Electrolytic Method Research Articles

Strategic Model for Yellow Hydrogen Production Using the Metalog Family of Probability Distributions

Storing energy in hydrogen has been recognized by scientists as one of the most effective ways of storing energy for many reasons. The first of these reasons is the availability of technology for producing hydrogen from water using electrolytic methods. Another aspect is the availability of relatively cheap energy from renewable energy sources. Moreover, you can count on the availability of large amounts of this energy. The aim of this article is to support the decision-making processes related to the production of yellow hydrogen using a strategic model which exploits the metalog family of probability distributions. This model allows us to calculate, with accuracy regarding the probability distribution, the amount of energy produced by photovoltaic systems with a specific peak power. Using the model in question, it is possible to calculate the expected amount of electricity produced daily from the photovoltaic system and the corresponding amount of yellow hydrogen produced. Such a strategic model may be appropriate for renewable energy developers who build photovoltaic systems intended specifically for the production of yellow and green hydrogen. Based on our model, they can estimate the size of the photovoltaic system needed to produce the assumed hydrogen volume. The strategic model can also be adopted by producers of green and yellow hydrogen. Due to precise calculations, up to the probability distribution, the model allows us to calculate the probability of providing the required energy from a specific part of the energy mix.

Renewable energy storage using hydrogen produced from seawater membrane-less electrolysis powered by triboelectric nanogenerators

Utilization of widely available seawater for hydrogen generation using robust electrolysis methods can provide sustainable solutions to energy carriers. Sea waves at the same time provide abundant renewable energy that can produce the electricity required for seawater electrolysis. This work presents a novel design for a self-powered hydrogen generation based on membrane-less seawater electrolysis integrated with spring-assisted spherical triboelectric nanogenerators. To streamline fabrication and minimize maintenance expenses, water electrolysis is conducted in a membrane-less electrochemical cell reactor. Employing a mathematical model, the system's performance is analyzed across different catalysts, electrolytes, and operational temperatures. The modeling outcomes indicate that elevating the cell's temperature can lower the necessary potential, enhancing overall electrochemical cell efficiency and decreasing capacitor charging duration. The voltage required for the cell to reach 100 mA cm−2 in the seawater decreases from 2.4 V to 1.9 V as the cell temperature increase from 25 °C to 70 °C. This is due to the decline in the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction overpotentials for NPNNS and Ti supported PtPd from 351 mV to 246 mV and 568 mV–394 mV, respectively. Furthermore, increase in the temperature results in an additional 19 % improvement in cell efficiency from 78 % to 97 % and producing hydrogen per cycle during electrolysis of seawater increase from 0.015 μmole to 0.020 μmole.

Nucleus-targeted carbon dots as peroxidase nanozyme for photoacoustic imaging and phototherapy of tumor

High-purity carbon dots (CDs) with a highly π-conjugated sp2-hybridized graphite structure were prepared by the pulse electrolysis method using the graphite plate as raw material. Photoacoustic signal together with photothermal effect was found in the CDs-dispersed suspensions under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. For the suspension with the CDs concentration of 500 μg/mL, the photothermal conversion efficiency is high up 64.3% and the solution’s temperature can be increased to 82.2 °C under NIR irradiation. Moreover, CDs can be effectively endocytosed by human hepatoma (HepG2) cells with a few hours, act as peroxidase nanozyme to decompose H2O2 and facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species. Under NIR irradiation, CDs exhibit an outstanding apoptosis-inducing effect on HepG2 cells by the photothermal effect. In addition, in vivo experiments show that CDs can be used in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and guiding the tumor treatment. As a result, the nucleus-targeted CDs with an unique combination of PAI and photothermal effect have potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins-derived carbon dots on alleviating salt stress in rice by muti-omics analysis

Carbon dots (CDs) with different structures were prepared by electrolysis (PE-CDs) and hydrothermal (PH-CDs) methods using proanthocyanidins as precursors. The smaller size and lower zeta potential enabled the PE-CDs treated rice seedlings to exhibit greater resistance to salt stress. The fresh weight of rice seedlings under salt stress was significantly increased by spraying CDs every other day for two weeks. PE-CDs treated group exhibited a faster electron transport rate, and the SOD activity and flavonoid content were 2.5-fold and 0.23-fold higher than those of the salt stress-treated group. Furthermore, the metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed that the PsaC gene of photosystem I was significantly up-regulated under PE-CDs treatment, which accelerated electron transfer in photosystem I. The up-regulation of BX1 and IGL genes encoding indole synthesis allowed rice to enhance stress tolerance through tryptophan and benzoxazine biosynthesis pathways. These findings offer help in purposefully synthesizing CDs and boosting food production.

Electrodeposition of iron from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and reverse microemulsions of Triton X-100.

Electrodeposition of iron (Fe) was investigated in three different media, namely a hydrophilic ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, conventional reverse microemulsion (RME)/reverse micellar solution, and IL-based RME of a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100, with a view to electrodepositing iron with desired morphology. Electrochemical behaviour of Fe2+ was studied using cyclic voltammetric technique with a copper electrode as the working electrode. Electrochemical reduction of Fe2+ in all the studied media was found to be an electrochemically irreversible, diffusion-controlled process. Successful potentiostatic electrodeposition of metallic iron was performed in all the studied media on copper substrate using bulk electrolysis method. The obtained iron electrodeposits were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray diffractometer. The controlled diffusion of Fe2+ towards electrode surface in all the media resulted in the formation of nanoparticles of iron, but compact layers of granular nanoparticles could be achieved from both the conventional and IL-based RME systems. The IL-based microemulsions synergistically combined the advantageous features of both the IL and RME and showed promise for tuning the size, shape, and morphology of the electrodeposited iron.

INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYSIS CONDITIONS ON THE COMPOSITION OF ELECTROLYTIC COMPOSITE COATINGS BASED ON COBALT

The composite coatings electrodeposition with the refractory metals with cobalt makes it possible to obtain a coating with a unique combination of physicochemical properties that are unattainable when using other application methods. One of the reasons for the limited use of the electrolytic method of coating with such composites is the difficulty of controlling the process. The properties of alloys of the iron subgroup with refractory metals and composites depend not only on the chemical composition (the content of the refractory component) but also on the deposition conditions. By varying the composition of the electrolyte in galvanostatic mode it is impossible to obtain high-quality composite coatings with a high content of refractory components and current efficiency. As an alternative, it was suggested the use of pulsed electrolysis mode that allows to improve the producing of composite coatings. The process of formation of composite electrolytic coatings based on cobalt Co-W-ZrO2 on a copper substrate in pulse mode with a diphosphate-citrate electrolyte was investigated. The effect of current density, pulse duration and frequency on the coating composition, surface morphology, and current efficiency of compositional electrolytic coatings based on cobalt with refractory metals. An increase in current density causes a decrease in the content of refractory metals in compositional electrolytic coatings and an increase in oxygen content. The resulting coatings differ in a uniformly developed surface without cracks, which provides a sufficiently high adhesion. It is established that the size of the globe on the surface of the alloy decreases with increasing current density to 10 A/dm2. The control of the composition of Co-W-ZrO2 galvanic alloys in a quite wide range of alloying components concentrations is being achieved by varying the parameters of the pulse electrolysis, which allows adapting of the deposition technology to the needs of the modern market.

Research Progress of Preparing Titanium Alloy By Molten Salt Method

Titanium alloy has excellent characteristics that cannot be compared with other metals such as light specific gravity, high specific strength, wide applicable temperature range, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen storage. The traditional titanium alloy smelting process is mainly based on titanium sponge as raw material, which has a long process, high energy consumption, heavy pollution, and other problems, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of titanium alloy in the world. The common methods of preparing titanium alloy are alloy melting, metal thermal reduction, powder metallurgy, and the gradually emerging molten salt electrolysis. Among them, molten salt electrolysis is recognized as the most promising method to replace the traditional titanium alloy production process, and certain achievements have been made in recent years in terms of both process and basic theory research. In this paper, the common processes of titanium alloy preparation by molten salt electrolysis at home and abroad, such as molten salt electrolytic co-deposition method, cathodic alloying method and liquid cathode method, new FFC method, and its derived SOM method, etc., will be summarized systematically, and the future research will be put forward.

Fe/Cu doped black ceramic coating on magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation method based on first principles

The absorption of visible light by a solid material can correspond to its color. If all visible light is absorbed, the material is black, and the band width of the material defines the wave limit of visible light absorption. Based on this, the transition metal elements Fe and Cu were chosen to dope MgO, and the transition metal elements Fe or Cu were substituted to dope MgO using first-principles simulation. The doped elements' 3d and 4 s levels were introduced to shift the locations of MgO's valence and conduction bands, respectively, lowering the band gap width of MgO. The MgO ceramic coating may respond to light wave wavelength redshifting to 780 nm and entirely absorb visible light; The black MgO ceramic coating was prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy utilizing Fe salt and Cu salt as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) electrolyte additions, and the visible light absorption rates were 94.2 % and 94.1 %, respectively. The test findings show that the band gap of the MgO ceramic coating has been lowered from 4.97 eV to 1.58 eV and 1.60 eV, respectively, which is the primary reason for the achievement of strong absorption in all visible light bands. The first principle calculation of the influence of doping elements on the band gap of MgO ceramic coating can serve as a theoretical guidance for selecting coloring elements for the fabrication of black ceramic coating.

The role of graphene Oxide’s aromatic rings in activated carbon made from banana leaves (ACBL) and Fe3O4 in hydrogen production

Fe3O4 is an internal magnet that can work as a medium for the electrolyte solution in electrochemical hydrogen production to facilitate electron movement. When Fe3O4 is combined with activated carbon made from banana leaves (ACBL), electron transfer occurs between the ACBL aromatic ring and Fe3+ ions from solved Fe3O4, which increases the solution’s conductivity and finally produces more hydrogen. ACBL is a biomass catalyst used as a free parameter to increase the Fe3O4 magnetic field in the solution. The Fe3O4 was synthesized using the coprecipitation method, while ACBL was obtained through an activation process to produce graphene oxide. Graphene oxide in ACBL was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) EDX, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). BET was used to determine the surface area of ACBL. Hydrogen was produced using the electrolysis method. The SEM results showed that the elemental content of graphene oxide in ACBL was 72.47 %. The graphene oxide in ACBL had a positive charge represented by a bright color on the sample surface. The positive charge was due to the FTIR O-H and C-O groups working with Fe3O4. BET analysis showed that the average pore diameter of ACBL was 1.68 nm. The largest hydrogen production results were obtained at ACBL 200 mesh, which was 15.5 ml. ACBL from abundant biomass has magnetic and electrical potential within its aromatic ring. As the aromatic ring interacts with the magnetic field of Fe3O4, the electromagnetic field of the solution is strengthened. As a result, hydrogen production increases.

Influence of Deep Etching Surface Treatment to The Tensile Strength and Microstructure of Brazing Aluminium - Mild Steel

Since hard metals are among the materials that liquid brazing alloys scarcely adhere to, they should not be brazed without first removing the surface layer after sintering. The electrolytic etching method, which gives the surfaces of materials that are hardly wettable very good energetic qualities, is given specific attention. Deep etching is done by using a high concentration of acid solution to roughen the surface. Both dry and wet settings are suitable for etching. An etching fluid is used for etching in a wet environment. Typically, the plate or metal is submerged in an etching solution, where the substance is chemically broken down. While in dry etching, the plasma’s gas phase is where the etching takes place. Due to the presence of plasma in this situation, the etching process that takes place combines chemical and physical processes. Plasma etching is another name for dry etching. Deep etching is an etching process to obtain a rougher surface. Wet deep etching requires a longer immersion time and even several immersions are required. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of etching treatment in the brazing process of Aluminium-Mild steel for its microstructure and mechanical properties. The specimens in this study used aluminium 6000 series, mild steel, Alusol ER4043, and etching fluid. Mild steel surfaces are deep etched before brazing. Specimen manufacturing standard refers to ASTM D1002. A micro photo test was conducted to compare the surface conditions of aluminium and mild steel with and without etching treatment. The deep etching process is carried out in three variations of time, namely 20, 30, and 40 minutes. The results showed that the tensile strength increased with deep etching treatment on the surface.

TUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE ACCUMULATED DOSE OF DAMAGE IN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER ON RESISTANCE TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH CORROSION PROCESSES DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE ANNEALING

Abstract. Investigating the challenges associated with the structural and strength degradation of ceramic fuel cells, which hold significant potential for hydrogen production through electrolysis methods, is a current focus ofresearch. Understanding the degradation processes and their occurrence rate is crucial in the assessment of the efficacy of these ceramics for applications in alternative energy production, specifically in the realm of hydrogen energy. The aim of this study is to ascertain the impact of doping ceramics with aluminum nitride NiAl2O4, irradiated with protons with a dose of approximately 50 dpa, on resistance to high-temperature degradation, and associated corrosive processes of oxidation and swelling, as well as migration processes of implanted hydrogen. Three types of ceramics were selected as objects for study: NiAl2O4ceramics, NiAl2O4ceramics stabilized with 0.05 M AlN, NiAl2O4ceramics stabilized with 0.15 M AlN, that are distinguished by the formation of impurity phases in Al7O3N8, with an orthorhombic type of crystal lattice. As a result of high-temperature tests, it was observed that NiAl2O4ceramics, when stabilized, exhibit reduced susceptibility to destructive alterations in strength characteristics, primarily attributed to the deformation distortion of the crystal structure caused by its swelling. These processes are associated with an augmentation in the thermal expansion of the crystal structure, manifested in the deformation swelling of the crystal lattice volume.

Recovery of sulfuric acid and iron from titanium dioxide waste acid by membrane electrolysis combined with selective electrodialysis

The waste acid generated during the production of titanium dioxide contained a high proportion of ferrous ions. Comprehensive utilization of these waste acid involves the recovery of sulfuric acid and iron. However, traditional methods faced difficulty in attaining the desired outcome. Therefore, this study proposed a treatment process primarily based on membrane electrolysis. Initially, selective electrodialysis was employed to recover sulfuric acid from the waste acid. The effects of initial acid concentration, potential, and operating time on the performance of selective electrodialysis were investigated. Subsequently, a three-chamber membrane electrolysis method was utilized to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ in the anode chamber and generate OH– in the cathode chamber. Both compounds were directed to the precipitation chamber through ion exchange membranes, resulting in the formation of iron hydroxide and the successful recovery of iron. The findings revealed that when the waste acid had a high initial concentration, it was recommended to operate at a higher potential. When treating 18 % of the waste acid, 77.5 % of the sulfuric acid can be recovered while 78 % of the ferrous ions were retained. As the acidity decreased, the potential could be reduced, resulting in a higher recovery rate of sulfuric acid and retention rate of Fe2+. By using a current of 150 mA during membrane electrolysis and maintaining a pH of 2.4 in the precipitation chamber, a purity of 94 % iron hydroxide was achieved. The ion flux of the anion exchange membrane decreased by 19 % after 8 h of electrolysis. This reduction could be mitigated by cleaning the membrane with titanium dioxide waste acid with a pH of 0.4 for 30 min. This study is expected to introduce innovative ideas and methods for the efficient and high-purity recovery of resources from titanium dioxide waste acid.

Continuous carbon fiber recycling technology using the electrolytic sulfuric acid method

Our objective is to achieve the societal implementation of the Circular Economy Program for Automobile Carbon Fibers. This involves recycling carbon fibers sourced from carbon fiber reinforced plastics/carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRP/CFRTP) discarded from automobiles and reintegrating them into the manufacturing processes of automobiles. Although, the existing carbon fiber recycling technology recycles the carbon fiber into a finely chopped state; it is not the original continuous carbon fiber product. A novel recycling technology is elucidated herein, referred to as the electrolytic sulfuric acid method (ESAM). The ESAM recycles carbon fibers by decomposing only the resin component of CFRP/CFRTP into CO2 and water using oxidative active species generated by electrolytic sulfuric acid. This method can (1) be applied to all resins, (2) maintains strength of the recycled carbon fibers, and (3) regenerates continuous carbon fibers. Moreover, it is the only technology applicable to CFRP pressure tanks. The successful recycling of continuous carbon fiber from pressure tanks has been achieved, enabling the production of new tanks and unidirectional CFRTP tape. This technology recycles the original continuous carbon fiber product, thus enabling a “close” resource circulation cycle. We have not yet confirmed the number of times recycling can be performed. However, according to the method described in this paper, the recycling process can yield continuous carbon fibers without a decrease in physical properties. Therefore, theoretically, it becomes possible to recycle indefinitely and revert the fibers to their original state, provided that the strength reduction during product use is not a significant consideration.

Simultaneous extraction and separation of Ni(OH)2, Ni powder and Ni plate from waste nickel-cobalt scrap in one spot: Control sequence of electrical reduction

Extracting valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is beneficial to the long-term growth of social economy and environmental maintenance from lithium-ion batteries, yet it faces serious challenges. The study aims to propose a harmless and efficient electrolysis method for selectively preparing nickel products from lithium-ion batteries leachate by controlling the competitive reductive order for Ni2+ and H2O. Compared with current pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bio-metallurgy methods, electrolysis method allows selective preparation of different nickel products. No additional chemicals are introduced, or no membrane limitation. Achieving zero pollution emissions while saving costs. The results of serial experiments show that the level of nickel reduction can be controlled to produce different types of nickel products. The current efficiency reached a maximum value of 84.7±4.5%. 125 A/m2, 0.05 M Ni2+, 1.5 h, 60 A/m2, 0.1 M Ni2+, 2 h, 125 A/m2, 0.25 M Ni2+, 2 h are the optimal conditions for forming Ni(OH)2, black powder Ni and silvery flake Ni, respectively. In electrolysis process, selective nickel products, H2 and O2 can be prepared. H2 can be used as clean energy and increases economic benefits. This study provides a clean and high-efficiency method for selectively preparing nickel products from lithium-ion batteries leachate.

Utilizing reactive polysulfides flux Na2Sx for the synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state sodium batteries

Sulfide solid electrolytes are attractive for the development of all-solid-state sodium batteries owing to their high ionic conductivities and formability. While the performance related to ionic conductivity and additional functions is strongly influenced by composition and crystal polymorphs, the use of delicate and less stable sulfide starting materials limits their variability.In this study, we propose a universal and convenient synthesis method for sulfide solid electrolytes utilizing Na2Sx polysulfide flux as a stoichiometric reactant. These polysulfides mitigate synthetic constraints by eliminating the requirement for unstable sulfide starting materials. They efficiently react with raw materials, including single elements, under ambient pressure, without the necessity for a sealed reaction vessel.Na3BS3 glass, and Na2.88Sb0.88W0.12S4 solid electrolytes was prepared by using Na2Sx working as lowly volatile flux to prepare. Na2S and S immediately reacted with each other without sulfur vaporization, and stoichiometric Na2Sx liquid was formed at temperatures above 500 °C. The Na2Sx flux itself oxidized B, Sb, and W uniformly at moderate temperatures, and stoichiometric electrolytes were obtained in a one-step process without sealed vessels and a vacuum condition. In addition, Na3BS3 glass was produced by direct quenching at 700 °C. The obtained Na2.88Sb0.88W0.12S4 demonstrated the extremely high ionic conductivity of 125 mS cm−1 at 25 °C, due to the stoichiometric substitution of WS42−.

Electrochemical formation and characterization of Ni-Sc intermetallic compounds in LiF-CaF2 eutectic melt

The present investigation aimed to examine the cathodic behavior of Sc(III) on a reactive nickel electrode within a fluoride molten salt system. The electrochemical formation process of Ni-Sc alloy in LiF-CaF2 eutectic melt was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry electrochemical techniques. The formation of Ni-Sc intermetallic compounds induces a depolarization phenomenon, hence promoting the underpotential deposition of scandium onto the Ni electrode. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation for Ni-Sc intermetallic compounds were calculated by the use of open-circuit chronopotentiometry measurements. Furthermore, Ni-Sc alloys were fabricated via potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolysis methods and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicated that a sequential emergence of Ni5Sc, Ni2Sc, and combined NiSc+NiSc2 intermetallic compounds escalates as the cathodic polarization potential. Multifarious Ni-Sc intermetallic compounds can be synthesized by controlling the electrolysis conditions, providing new insights for the preparation of Ni-Sc alloy and establishing a theoretical foundation for the synthesis of Ni-Sc intermediate alloy for solid-state reactive cathodes.

Modification of the surface of titanium alloys by the synthesis of coatings by the PEO method in alkaline electrolytes saturated with diatomite

One of the most promising directions of modern materials science is the search for methods of improving the biocompatibility properties of metals used in implantology, which will allow to reduce the percentage of rejection of implants by the living organism. Therefore, it is promising to use processing methods to change the state of the surface of metals due to surface modification, which includes the method of plasma electrolytic oxidation. The main goal of this work was to develop a technological process for obtaining coatings with higher biocompatibility compared to the base metal due to the introduction of natural components into the coating. The presence of elements in biocoatings and their quantity was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which allowed for targeted analysis of the surface of the samples. The elemental composition of coatings synthesised on the basis of titanium alloy in alkaline electrolytes based on KOH, liquid glass of calcium hydroxide, sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate with the addition of hydroxyapatite and diatomite was researched in the work. A direct relationship between the composition of the electrolyte and the Ca/P ratio was established. It has been proven that biocoatings synthesised in alkaline solutions by the PEO method satisfy the conditions of biocompatibility. It has been established that in an environment containing alkalis and phosphates, coatings are synthesised for which Ca/P = 1.21. The introduction of hydroxyapatite into the electrolyte leads to an increase in the Ca/P ratio to a value of 1.28, and an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte and the addition of diatomite increases this ratio to a value of 1.57. The obtained results establish the possibility of a wide range of regulation of the Ca/P ratio in the biocoating

Pengolahan Lindi Tempat Pemprosesan Akhir Sampah Talang Gulo Dengan Metode Elektrolisis

The Talang Gulo control landfill waste final processing site (TPA) has been decommissioned and converted into a Sanitary Landfill TPA in the city of Jambi. Even though it has been deactivated, the waste resulting from the decomposition of waste at the TPA control landfill must be managed. One of the wastes that is managed is leachate. Before being released into the environment, leachate must be processed in leachate ponds so that the receiving environment is not polluted. Some of the leachate parameters that must be managed are mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), because if these two parameters enter surface water they will have a negative impact on aquatic biota. The research is planned at the Batanghari University Engineering Laboratory. On a laboratory scale, the Hg and Cd parameters of leachate can be reduced using the electrolysis method. Electrolysis is an alternative method for processing leachate because the chemical reaction process using electrodes can reduce the Hg and Cd parameters. The hypothesis that can be taken is that the electrolysis method can reduce the Hg and Cd parameters of landfill leachate.

Электролизные растворы в санитарной обработке: прошлое и настоящее

New knowledge about biofilm microorganisms and their resistance needs new approaches to disinfection. The article traces the story of electrolysis, as well as inorganic chloractive and oxygen-active disinfectants. It describes the basic electrolysis scheme for obtaining salines and electrochemically activated substances. As a rule, their properties determine the target efficiency of the disinfectant. Certain electrochemical processes occur in anodic and cathodic chambers during electrolysis. They are associated with redox reactions of strongly adsorbed electroactive intermediate molecular forms obtained from water. They depend on the concentration of electrolyte in the solution, current power, electrolysis time, temperature, etc. The electrolytic method has good industrial prospects as it simultaneously produces chloractive anolyte solutions and alkaline catholyte solutions. They can be used as a complex for equipment sanitization purposes.

A Comprehensive Review on the Power Supply System of Hydrogen Production Electrolyzers for Future Integrated Energy Systems

Hydrogen energy is regarded as an ideal solution for addressing climate change issues and an indispensable part of future integrated energy systems. The most environmentally friendly hydrogen production method remains water electrolysis, where the electrolyzer constructs the physical interface between electrical energy and hydrogen energy. However, few articles have reviewed the electrolyzer from the perspective of power supply topology and control. This review is the first to discuss the positioning of the electrolyzer power supply in the future integrated energy system. The electrolyzer is reviewed from the perspective of the electrolysis method, the market, and the electrical interface modelling, reflecting the requirement of the electrolyzer for power supply. Various electrolyzer power supply topologies are studied and reviewed. Although the most widely used topology in the current hydrogen production industry is still single-stage AC/DC, the interleaved parallel LLC topology constructed by wideband gap power semiconductors and controlled by the zero-voltage switching algorithm has broad application prospects because of its advantages of high power density, high efficiency, fault tolerance, and low current ripple. Taking into account the development trend of the EL power supply, a hierarchical control framework is proposed as it can manage the operation performance of the power supply itself, the electrolyzer, the hydrogen energy domain, and the entire integrated energy system.