Interaction Of Electromagnetic Field Research Articles

Subcutaneous implanted antennas: interaction with biological tissues

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological tissues in the presence of antennas implanted subcutaneously for biotelemetry applications. The authors examined the influence of these radiative devices on energy absorption and also their effects as reflective metal surfaces when incoming radiofrequency energy was present.Design/methodology/approachThe research was carried out using electromagnetic modeling based on the finite difference time domain method and the calculations were performed to determine the electric field and specific absorption rate. The implanted antenna operated in the Medical Implant Communication Service band. The incoming external electric fields considered included different frequency bands covering most current telecommunications standards.FindingsLevels of absorbed energy with and without the implanted device.Practical implicationsThe paper offers an analysis of results and comparison with current dosimetric standards and guidelines for limiting electromagnetic exposure.Originality/valueThe paper studies the interactions of implanted antennas with biological tissues, taking into account two behaviors: radiative and passive.

An improved model of the lightning electromagnetic field interaction with the D‐region ionosphere

We present an improved time‐domain model of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) interaction with the lower ionosphere. This improved model inherently accounts for the Earth's curvature, includes an arbitrary number of ion species, and uses a convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary. We apply an improved model of electron heating due to the lightning EMP and electrostatic fields, and we include ionization, attachment, and detachment. In addition to modeling lightning, this model can be used for long‐distance VLF wave propagation in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide, heating of the lower ionosphere by VLF transmitters, and heating in the F‐region ionosphere by lightning. In this paper we present three initial results of this model. First, we compare results of ionospheric heating and electron density disturbances with and without electron detachment taken into account. We find that detachment is important only for the QE effects on time scales longer than 1 ms. Second, we find a simple explanation for the recently‐reported “elve doublets”, which we find are an effect of the rise and fall times of the lightning waveform. In particular, we find that all elves are doublets, and the rise and fall times of the current pulse control the brightness and separation in time of the two successive halves of the elve. Third, we find a similar simple explanation for “ring” sprites, whole columns appear in a circle symmetric around the discharge axis. We find that ring sprites can be initiated for particular current waveforms, where the QE and EMP fields in the mesosphere produce a maximum reduced field away from the discharge axis.

Exposure system to study hypotheses of ELF and RF electromagnetic field interactions of mobile phones with the central nervous system

A novel exposure system for double-blind human electromagnetic provocation studies has been developed that satisfies the precision, control of fields and potential artifacts, and provides the flexibility to investigate the response of hypotheses-driven electromagnetic field exposure schemes on brain function, ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) to radio frequency (RF) fields. The system can provide the same exposure of the lateral cerebral cortex at two different RF frequencies (900 and 2140 MHz) but with different exposure levels at subcortical structures, and also allows uniform ELF magnetic field exposure of the brain. The RF modulation and ELF signal are obtained by a freely programmable arbitrary signal generator allowing a wide range of worst-case exposure scenarios to be simulated, including those caused by wireless devices. The maximum achievable RF exposure is larger than 60 W/kg peak spatial specific absorption rate averaged over 10 g of tissue. The maximum ELF magnetic field exposure of the brain is 800 A/m at 50 Hz with a deviation from uniformity of 8% (SD).

Numerical Model of Induction Shrink Fits in Monolithic Formulation

Induction heating-based assembly of axisymmetric shrink fits is modeled. The task represents a triply coupled evolutionary problem characterized by mutual interaction of electromagnetic field, temperature field, and field of thermoelastic displacements. Its numerical solution is performed by a fully adaptive higher-order finite element method in monolithic formulation, using a code developed by the authors. All nonlinearities of the system (magnetic permeability and temperature dependencies of all material parameters) are respected. The methodology is illustrated by a typical example whose results are discussed.

Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration.

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) originating both from both natural and manmade sources permeate our environment. As people are continuously exposed to EMFs in everyday life, it is a matter of great debate whether they can be harmful to human health. On the basis of two decades of epidemiological studies, an increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with Extremely Low Frequency fields has been consistently assessed, inducing the International Agency for Research on Cancer to insert them in the 2B section of carcinogens in 2001. EMFs interaction with biological systems may cause oxidative stress under certain circumstances. Since free radicals are essential for brain physiological processes and pathological degeneration, research focusing on the possible influence of the EMFs-driven oxidative stress is still in progress, especially in the light of recent studies suggesting that EMFs may contribute to the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. This review synthesizes the emerging evidences about this topic, highlighting the wide data uncertainty that still characterizes the EMFs effect on oxidative stress modulation, as both pro-oxidant and neuroprotective effects have been documented. Care should be taken to avoid methodological limitations and to determine the patho-physiological relevance of any alteration found in EMFs-exposed biological system.

Interaction of terahertz electromagnetic field with a metallic grating: Near-field zone

We have developed theory for the interaction of THz radiation with a sub-wavelength metallic grating. The structure of electric fields of the electromagnetic wave under the metallic grating has been studied in the near-field zone. Spatial distributions of the electric field components and the electric energy density have been obtained for the transmitted wave through the grating. An effect of strong local enhancement of the electric field has been detected. Spatial dependences of the polarization of the transmitted wave has been analyzed for the near-field zone.

Quantum Character of Electromagnetic Langmuir Oscillations in Conventional Electron-Ion Plasma

It is shown that the low-temperature plasma near-thermodynamic equilibrium cannot be classical because of a quantum nature of the longitudinal electromagnetic field and electron interaction with Rayleigh-Jeans distribution of Langmuir waves. The theory requires introduction of a dimensionless quantum charge whose value is greater than unity leading to a liquid-like behavior of the plasma.

Dirac equation for particles with arbitrary half-integral spin

The sets of -component irreducible and Clifford algebraic Hermitian and unitary matrices through the two-component Pauli matrices are suggested, where s = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, … . Using these matrix sets, the eigenvalues of which are , the -component generalized Dirac equation for a description of arbitrary half-integral spin particles is constructed. In accordance with the correspondence principle, the generalized Dirac equation suggested arises from the condition of relativistic invariance. This equation is reduced to the sets of two-component matrix equations the number of which is equal to . The new relativistic invariant equation of motion leads to an equation of continuity with a positive-definite probability density and also to the Klein–Gordon equation. This relativistic equation is causal in the presence of an external electromagnetic field interaction. It is shown that, in the case of nonrelativistic limit, the relativistic equation presented is reduced to the Pauli equation describing the motion of half-integral spin particle in the electromagnetic field.

IMPROVED CANONICAL QUANTIZATION METHOD OF SPINOR ELECTRODYNAMICS WITH SINGULAR LAGRANGIAN

This paper analyzes the general interaction of spinor field and electromagnetic field, i.e. spinor electrodynamics with singular Lagrangian, and the improved canonical quantization method of spinor electrodynamics is given in order to overcome the problems of the second-class constraint linear combination and the first-class constraint number maximization brought by the traditional canonical quantization method. In the improved canonical quantization method, there are no problems of artificial linear combination and first-class constraint number maximization, at the same time, the stability of the system is considered. The improved canonical quantization method is more natural than the traditional way and we show that the results of the canonical quantization of spinor electrodynamics are equal to the results of the traditional way. For a general dynamical system with singular Lagrangian, one can extendingly use the improved canonical quantization method to quantize the system.

Creencias tradicionales y campos electromagnéticos

The author proposes that a wide range of traditional beliefs and practices may provide clues to real electromagnetic field interactions in the biosphere. For instance, evil eye beliefs may be a cultural elaboration of the sense of being stared at, which in turn may have a basis in real electromagnetic emissions through the eye. Data to support this hypothesis are presented. Other traditional beliefs such as remote sensing of game and the importance of connection to the Earth Mother may also contain a kernel of truth. A series of testable scientific hypotheses concerning traditional beliefs and electromagnetic fields is presented. At this stage, the theory does not have sufficient evidence to be accepted as proven; its purpose is to stimulate thought and research.

Acute Effect of Exposure of Mollusk Single Neuron to 900-MHz Mobile Phone Radiation

The goal of the present work was to explore the influence of commercially available cell phone irradiation on the single neuron excitability and memory processes. A Transverse Electromagnetic Cell (TEM Cell) was used to expose single neurons of mollusk to the electromagnetic field.Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method was used for modeling the TEM Cell and the electromagnetic field interactions with living nerve ganglion and neurons. Neuron electrophysiology was investigated using standard microelectrode technique.The specific absorption rate (SAR) deposited into the single neuron was calculated to be 0.63 W/kg with a temperature increment of 0.1°C. After acute exposure, average firing threshold of the action potentials was not changed. However, the average latent period was significantly decreased. This indicates that together with latent period the threshold and the time of habituation might be altered during exposure. However, these alterations are transient and only latent period remains on the changed level.

Dirac fermions in strong gravitational fields

We discuss the dynamics of the Dirac fermions in the general strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields. We derive the general Hermitian Dirac Hamiltonian and transform it to the Foldy-Wouthuysen representation for the spatially isotropic metric. The quantum operator equations of motion are obtained and the semiclassical limit is analyzed. The comparison of the quantum mechanical and classical equations shows their complete agreement. The helicity dynamics in strong fields is discussed. Squaring the covariant Dirac equation explicitly shows a similarity of the interactions of electromagnetic and gravitational fields with a charged and spinning particle.

Classical interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with two-level polarizable matter

Abstract The interaction of the classical electromagnetic field with an ensemble of polarizable, identical, atomic particles with two energy levels is investigated, and the coupled non-linear equations of motion for the polarization field and the amplitudes of the level occupancies are solved by a perturbation-theoretical method. A small coupling constant is identified, and the solution is represented as a power series in this coupling constant. Explicit results are given for the leading contributions to the solution. In particular, it is shown that an external electromagnetic field may induce a lasing effect in such an ensemble of particles, by populating the (initially empty) upper level.

Health effects of electromagnetic field generated by lightning current pulses near down conductors

The lightning current generates a time varying magnetic field near down conductors, when lightning strikes the connected Franklin-rod. The down conductors are mounted on the wall of buildings, where residential places can be situated. It is well known that the rapidly changing magnetic fields could generate dangerous eddy currents in the human body. If the duration and the gradient of the magnetic field were high enough, the peripheral nerves are excited. In this study, the authors introduce an improved model of the interaction of electromagnetic fields of lighting current near a down conductor with the human body. The interaction model has two parts: estimation of the magnetic fields surrounding the down conductor and evaluation of health effects of rapid changing magnetic fields on the human body.

A new method of semi-continuous casting of AZ80 Mg alloy billets by a combination of electromagnetic and ultrasonic fields

The influence of low frequency electromagnetic field and power ultrasonic field on the microstructure of AZ80 Mg alloy billets was studied. The magnetic flux density and time average electromagnetic volume force density were obtained by numerical simulation. The acoustic pressure distribution was also numerically calculated in order to characterize the ultrasonic field propagation. After comparison of the different effects of grain refinement by low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and ultrasonic casting (UC), a new method (LFEC + UC) was developed by simultaneously applying ultrasonic vibration to the melt during low frequency electromagnetic semi-continuous casting of AZ80 Mg alloy billets. With the application of the compound field under the optimum conditions, the as-cast macrostructure and microstructure were refined and homogeneously distributed. An obvious improvement of mechanical properties was finally obtained. The mechanisms of grain refinement and interaction of low frequency electromagnetic field and power ultrasonic field with the melt were discussed.

Exciton Polariton Contribution to the Stokes Shift in Colloidal Quantum Dots

We study the exciton polariton contribution to the Stokes shift in colloidal quantum dots (QDs). By detailed quantum mechanical description of light−matter interaction and temporal analysis of incident electromagnetic field across the QD using the finite-difference time-domain method, we have shown that the optical excitation of an exciton in the QD and its coupling with the excitation radiation (i.e., exciton polariton) induce strong variations in the dielectric constant of the QD which contribute significantly to the Stokes shift and cause modifications in the absorption spectrum that agrees well with experiments.

Nonthermal mechanism of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological systems: a calmodulin example

The possible mechanisms of interactions of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with biological systems are often discussed in bioelectromagnetics in light of thermal versus nonthermal mechanisms. This paper attempts to show the principle difference between the biophysical and engineering approaches to biological mechanisms of EMF initiated bioeffects. While biophysical approach is based on experimentally obtained data on biological responses to the applied EMF, the engineering approach strongly relies on specific absorption rate (SAR) value. With experimental data, comparing effects of low- and high-frequency electromagnetic fields, discussing modulation of radiofrequency (RF) signals, the author demonstrates the superiority of the nonthermal approach. Biological windows, resonance mechanism, and various reported biological effects of geomagnetic fields are also in favor of the nonthermal mechanisms. Finally, one potential nonthermal mechanism involving the role of calmodulin in cellular functions is shown in this paper.

The interaction of electron beams and electromagnetic fields in relativistic Cerenkov generators

A method of numerical analysis of linear and nonlinear nonstationary processes in relativistic Cerenkov generators based on periodic superdimensional waveguides is proposed. The main idea lies in considering a nonregular waveguide as a sequence of wave transformers and using a cross-section method. Configurations of eigenwave fields of periodic waveguides with a high-current relativistic electron beam are considered. The processes of generation development in a section of a relativistic multiwave generator are studied. We show that the system frequency is proved to be determined by the longitudinal resonances of surface waves and internal feedback.

Electro-thermo-mechanical coupling in carbon fiber polymer matrix composites

Field coupling in electric-current-carrying composites is studied. Governing equations describing electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical field interactions in anisotropic materials and a corresponding two-dimensional approximation for transversely isotropic plates are discussed. A problem of electric current–induced heating and the associated thermal stresses in the electrified carbon fiber polymer matrix composite plate is considered. A closed-form solution for the temperature distribution is obtained. It is shown that application of the electric current leads to a significant temperature gradient across the plate. This, in turn, results in a considerable rise of the in-plane compressive stresses in the direction transverse to the direction of the applied current.

Mass of polaritons in different dielectric media

Some models of electromagnetic field interactions with linear and nonlinear dielectric mediabased on the approach of polarization and electromagnetic wave propagation in media areconsidered. It is shown that quasi-particles generated in the dielectric medium, calledpolaritons, have mass whose quantity depends on the efficiency of the electromagnetic fieldand interaction with the medium. The mass and velocity of polaritons can be controlled bythe external electric field. The value of the mass of polaritons was measured in atransparent crystal.