Electromagnetic Field Immunity Research Articles

Advances in Optical Fiber Speckle Sensing: A Comprehensive Review

Optical fiber sensors have been studied, developed, and already used in the industry for more than 50 years due to their multiplexing capabilities, lightweight design, compact form factors, and electromagnetic field immunity. The scientific community continuously studies new materials, schemes, and architectures aiming to improve existing technologies. Navigating through diverse sensor technologies, including interferometry, intensity variation, nonlinear effects, and grating-based sensors, fiber specklegram sensors (FSSs) emerge as promising alternatives due to their simplicity and low cost. This review paper, emphasizing the potential of FSSs, contributes insights to the present state and future prospects for FSSs, providing a holistic view of advancements propelling FSSs to new frontiers of innovation. Subsequent sections explore recent research, technological trends, and emerging applications, contributing to a deeper understanding of the intricacies shaping the future of FFS sensor technologies.

Measurement of electromagnetic field immunity of voltage-controlled oscillator-based analog-to-digital converters in 28 nm CMOS technology

Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices are compact and low power. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) benefits from scaled CMOS transistors in representing analog signals in the time domain and therefore meets those demands. However, we find the potential drawback of VCO-based ADCs for the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) to RF disturbances that are essentially present in an IoT environment. It is exhibited that the single and even differential designs of VCO-based ADC suffer from the EMS by RF disturbance, which behaves differently from the known common-mode noise rejection. A 28 nm CMOS 11-bit VCO-ADC prototype exhibits sensitivity against RF signals in the widely used 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Initial evaluation of the temperature dependence of novel inorganic optical fibre dosimeters

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing optical fiber-based dosimetry systems for real-time verification during radiation therapy. Inorganic scintillation detectors (ISDs) show promise for in-vivo dosimetry, along with plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs), providing real-time radiation monitoring, electromagnetic field immunity, linear responses to doses and dose rate independency [1,2].

Threats associated with electromagnetic field immunity tests of electronic devices according to selected standards

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informujące swoich czytelników o najnowszych osiągnięciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwiązaniach technicznych w Polsce i na świecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedzę i kulturę techniczną.

Polymer Optical Fiber-Based Integrated Instrumentation in a Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation Smart Environment: A Proof of Concept.

Advances in robotic systems for rehabilitation purposes have led to the development of specialized robot-assisted rehabilitation clinics. In addition, advantageous features of polymer optical fiber (POF) sensors such as light weight, multiplexing capabilities, electromagnetic field immunity and flexibility have resulted in the widespread use of POF sensors in many areas. Considering this background, this paper presents an integrated POF intensity variation-based sensor system for the instrumentation of different devices. We consider different scenarios for physical rehabilitation, resembling a clinic for robot-assisted rehabilitation. Thus, a multiplexing technique for POF intensity variation-based sensors was applied in which an orthosis for flexion/extension movement, a modular exoskeleton for gait assistance and a treadmill were instrumented with POF angle and force sensors, where all the sensors were integrated in the same POF system. In addition, wearable sensors for gait analysis and physiological parameter monitoring were also proposed and applied in gait exercises. The results show the feasibility of the sensors and methods proposed, where, after the characterization of each sensor, the system was implemented with three volunteers: one for the orthosis on the flexion/extension movements, one for the exoskeleton for gait assistance and the other for the free gait analysis using the proposed wearable POF sensors. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first time that optical fiber sensors have been used as a multiplexed and integrated solution for the simultaneous assessment of different robotic devices and rehabilitation protocols, where such an approach results in a compact, fully integrated and low-cost system, which can be readily employed in any clinical environment.

Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors in Healthcare Applications: A Comprehensive Review.

Advances in medicine and improvements in life quality has led to an increase in the life expectancy of the general population. An ageing world population have placed demands on the use of assistive technology and, in particular, towards novel healthcare devices and sensors. Besides the electromagnetic field immunity, polymer optical fiber (POF) sensors have additional advantages due to their material features such as high flexibility, lower Young’s modulus (enabling high sensitivity for mechanical parameters), higher elastic limits, and impact resistance. Such advantages are well-aligned with the instrumentation requirements of many healthcare devices and in movement analysis. Aiming at these advantages, this review paper presents the state-of-the-art developments of POF sensors for healthcare applications. A plethora of healthcare applications are discussed, which include movement analysis, physiological parameters monitoring, instrumented insoles, as well as instrumentation of healthcare robotic devices such as exoskeletons, smart walkers, actuators, prostheses, and orthosis. This review paper shows the feasibility of using POF sensors in healthcare applications and, due to the aforementioned advantages, it is possible to envisage a further widespread use of such sensors in this research field in the next few years.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on a PolyMethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Polymer Optical Fiber

Curvature sensors based on polymer optical fibers (POFs) present some advantages over the conventional technologies for joint angle assessment such as compactness, electromagnetic field immunity, and multiplexing capabilities. However, the polymer is a viscoelastic material, which does not have a constant response with stress or strain. In order to understand and model this effect, this paper presents the dynamic characterization of a POF. The effects of temperature, frequency, and loads on the fiber are analyzed for obtaining the influence of these parameters on the polymer dynamic Young modulus and time constant. Results show that a temperature on the range between 24 °C and 45 °C does not lead to considerable variations on the sensor output. Moreover, it is possible to estimate the storage modulus and loss factor from the frequency and temperature. The polymer time constant is defined on creep recovery experiments. Since the viscoelastic parameters are evaluated in different conditions of temperature, frequency, and load, a model for the stress behavior of the fiber is proposed. Such model leads to a root mean squared error between the modeled and measured results over 15 times lower than the one obtained with the model for bending stress without account the POF viscoelastic behavior.

저전력 무선통신 기반 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 시스템 설계

In this paper we propose a multi-protocol gateway system based on low power wireless communications. The proposed multi-protocol gateway system was designed to allow real-time monitoring and control of the on-site situation through wired and wireless networks by gathering information for streetlight power control and environmental monitoring. The sensing data using multi-sensors with composite processing that selectively used wired or wireless communication (e.g., CDMA, Ethernet (TCP/IP), GPS, etc.) were designed to act as intermediaries that transmitted to the main server through ZigBee. Inaddition, they were designed by separating a CPU board and baseboard to ensure low maintenance cost and ease of hardware replacement. The proposed multi-protocol gateway system’s power, impact, continuous operation stability, and immunity test results obtained a normal operation success rate of over 95% and normal continuous operation results. Moreover, in the voltage drop test , instantaneous immunity test, and conductive RF electromagnetic field immunity test, it obtained an average rating result of “A. 논문 15-40-10-18 The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences '15-10 Vol.40 No.10 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.40.10.2006 2006 First Author : Semyung University, School of Computer, megadriver@hanmail.net, 학생회원 ° Corresponding Author : Semyung University, School of Computer, ich410@semyung.ac.kr, 정회원 논문번호:KICS2015-07-230, Received July 19, 2015; Revised September 9, 2015; Accepted September 30, 2015 논문 / 저전력 무선통신 기반 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 시스템 설계

전자식 계기 IEC 61000-4-6 EMS 시험표준 적용 타당성 연구

Electricity meters using in Korea are about 1.8 million units. From among these, electronic meters for high voltage, about 170 thousand units were installed to the digital type meter and ones for low voltage installed hundreds of thou-sands of meters through a model project. Recently, low voltage meter are expected to complete the installation within several years. Domestic power metering technology is being beyond a simple framework with an electronic type and is rapidly evolving to intelligent smart metering systems in conjunction with promotion of a national smart grid project. Accordingly, it is important to ensure an immunity of meter for electromagnetic field and environmental noise at the installation site. In this paper, we are going to check the validity of international standard that focusing on RF electromagnetic field immunity of meter to secure the quality and improve the reliability in field operation of meter. And we will verify the validity of test specification focused on actual installation environment and are going to offer the improvement plan of test standard.

Radio Wave Interference Test Method for Wireless Communication System by Opened Parallel Wired Cell

We have studied on the interference test method from IEEE802.11b to IEEE802.11g as an interference source with wide band spectrum by using the opened PW cell, and it is clear that the throughput of IEEE802.1 Ig for only IEEE802.11b Ch.4 signal wave as the interference wave, whose frequency spectrum is almost not overlapping with IEEE802.11g, is almost not interfered by IEEE802.11b, but the throughputs for all other channels from Ch.5 to Ch.8 as the interference wave are interfered and decrease to below 2 Mbps. By comparing with conventional radiated RF electromagnetic field immunity test specified by IEC 61000-4-3, it is clear that the conventional immunity test cannot simulate the interference phenomena from IEEE802.11b to IEEE802.11g. Next, we tried to perform the interference test of the Bluetooth against the wireless LAN IEEE 802.11b as a disturbance source. As a result, it is revealed that the throughput of Bluetooth decreases according to increasing the interference wave level, and communication between EUT (slave) and the master of Bluetooth is interrupted for the interference wave corresponding to Ch.7 (2442 ± 10MHz). However, in the conventional immunity test specified by 1IEC 61000-4-3, the throughput of the Bluetooth does not affect for the all disturbance waves corresponding to the center frequency of bandwidth on the cannel on IEEE802.11b. Therefore, it is needed for the wireless LAN and the Bluetooth to develop new radiated immunity test method, which has the disturbance wave with wide bandwidth.

Radiated Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test Method for Wireless LAN Using Opened Parallel Wired Cell

We study radiated RF (radio-frequency) electromagnetic field immunity test system for wireless LAN system by using opened PW (Parallel Wired) cell, in which metal cover is removed. Leakage electric field at distance of 160cm from the opened PW cell decreases until 30 dB, and then does not affect to operation of the AP (Access Point) composed of the wireless LAN system that communicates EUT (Equipment Under Test) installed in the PW cell. NSA (Normalized Site Attenuation) between BUT and AP changes only several dB by inserting the PW cell, and then it can be concluded that the effect of PW cell for radio wave property of wireless communication system is negligible small. In addition, we try to measure dependencies of impressing level of disturbance wave on a throughput of wireless LAN systems IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g. As a result, it is confirmed that the radiated RF electromagnetic field immunity test system for wireless LAN system can be composed by using the opened PW cell without affecting from impressing disturbance wave.

Wireless communication using detectors located inside vacuum chambers

Progress in modern vacuum technology requires an increasing number of measurements to be performed in the vacuum environment itself and in many applications data transfer outside the vacuum vessels is both difficult and expensive. This paper explores the potential of wireless technology to transmit data from and into ultra high vacuum (UHV) compatible vacuum chambers using glass viewport windows attached to normal standard flange fittings. The current tests focus in particular on Bluetooth technology, and its characteristics and limitations investigated. Signal propagation has been verified up to about 9 m and the outgassing of components shown to be insignificant in a clean metal-sealed vacuum system down to a pressure of 10 −7 mbar. Some preliminary tests of noise and electromagnetic field immunity have been carried out, confirming the robustness of Bluetooth spread spectrum modulation technique. Signal data from Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensors and Photodiodes have been successfully transmitted from a vacuum chamber, proving the capability of this technology standard to handle both low and high frequency data. The future prospects and the further developments of the approach are also discussed.

Electromagnetic Field Immunity - A New Parameter in Receiver Design

Parameters describing the susceptibility of a receiving installation to interfering electromagnetic fields are discussed, and appropriate measuring methods are devised. As a result of an extensive analysis of the complex system of transmitters, interference sources and radio receivers in the range of 0.15-1000 MHz, susceptibility limits are proposed, and their values are compared with measurements on production-type receivers.

Measurement of Electromagnetic Field Immunity

A short survey is given of various methods proposed for the measurement of equipment immunity to extraneous electromagnetic fields. Their relative merits are discussed and progress in international standardization within the IEC is reported.