Electrolyte Paste Research Articles

Efficient hydrogen evolution from NaBH4 using bimetallic nanoparticles (Ni–Co) supported on recycled Zn–C battery electrolyte paste

Electrolytic paste (EP) from used batteries was innovatively utilized as a support for Ni–Co nanoparticles (Ni–Co NPs) to catalyze hydrogen evolution from NaBH4. The materials exhibited a porous and heterogeneous morphology, characterized by a ZnMn2O4 interplanar distance of 0.34 nm, as confirmed by SAED analysis. Elemental analysis identified carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur, while ICP-MS quantified zinc, manganese, and iron. XRD unveiled an amorphous broad peak at 2θ = 13.3–39.8°, with additional phases identified as ZnO, graphite, simonkolleite, manganese oxides, and hetaerolite. Raman spectroscopy showcased characteristic bands typical of carbonaceous materials. FTIR detected functional groups alongside Ni–O, Co–O, and Zn–O bonds. Various Ni/Co ratios were assessed, and the 25:75 and 20:80 (w/w) ratios showed optimal performance, yielding hydrogen at rates of 238.1 and 278.0 mL H2 gcatalyst−1 min−1, respectively. The determined activation energy was 32.76 kJ mol−1. The turnover frequency reached 1823.93 mL H2 gcatalyst−1 min−1 (328.15 K), and the catalyst exhibited satisfactory performance over 16 reuse cycles.

UTILIZATION Mangifera indica SKIN AND SALT AS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Efforts to reduce the use of polluting chemicals environment needs innovation to overcome these problems. One of them is by replacing the chemicals contained in the battery by utilizing mango skin waste became bio-battery. Even mango skin waste in the community is not properly utilized so that mango skin becomes waste that has no value. The purpose of this research is to utilize mango skin as a bio-battery material not only to produce current and voltage sources but it is also expected to be able to reduce the negative effects of disposing of community mango skin waste residue into the environment and reduce dependence on chemicals as battery electrolyte paste which has been used so far. The test parameters carried out were the electricity of the bio-baterry using mango skin and salt samples. This research used 3 weight ratios between mango skin solution and salt solution, namely 15:5 gr, 20 gr:5 gr, and 25:5 gr. The main stages of this research consisted of 3 stages, namely preparation, pH testing, characterization of electrical properties, and electrical analysis of mango skin. The results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the smallest measurements of pH, electric voltage, and electric current are produced at a volume of 30 ml (15 gr) of 3.55, 0.53 V, and 1.8 mA. While the highest was produced at a volume of 44 ml of 3.53, 1.53 V, and 1.9 mA.

The electrical productivity of Arabica coffee grounds battery based on electrode distance and dryness level

Bio-battery is an alternative natural energy source that utilizes organic compounds to generate electricity. This research uses coffee grounds as an environmentally friendly electrolyte paste. This study aims to identify and analyze the current and voltage produced by the bio batteries with the durability of bio batteries made from Arabica coffee grounds based on electrode distance and dryness level. The method used is a direct measurement of coffee grounds using copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) as electrodes, further testing of the output current and voltage is carried out every 24 hours. The results showed that Arabica coffee grounds produce a maximum voltage of 1.01 V, a current of 0.49 mA and a power of 0.42 W. Based on these results, Arabica coffee grounds have the potential to be used as bio batteries.

Composite electrolyte pastes for preparing sub-module dye sensitized solar cells

In this study, high-efficiency sub-module quasi-solid-state (QS) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are prepared using silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanofiller and polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based iodide composite electrolyte pastes. The influence of various amounts of nanofiller on the ionic conductivity, ion diffusion coefficient, and the performance of the devices are explored. The addition of SiO2 decreases the ion transport properties in the plain polymer electrolyte pastes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the adsorption of polyiodide and lithium ions on the surface of the SiO2. This effect causes a reduction in the concentration of ions near the photoelectrode. As a result, the QS-DSSCs using 1 wt.% SiO2 nanofillers have higher recombination resistance and a longer electron lifetime than the other DSSCs. Therefore, high open-circuit voltage (0.794 V) and high efficiency (8.83%) are obtained for the corresponding QS-DSSCs. This efficiency is much better than the efficiencies of the devices employing the pristine polymer electrolyte paste and liquid electrolytes. This composite electrolyte paste is employed to prepare QS-sub-module cells. The four strip and rectangular-shaped module cells have high efficiencies of 4.71% and 4.81%, respectively. QS-DSSCs using 1 wt.% SiO2 nanofillers show high stability at both room temperature and 60 °C.

Bio-Baterai dari Kulit Pisang: Diseminasi olah Praktis pada Ibu PKK Dusun Kallimpo

Batteries are one of the secondary interests that are needed in everyday life. The increasing use of batteries causes a buildup of used batteries that have been thrown away so far. In fact, battery waste includes waste that is difficult to decompose and contains hazardous and toxic materials, so it requires special handling in dealing with it. One effort that can be done is to recycle used batteries through processing banana peel waste into an electrolyte paste to replace carbon in the battery. This processing is carried out through dissemination of practical processing to PKK Dusun Kallimpo, Palakka Village, Kahu District with the product in the form of Bio-Battery. The activity was carried out in three stages, namely socialization, training and monitoring. The end result of this service is an increase in the knowledge and skills of PKK Dusun Kallimpo partners in processing banana peels into Bio-Battery as seen from the positive partner preferences with a percentage of 98%.

Environmentally Friendly Emergency Lighting System Using Bio Batteries from Pineapple Skin Waste as Energy Source

This study examines the use of bio batteries from pineapple skin paste as an energy source. Bio-battery is a battery with a paste derived from natural materials that are environmentally friendly. The bio-battery is capable of generating electrical power by using a pineapple peel electrolyte paste and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) electrodes arranged in series. Parameters measured are voltage, current and duration of the LED (Light Emitting Diode) light. The pasta variations used were pure pasta, pasta with the addition of sodium bicarbonate, pasta with the addition of salt and pasta fermented using LEDs with the total of 6 pieces arranged in parallel and the implementation using pasta with the addition of 0.75 gr salt and 4 LEDs. The research results reveal that the pure paste produces a maximum voltage of 2.410 volts, a maximum current of 0.12 mA with a 14-hour LED light; paste added with sodium bicarbonate produces a maximum voltage of 2,342 volts, a maximum current of 0.21 mA with LED lights on for 12 hours; paste added with salt produces a maximum voltage of 2.432 volts, a maximum current of 0.33 mA with an LED lamp on for 13 hours; and the fermented pasta produced a maximum voltage of 2.542 volts, a maximum current of 0.91 mA. The results showed that bio-battery with pineapple skin paste can produce electrical power that can be used as an energy source for emergency lights.

Identification of Electrical Properties of Bio-battery based on Spent Coffee Grounds

Principally, renewable energy technology produces energy by converting natural resources into useful forms of energy. Bio-battery is an alternative natural energy source that utilizes nanoparticles from plants to generate electricity. In this study, coffee grounds were used as an electrolyte paste to produce bio-battery. This study aims to determine the potential use of spent coffee grounds as an electrolyte paste. Furthermore, the analysis of the composition of the best coffee grounds to produce the optimum current and the level of effectiveness of the bio-battery in terms of the current value. To determine whether there is an effect of coffee grounds concentration on the resulting current, a series of experiments were carried out to determine the best composition between the type and concentration of coffee grounds. Characterization of the device produces a maximum voltage of 1.11 ± 0.09 V and a power of 0.25 mW. The combination of series and parallel needs to be developed to achieve higher circuit voltages and power.

Analysis of Mixture Paste of Cassava Peel and Pineapple Peel as Electrolytes in Bio Battery

This study investigated the effect of the ratio of the electrolyte paste mixture of cassava peel (CP) and pineapple peel (PP) on the voltage and current strength. In the experiments, prior to using, CP and PP biomass waste was cleaned then soaked for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the biomass waste is mashed and put into the test media according to the comparison. In this study, CP/PP compositions were varied with the value of 100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0: 100. The results showed that the highest electrolyte obtained by voltage and current strength with a ratio of 100: 0. The more CP comparisons used, the greater the voltage and strong current. This research is potentially used as one of the renewable alternative energies and can utilize existing biomass waste.This study investigated the effect of the ratio of the electrolyte paste mixture of cassava peel (CP) and pineapple peel (PP) on the voltage and current strength. In the experiments, prior to using, CP and PP biomass waste was cleaned then soaked for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the biomass waste is mashed and put into the test media according to the comparison. In this study, CP/PP compositions were varied with the value of 100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0: 100. The results showed that the highest electrolyte obtained by voltage and current strength with a ratio of 100: 0. The more CP comparisons used, the greater the voltage and strong current. This research is potentially used as one of the renewable alternative energies and can utilize existing biomass waste

Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Electrodes by Mixing Carbon Rod and Electrolyte Paste of Spent Battery

As a consequence of increasing battery use, spent batteries are increasingly contributing to solid waste. This situation has the potential to create a severe environmental problem. Thus, the utilization of these spent batteries, including the reuse of some components, is essential. The reusable components of the spent battery are carbon rods and electrolyte pastes. In this work, these components were utilized to prepare a carbon-based electrode for reverse electrodialysis. These electrodes can be an alternative to commercial Ti-based electrodes. The important characteristics of an electrode are the electrical conductivity, porosity, and surface area of the particles. This study aimed to determine the best electrical conductivity exhibited by various mixtures of carbon rods and electrolyte paste taken from spent batteries. The spent battery contained 95% carbon, and the electrolyte paste of the spent battery contained 64% carbon, 19% zinc, and 5% manganese. Before mixing, the carbon rods were powdered using ball mills for 4 h; 85.6% of particles were sized <1 μm. The best electrical conductivity was obtained from a mixture of carbon rods and electrolyte paste in the weight ratio of 7:2, with electrical conductivity, porosity, and surface area of 2.75 S/cm, 0.019 cc/g, and 15.936 m2/g, respectively.

The Effect of Comparison of Soybeans and Coconut Water on Bio-Battery Electrical Power

The world is currently facing an energy crisis. This research was conducted to create alternative energy by utilizing abundant biomass in nature. The novelty of this study: (1) Use of soybean biomass with coconut water as an electrolyte paste, (2) Testing of bio-battery resistance to wall clocks, and (3) Comparison of the composition of the two materials. In this study, an electrolyte paste made from soybeans (SBs) and coconut water (CWs) with a ratio of 7/1, 6/2, 5/3, 4/4, 3/5, 2/6, and 1/7. To support the analysis, an electrical voltage test and a battery resistance test for wall clocks were carried out. The experimental results show that the composition of coconut water increases the value of the electric voltage on the bio-battery. The composition of coconut water serves to activate the ions in the paste. Meanwhile, more soybean content will increase bio-battery life. It was found that the bio-battery with electrolyte paste of soybeans and coconut water can be used as alternative energy. The results of this research are expected to offer renewable alternative energy for world energy security.

Analysis of Cassava Peel and Pineapple Peel as Electrolytes in Bio Battery

This study investigated the effect of the ratio of the electrolyte paste mixture of cassava peel (CP) and pineapple peel (PP) on the voltage and current strength. In the experiments, prior to using, CP and PP biomass waste was cleaned then soaked for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the biomass waste is mashed and put into the test media according to the comparison. In this study, CP/PP compositions were varied with the value of 100: 0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0: 100. The results showed that the highest electrolyte obtained by voltage and current strength with a ratio of 100: 0. The more CP comparisons used, the greater the voltage and strong current. This research is potentially used as one of the renewable alternative energies and can utilize existing biomass waste.

A preliminary study of corn cobs-clam shell (CCCS) biobattery

This study aims to determine the effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) electrolyte on the conductivity value of electrolyte paste and electrical properties of batteries such as voltage, current and power generated. The electrolyte paste in this study was prepared by mixing corn cobs powder as sources of cellulose. PVA as gelling agent, and HCl as catalyst. The best conductivity value obtained from a mixture of CaCO3 electrolyte of 0.5:1 (w/v) with addition of 0.5 grams of corn cobs powder and 1 gram of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The best result of electrical properties obtained from electrolyte paste with ratio approximately 0.5:1 (w/v). Overall electrical properties resulted from this study meet properties of commercial battery.

Collagen and Carbon-ferrous Nanoparticles Used as a Green Energy Composite Material for Energy Storage Devices

Background:: Chrome shavings, a bioactive material, are generated from tannery as waste material. These chrome shaving can be used for the preparation of many value-added products. Objective:: One such attempt is made to use these chrome shaving wastes as a composite bio-battery to produce DC voltage, an alternate green energy source and cleaner technology. Methods:: Chrome shavings are hydrolyzed to make collagen paste and mixed with the ferrous nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaves and Carbon nanoparticles of Onion peels to form electrolyte paste as base. Then, the electrolyte base was added to the aluminum paste and conducting gel, and mixed well to form composite material for bio-battery. Results:: The composite material of bio-battery has been characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Series and parallel circuit testing were done using Copper and Zinc electrodes or Carbon and Zinc electrodes as the battery terminals in the electrolyte paste. The surface area of these electrodes needs standardization from bench to pilot scale. The power generated, for an AA battery size, using a single bio-battery cell has produced a DC voltage of 1.5 V; current of 900 mA. Circuit testing on 1 ml of 80 well-cells connected in series has produced DC output of 18 V and 1100 mA whereas 48 V and 1500 mA were obtained from a series-parallel connection. Conclusion:: The glass transition temperature (Tg) of electrolyte of the bio-battery at 53°C indicated that at this temperature, all the substances present in the bio-battery were well spread and consistently contributed to the electrolyte activity where Fe-C-nano-particles were able to form strong chemical bonds on the flanking hydroxyl group sites of the collagen leading to reduced mobility of polymers and increased Tg. The results instigate promising trends for commercial exploitation of this composite for bio-battery production.

Localized Bathless Metal-Composite Plating via Electrostamping

Composite plating with particles embedded into the metal matrix can enhance the properties of the metal coating to make it more or less conductive, hard, durable, lubricated or fluorescent. However, it can be more challenging than metal plating, because the composite particles are either 1) not charged so they do not have a strong electrostatic attraction to the cathode, 2) are hygroscopic and are blocked by a hydration shell, or 3) too large to remain stagnate at the cathode while stirring. Here, we describe the details of a bathless plating method that involves anode and cathode nickel plates sandwiching an aqueous concentrated electrolyte paste containing large hygroscopic phosphorescent particles and a hydrophilic membrane. After applying a potential, the nickel metal is deposited around the stagnant phosphor particles, trapping them in the film. The composite coatings are characterized by optical microscopy for film roughness, thickness and composite surface loading. In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to quantify the illumination brightness of these films to assess the effects of various current densities, coating duration and phosphor loading.

P 100 A 64-channel dry multipin-electrode cap for EEG

Multichannel Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used in clinical neurology and neuroscientific research. EEG caps with 64 wet Silver/Silver-Chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes represent an often-used standard in the field. Reproducible electrode-skin contact for these electrodes is ensured by electrolyte gel or paste. Thus, these electrodes require specific mechanisms to apply and hold the gel at the electrode positions in the caps and require skilled personnel to apply the EEG cap. Dry electrodes allow more degrees of freedom in the design and fabrication of EEG caps and can be self-applied without preparation. We present a novel 64-channel EEG cap with dry electrodes. The base material of the EEG cap is a light-weight and flexible fabric, which contains small holes (perforation) making it breathable. Polyurethane (PU) based multipin electrodes serve as dry contact electrodes. A coating provides electrical conductivity of these polymer based electrodes. The use of silver coating opens the way for dry AgCl electrodes and thus, signal quality similar to wet Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thin coaxial wires are soldered to the bottom of the electrodes enabling active shielding. A second layer of fabrics protects the electrodes and the wires. Our results demonstrate that resting state EEG, eye movements, alpha activity, and pattern reversal VEP can be recorded with the novel dry 64-channel EEG cap with short preparation time and without significant differences between the novel EEG cap and a conventional cap based on wet Ag/AgCl electrodes. In conclusion, the proposed novel 64-channel EEG cap with dry electrodes can potentially replace conventional wet 64-channel EEG caps and thus enable new fields of application like brain-computer-interfaces and mobile EEG acquisition.

In-service characterization of a polymer wick-based quasi-dry electrode for rapid pasteless electroencephalography.

A novel quasi-dry electrode prototype, based on a polymer wick structure filled with a specially designed hydrating solution is proposed for electroencephalography (EEG) applications. The new electrode does not require the use of a conventional electrolyte paste to achieve a wet, low-impedance scalp contact. When compared to standard commercial Ag/AgCl sensors, the proposed wick electrodes exhibit similar electrochemical noise and potential drift values. Lower impedances are observed when tested in human volunteers due to more effective electrode/skin contact. Furthermore, the electrodes exhibit an excellent autonomy, displaying an average interfacial impedance of 37±11 kΩ cm2 for 7 h of skin contact. After performing bipolar EEG trials in human volunteers, no substantial differences are evident in terms of shape, amplitude and spectral characteristics between signals of wick and commercial wet electrodes. Thus, the wick electrodes can be considered suitable to be used for rapid EEG applications (electrodes can be prepared without the presence of the patient) without the traditional electrolyte paste. The main advantages of these novel electrodes over the Ag/AgCl system are their low and stable impedance (obtained without conventional paste), long autonomy, comfort, lack of dirtying or damaging of the hair and because only a minimal cleaning procedure is required after the exam.

Printable electrolytes based on polyacrylonitrile and gamma-butyrolactone for dye-sensitized solar cell application

Printable electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are prepared using a low volatile solvent, gamma-butyrolactone (gBL). Various polymers including polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyacrylonotrile (PAN), and poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylacetate) (PAN-VA) are used to regulate the viscosity of the electrolytes. The results show that PAN is the best polymer interms of viscosity, conductivity, and performance of the DSSCs. Increasing the concentration of PAN increases the viscosity of the electrolyte paste, which is advantageous to the operation of a printing process but decreases the electrolyte conductivity and cell performance. This drawback can be compensated by introducing of TiO2 or TiC nanofillers. The quasi-solid-state DSSC prepared using a printing process achieves a conversion efficiency (7.85%) similar to that of the corresponding liquid cell (7.87%). The stability test shows that the presence of TiO2 nanofillers triggers a gradual desorption of dye, decreasing DSSC performance. However, this problem does not appear for the electrolyte using TiC nanofillers, with cell efficiency retaining 96% of its initial value after a 500 h test.

Final treatment of spent batteries by thermal plasma

The growth in the use of wireless devices, notebooks and other electronic products has led to an ever increasing demand for batteries, leading to these products being commonly found in inappropriate locations, with adverse effects on the environment and human health. Due to political pressure and according to the environmental legislation which regulates the destination of spent batteries, in several countries the application of reverse logistics to hazardous waste is required. Thus, some processes have been developed with the aim of providing an appropriate destination for these products. In this context, a method for the treatment of spent batteries using thermal plasma technology is proposed herein. The efficiency of the method was tested through the determination of parameters, such as total organic carbon, moisture content and density, as well as analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence using samples before and after inertization. The value obtained for the density was 19.15%. The TOC results indicated 8.05% of C in the batteries prior to pyrolisis and according to the XRF analysis Fe, S, Mn and Zn were the most stable elements in the samples (highest peaks). The efficiency of the paste inertization was 97% for zinc and 99.74% for manganese. The results also showed that the most efficient reactor was that with the DC transferred arc plasma torch and quartzite sand positively influenced by the vitrification during the pyrolysis of the electrolyte paste obtain from batteries.

Optimization of the rheology and sintering behavior of electrolyte and anode pastes to be used in co-extrusion of solid oxide fuel cells

Typical electrolyte paste including Yittria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) and anode paste containing YSZ, NiO, starch/activated carbon (pore former) were prepared. In order to perform co-extrusion process the pastes must have nearly same rheological properties. So, the prepared pastes unified in order to have same rheological characteristics using the Benbow–Bridgwater model. The unification results showed a linear relationship between the required liquid content for paste preparation and weight percentage of NiO powder in unified pastes. Such a linear relationship can be used to predict the required liquid content of the intermediate anode pastes. The unified pastes were extruded as single layer tubes and sintered at various experimental conditions. Micro-structural features of the sintered tubes were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and optimum sintering temperature and time were found as 1450 °C and 2 h, respectively for full electrolyte densification. Moreover, 30 wt% of carbon may be regarded as the optimum carbon content for creating enough porosity in the anode layers.

Recovery of Metal Values from Spent Zinc–Carbon Dry Cell Batteries

Spent zinc–carbon dry cell batteries were characterized in the process of recovery of metal values. Zinc, manganese and steel were the major metallic materials constituting 63 % of the weight of spent batteries. Different components of the spent batteries were separately processed to extract the metallic values. A maximum of 92 % of total amount of zinc contained in the anodes could be extracted with a purity of over 99.0 % from the anodes by heating at 600 °C for 10 min in presence of 12 % NH4Cl flux. Spent electrolyte paste containing manganese and zinc as major metallic elements, was leached in sulfuric acid solution in presence of hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent. The optimum condition for leaching was found to be concentration of sulfuric acid: 2.5 M, concentration of hydrogen peroxide: 10 %, temperature: 60 °C, stirring speed: 600 rpm and solid/liquid ratio 1:12. A maximum of 88 % manganese contained in the paste could be dissolved within 27 min of leaching under the optimized conditions. Dissolution of zinc under the same conditions was 97 %. A maximum of 69.89 % of manganese and 83.29 % of zinc contained in the leach liquor could be precipitated in the form of manganese carbonate and zinc oxalate.