis. Methods: The rats were divided into Sham, SCI, SCI+MF, SCI+V, SCI+NP and SCI+NP+MF groups. A complete transection was performed at the T13 level, followed by iron oxide nanoparticle implantation along with MF exposure for 7 or 14 days. Results: A significant increase in locomotor score was evident at day 5 in all groups except in the SCI+V group, and at day 7, all groups showed a significant increase in Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score as compared to the pre-surgery score at week 1 of the study period. A significant decrease in bone volume/total volume ratio and trabecular thickness and increase in trabecular separation were observed in all groups as compared to Sham. A significant increase in trabecular thickness in the SCI+NP+MF group as compared to the SCI+MF group was observed after one week. After two weeks, the SCI+MF group showed a significant increase in locomotor scores at days 5 and 13 as compared to the SCI, SCI+V and SCI+NP groups. Bone loss was significantly observed in all groups except SCI+MF, as compared to Sham. Cortical bone showed no significant change at both time points. On histopathological examination of the spinal cord, we observed significant improvement in lesion volume in SCI+MF and SCI+NP+MF groups after one week, whereas only the SCI+NP+MF group showed a significant decrease after two weeks. Conclusion: Electromagnetic field stimulation partially restored bone architecture after superparamagnetic nanoparticle implantation, which may be due to reduced lesion volume and improved locomotor behaviour.

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Bone Healing and Joint Preservation: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Background: Biophysical stimulation therapy, Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) and Capacitively Coupled Electric Fields (CCEFs) have significantly increased in the last twenty years. Due to this, it is necessary to have clear information regarding their efficacy, therapeutic indications and expected objectives. Application fields: There is a unanimous opinion regarding the usefulness of applying biophysical therapy on the bone compartment both in terms of the tissue-healing process and the symptoms associated with this situation. Differently, but no less important, positive results were observed in the joint compartment, especially with regard to the inhibition of the inflammatory process. Good results for chondroprotection were obtained in vitro and after a surgical procedure. New studies have shown the effectiveness also in cases of osteoporosis. Conclusions: The effectiveness of PEMFs and CCEFs on the bone-healing process and on joint preservation in the orthopedic and traumatology fields has consolidated evidence in the literature. We have also found positive results for symptoms and patient compliance with rehabilitation therapies. Therefore, their notable applications can be envisaged in the fields of prosthetic surgery and sports medicine.

The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation of Live Cells on Intracellular Ca2+ Dynamics Changes Notably Involving Ion Channels

The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation of Live Cells on Intracellular Ca2+ Dynamics Changes Notably Involving Ion Channels

Signalling pathways underlying pulsed electromagnetic fields in bone repair.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation is a prospective non-invasive and safe physical therapy strategy for accelerating bone repair. PEMFs can activate signalling pathways, modulate ion channels, and regulate the expression of bone-related genes to enhance osteoblast activity and promote the regeneration of neural and vascular tissues, thereby accelerating bone formation during bone repair. Although their mechanisms of action remain unclear, recent studies provide ample evidence of the effects of PEMF on bone repair. In this review, we present the progress of research exploring the effects of PEMF on bone repair and systematically elucidate the mechanisms involved in PEMF-induced bone repair. Additionally, the potential clinical significance of PEMF therapy in fracture healing is underscored. Thus, this review seeks to provide a sufficient theoretical basis for the application of PEMFs in bone repair.

Modulation of Inflammatory Response by Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Traumatic Brain Injury in Yucatan Swine.

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide and represents a high economic burden for families and national health systems. After mechanical impact to the head, the first stage of the damage comprising edema, physical damage, and cell loss gives rise to a second phase characterized by glial activation, increased oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and exacerbated neuroinflammatory state, among other molecular calamities. Inflammation strongly influences the molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. Therefore, several components of the inflammatory cascade have been targeted in experimental therapies. Application of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) stimulation has been found to be effective in some inflammatory conditions. However, its effect in the neuronal recovery after TBI is not known. In this pilot study, Yucatan miniswine were subjected to TBI using controlled cortical impact approach. EMF stimulation via a helmet was applied immediately or two days after mechanical impact. Three weeks later, inflammatory markers were assessed in the brain tissues of injured and contralateral non-injured areas of control and EMF-treated animals by histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Our results revealed that EMF stimulation induced beneficial effect with the preservation of neuronal tissue morphology as well as the reduction of inflammatory markers at the transcriptional and translational levels. Immediate EMF application showed better resolution of inflammation. Although further studies are warranted, our findings contribute to the notion that EMF stimulation could be an effective therapeutic approach in TBI patients.

Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies of Concussions: A Comprehensive Review.

A concussion is a particular manifestation of a traumatic brain injury, which is the leading cause of mortality and disabilities across the globe. The global prevalence of traumatic brain injury is estimated to be 939 instances per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5.48 million people per year experiencing severe traumatic brain injury. Epidemiology varies amongst different countries by socioeconomic status with diverse clinical manifestations. Additionally, classifying concussions is an ambiguous process as clinical diagnoses are the only current classification method, and morbidity rates differ by demographic location as well as populations examined. In this article, we critically reviewed the pathophysiology of concussions, classification methods, treatment options available including both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention methods, etiologies as well as global etiologic differences associated with them, and clinical manifestations along with their associated morbidities. Furthermore, analysis of the current research regarding the incidence of concussion based traumatic brain injuries and future directions are discussed. Investigation on the efficacy of new therapeutic-related interventions such as exosome therapy and electromagnetic field stimulation are warranted to properly manage and treat concussion-induced traumatic brain injury.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to a direct blow or penetrating injury to the head damages the brain tissue and affects brain function. Primary and secondary damage to the brain tissue increases disability, morbidity, and mortality and costs millions of dollars in treatment. Injury to the brain tissue results in the activation of various inflammatory and repair pathways involving many cellular and molecular factors. Increased infiltration of immune cells to clear the debris and lesion healing, activation of Schwann cells, myelination, oligodendrocyte formation, and axonal regeneration occur after TBI to regenerate the tissue. However, secondary damage to brain tissue results in behavioral symptoms. Repair and regeneration are regulated by a complex cascade involving various cells, hormones, and proteins. A change in the expression of various proteins due to altered gene expression may be the cause of impaired repair and the sequelae in TBI. In this pilot study, we used a Yucatan miniswine model of TBI with and without electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation and investigated the differential gene expression between injured and non-injured cortex tissues. We found several differentially expressed genes including INSC, TTR, CFAP126, SEMA3F, CALB1, CDH19, and SERPINE1. These genes are associated with immune cell infiltration, myelination, reactive oxygen species regulation, thyroid hormone transportation, cell proliferation, and cell migration. There was a time-dependent effect of EMF stimulation on the gene and protein expression. The findings support the beneficial effect of EMF stimulation in the repair process following TBI.

Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth in neural cells and modulates inflammation in macrophages

Nerve regeneration following traumas remains an unmet challenge. The application of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has gained traction for a minimally invasive regeneration of nerves. However, a systematic exploration of different PEMF parameters influencing neuron function at a cellular level is not available. In this study, we exposed neuroblastoma F11 cells to PEMF to trigger beneficial effects on neurite outgrowth. Different carrier frequencies, pulse repetition frequencies, and duty cycles were screened with a custom ad hoc setup to find the most influential parameters values. A carrier frequency of 13.5 MHz, a pulse repetition frequency of 20 Hz, and a duty cycle of 10% allowed maximal neurite outgrowth, with unaltered viability with respect to non-stimulated controls. Furthermore, in a longer-term analysis, such optimal conditions were also able to increase the gene expression of neuronal expression markers NeuN and Tuj-1 and transcription factor Ngn1. Finally, the same optimal stimulation conditions were also applied to THP-1 macrophages, and both pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, CD206) were analyzed. The optimal PEMF stimulation parameters did not induce differentiation towards an M1 macrophage phenotype, decreased IL-1β and IL-8 gene expression, decreased TNF-α and IL-8 cytokine release in M1-differentiated cells, increased IL-10 and CD206 gene expression, as well as IL-10 cytokine release in M0 cells. The specific PEMF stimulation regime, which is optimal in vitro, might have a high potential for a future in vivo translation targeting neural regeneration and anti-inflammatory action for treating peripheral nerve injuries.

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Lumbar Spine Fusion for Patients With Risk Factors for Pseudarthrosis.

Lumbar spinal fusion surgeries are increasing steadily due to an aging and ever-growing population. Patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion surgery may present with risk factors that contribute to complications, pseudarthrosis, prolonged pain, and reduced quality of life. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation represents an adjunct noninvasive treatment intervention that has been shown to improve successful fusion and patient outcomes following spinal surgery. A prospective, multicenter study investigated PEMF as an adjunct therapy to lumbar spinal fusion procedures in patients at risk for pseudarthrosis. Patients with at least 1 of the following risk factors were enrolled: prior failed fusion, multilevel fusion, nicotine use, osteoporosis, or diabetes. Fusion status was determined by radiographic imaging, and patient-reported outcomes were also evaluated. A total of 142 patients were included in the analysis. Fusion status was assessed at 12 months follow-up where 88.0% (n = 125/142) of patients demonstrated successful fusion. Fusion success for patients with 1, 2+, or 3+ risk factors was 88.5%, 87.5%, and 82.3%, respectively. Significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes using the Short Form 36, EuroQol 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) survey, Oswestry Disability Index, and visual analog scale for back and leg pain were also observed compared with baseline scores (P < 0.001). A favorable safety profile was observed. PEMF treatment showed a positive benefit-risk profile throughout the 6-month required use period. The addition of PEMF as an adjunct treatment in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery provided a high rate of successful fusion with significant improvements in pain, function, and quality of life, despite having risk factors for pseudarthrosis. PEMF represents a useful tool for adjunct treatment in patients who have undergone lumbar spinal surgery. Treatment with PEMF may result in improved fusion and patient-reported outcomes, regardless of risk factors. NCT03176303.

Stimulation of soy seeds using environmentally friendly magnetic and electric fields

The study analyses the impact of alternating (magnetic induction B = 30 mT for t = 60 s) and constant magnetic fields (B = 130 mT for t = 17 h) and alternating electric fields (electric current E = 5 kV/cm for t = 60 s) on various growth parameters of soy plants: the germination energy and capacity, plants emergence, the fresh mass of seedlings, protein content (Kjeldahl’s method), and photosynthetic parameters (with MINI-PAM 2000 WALTZ Photosynthesis Yield Analyser and a SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter). Four cultivars were used: MAVKA, MERLIN, VIOLETTA, and ANUSZKA. Moreover, the advanced Machine Learning processing pipeline was proposed to distinguish the impact of physical factors on photosynthetic parameters. The use of electromagnetic fields had a positive impact on the germination rate in MERLIN seeds. The best results in terms of germination improvement were observed for alternating magnetic field stimulation in all cultivars (p > 0.05). For the VIOLETTA cultivar an increase (p > 0.05) in the emergence and overall number of plants as well as fresh mass was observed after electromagnetic field stimulation. For the MAVKA and MERLIN cultivars, the concentration of proteins in the leaves was noticeably higher in plants grown from seeds stimulated using a constant magnetic field.

A Swine Model of Neural Circuit Electromagnetic Fields: Effects of Immediate Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Cortical Injury.

Background Neurologic diseases have profound disability, mortality, and socioeconomic effects worldwide. Treatment of these disorders varies but is largely limited to unique factors associated with neural physiology. Early studies have evaluated alterations in electromagnetic fields (EMF) due to neural disorders with subsequent modulation of EMF as a potential treatment modality. Swine models have begun to be evaluated as translational models in this effect. Methods EMF measurements of a Yucatan miniswine were recorded using proprietary non-contact, non-invasive induction sensors with a dual layer Mu-metal and interlaced copper mesh helmet. The swine then underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) to simulate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Twenty minutes post-injuryafter surgical wound closure, the swine underwent targeted EMF signal modulation using a signal generator to stimulate the swine's injured cortical circuit using a sinusoidal wave individualized at 2.5 Hz with a 500mV positive offset at 1V. After 10 days of stimulation, settings were modified to another individualized frequency of 5.5 Hz, 500mV positive offset and 1V for stimulation. Behavioral patterns in swine were evaluated, and EMF measurements were recorded daily prior to, during, and after stimulation. Artificial intelligence (AI) models evaluated patterns in EMF signals.Histology of the stimulated swine cortex was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining and pentachrome staining and compared to a control swine without stimulation and a swine that had received stimulation two days post-injury in a delayed fashion. Serial serum specimens and tissue at the time of euthanasia were obtained for assessment of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentration. Results Pre-operative and post-stimulation measurements demonstrated differences in patterns and activity early on. There was an identified peak at 1.6Hz, not frequently seen pre-operatively. There were convergent frequencies in both data setsat 10.5 Hz and 3.9 Hz. Plateaus and decreased variability of changes in slope were identified early in the post-injury phase. AI modeling identified early similarities in pre-operative and post-stimulation measurements through the patterns of peaks with similarities on postoperative day 10 and similarities in the valleys on postoperative day 17.Histologic specimens identified increased degrees of apoptosis and cellular death in the non-stimulated control compared to the stimulated swine. Similarly, the immediately stimulated swine had less apoptosis and increased histologic viability at the site of injury compared to the two-day delayed stimulation swine. There were increased levels of NSE noted in the stimulated swine at the site of injury compared to non-injured sites and the control swine. Conclusions Cortical function was appropriately measured through induction sensors and shielding in the form of a helmet and electromagnetic field channels. Early stimulation resulted in the early and durable recovery of neuronal circuit-driven electromagnetic field patterns. Histology identified increased viability of neurons with fewer apoptotic neurons and glial cells in stimulated swine with early stimulation identifying the best effect compared to a non-stimulated subject. This recovery identifies change and recovery at the circuit, cellular, and subcellular levels that potentiatethe need for further study of EMF modulation as a treatment modality in neurological disorders.

A Swine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: Effects of Neuronally Generated Electromagnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Changes.

Background and objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with aberrations in neural circuitry attributable to the pathology resulting in electromagnetic field (EMF) changes. These changes have been evaluated in a variety of settings including through novel induction sensors with an ultra-portable shielded helmet and EMF channels with differences identified by comparing pre-injury and post-injury states. Modulation of the EMF has undergone cursory evaluation in neurologic conditions but has not yet been fully evaluated for clinical effects in treatment. Target EMF stimulation using EMF-related changes preoperatively to postoperatively has not yet been attempted and has not been completed using induction sensor technology. Our objectives in this study were twofold: we wanted to test thehypothesis that targeted stimulation using an EMF signal generator and stimulator to abnormal thresholds identified by real-time measurement of EMFs may enable early resolution of EMF changes and treatment of the TBI as modeled through controlled cortical impact (CCI); we also aimed toassess the feasibility of attemptingthis using real-time measurements with an EMF shielded helmet with EMF channels and non-contact, non-invasive induction sensors with attached EMF transmitters in real-time. Methods A singular Yucatan miniswine was obtained and baseline EMF recordings were obtained. A CCI of TBI and postoperative assessment of cortical EMF in a non-invasive, non-contact fashion were completed. Alterations in EMF were evaluated and EMF stimulation using those abnormal frequencies was completed using multiple treatments involving three minutes of EMF stimulation at abnormal frequencies. Stimulation thresholds of 2.5 Hz, 3.5 Hz, and 5.5 Hz with 1 V signal intensity were evaluated using sinusoidal waves. Additionally, stimulation thresholds using differing offsets to the sine wave at -500 mV, 0 mV, and 500 mv were assessed. Daily EMF and post-stimulation EMF measurements were recorded. EMF patterns were then assessed using an artificial intelligence(AI) model. Results AI modeling appropriately identified differences in EMF signal in pre-injury, post-injury, and post-stimulation states. EMF stimulation using a positive offset of 500 mV appeared to have maximal beneficial effects in return to baseline. Similarly targeted stimulation using thresholds of 2.5 Hz and 5.5 Hz with a positive 500 mV offset at 1 V allowed for recovery of EMF patterns post-injury towards patterns seen in baseline EMF measurements on stimulation day seven (postoperative day 17). Conclusion Stimulation of neural circuits with targeted EMF in a sinusoidal pattern with targeted thresholds after measurement with induction sensors with shielding isolated to a Mu-metal and copper mesh helmet and EMF channels is efficacious in promoting neuronal circuit recovery to preoperative baselines in the TBI miniswine model. Similarly, our findings confirm the appropriateness of this translational model in the evaluation of brain neuronal circuit EMF and that preoperative and post-trauma differences can be appropriately assessed with this technology.

The effect of electromagnetic field stimulation on the electromagnetic spectrum structure of essenstial oil

The effect of electromagnetic field stimulation on the electromagnetic spectrum structure of essenstial oil