Electrolyte Drink Research Articles

Rice-Based Electrolyte Drinks More Effective Than Water in Replacing Sweat Losses During Hot Weather Training and Operations

Heat-related injury presents significant threats to the health and operational effectiveness of Soldiers and military operations. In 2012, active component, U.S. Armed Forces experienced 365 incident cases of heat stroke and 2,257 incident cases of ?other heat injury.? Most of these occurred among recruit and enlisted personnel and most were under the age of 30. In conditioned military personnel, a rice-based oral rehydration solution was superior to water alone at maintaining body weight and, by inference, enabled Soldiers to better maintain their the state of hydration during prolonged exercise in high ambient temperatures. In view of the health risks associated with dehydration and their effects on training and operations, this study suggests that the consumption of beverages containing electrolytes and a rice-based carbohydrate is superior to the consumption of water alone in preventing dehydration and heat related illness.

Impact of a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink on ingestive behaviour, affect and self-selected intensity during recreational exercise after 24-h fluid restriction

This study examined the effects of a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink on voluntary fluid intake, affect and self-selected intensity during recreational exercise after fluid restriction. In a randomised counterbalanced design, ten physically active adults were dehydrated via a 24-h period of fluid restriction before completing two 20-min bouts of cardiovascular exercise, 20-min of resistance exercise and 20min on a cycle ergometer at a self-selected intensity with ad libitum access to water (W) or a carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (CES). Fluid restriction induced hypohydration of ∼1.2% initial body mass. Fluid intake during exercise was greater with CES (2105±363 vs. 1470±429mL; P<0.01) and resulted in more adequate hydration (−0.03±0.65 vs. −1.26±0.80%; P<0.01). Plasma glucose concentrations (4.48±0.40 vs. 4.28±0.32mmolL−1; P<0.01) and pleasure ratings (2.63±1.17 vs. 1.81±1.37; P<0.01) were greater with CES than W. Mean power output during exercise performed at a self-selected intensity was 5.6% greater with CES (171±63 vs. 162±60W; P<0.05). In physically active adults performing a ‘real-life’ recreational exercise simulation, CES resulted in more adequate hydration and an enhanced affective experience that corresponded with an increase in self-selected exercise intensity.

PMO-028 The potential of soup and savoury drinks for oral hydration in short bowel syndrome with jejunostomy

IntroductionPatients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and a jejunostomy are required to drink unpalatable electrolyte solutions. This is because the jejunal mucosa is permeable to sodium (Na) and whenever fluids...

Intraluminal ultrasonic probe for volumetric monitoring of liquid gastroesophageal reflux

Methods for volumetric monitoring of liquid gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are still lacking. The aim of this study was to develop an automated intraluminal measurement technique which allows ambulatory volumetric quantification of liquid GER utilizing a minimum-cost intraluminal ultrasonic probe. This probe consists of two 2 MHz ultrasonic crystals longitudinally assembled along a multi-channel intraluminal impedance (MII) catheter. The proposed probe was initially tested with tubular phantoms of different diameters. Measurements of the cross-sectional areas of the phantoms showed high correlation with the actual areas (R2 = 0.99). Subsequently, two in-vivo human tests were performed. For each human test the catheter assembly was inserted transnasally and the ultrasonic probe was placed in the area of the lower esophageal sphincter. Multiple liquid swallows of different volumes were invoked using electrolyte drinks. Sectional luminal volume (SLV) in the esophagus between the two ultrasonic crystals was obtained. Results of the swallows demonstrated that measured SLVs correlated with the actual swallowed liquid volume. The ultrasonic probe was combined with a MII catheter to discriminate between antegrade and retrograde bolus transit. Increases of SLVs during liquid GER episodes could be utilized to evaluate GER volume in the vicinity of the ultrasonic probe.

283 The Effect of Electrolyte Drink Osmolarity on Gastrointestinal Discomfort in Endurance Athletes

283 The Effect of Electrolyte Drink Osmolarity on Gastrointestinal Discomfort in Endurance Athletes

Oral Hydration During Growth Hormone Stimulation With Clonidine

The arginine-clonidine growth hormone (GH) stimulation test causes hypotension, requiring intravenous fluids to stabilize blood pressure (BP) and delaying departure from clinic. We hypothesized that oral hydration during the stimulation test would decrease need for intravenous fluids and shorten clinic stay. Children drank a diet electrolyte drink (10 ml/kg) on arrival to the test, which was repeated after clonidine. Fifteen children (7 girls) were tested without oral hydration, and 23 (6 girls) were tested with oral hydration (age range, 2-15 years). Compared with no oral hydration, intake of >13 ml/kg rarely required intravenous fluids, improved diastolic BP, and permitted discharge at the end of the GH test, with a higher BP.

Short‐term effects of aerobic exercise on executive processes and emotional reactivity

The effect of individual bouts of aerobic exercise on young adults’ performance of an executive processing task (The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, PASAT) and on ratings of emotion and workload (NASA‐Task Load Index, TLX) was assessed in two experiments. In Experiment 1, nine men completed two test sessions during which the PASAT and the TLX were administered prior to and following a 40‐minute bout of cycling. A cold medication (Phenergan VC) was administered prior to exercise in one session; a placebo was given in the other session. PASAT performance increased following exercise, both after the ingestion of the cold medication and following the placebo. TLX ratings changed with practice but were not influenced by exercise. In Experiment 2, 10 women performed the PASAT and provided TLX ratings prior to and following four 120‐minute sessions of cycling and a control session. Participants were given one of three carbohydrate electrolyte drinks or a placebo drink prior to, during, and following cycling. PASAT performance improved significantly following exercise regardless of the type of drink ingested. Exercise did not influence TLX ratings. The results of these experiments add to a growing literature that demonstrates the facilitative effects of acute aerobic exercise on working memory and attentional processes.

Glycerol hyperhydration improves cycle time trial performance in hot humid conditions.

Eight competitive cyclists [mean peak oxygen consumption, (VO2(peak)) = 65 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)] undertook two 60-min cycle ergometer time trials at 32 degrees C and 60% relative humidity. The time trials were split into two 30-min phases: a fixed-workload phase and a variable-workload phase. Each trial was preceded by ingestion of either a glycerol solution [1 g x kg(-1) body mass (BM) in a diluted carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte drink] or a placebo of equal volume (the diluted CHO-electrolyte drink). The total fluid intake in each trial was 22 ml x kg(-1) BM. A repeated-measures, double blind, cross over design with respect to glycerol was employed. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water by approximately 600 ml over the placebo treatment. Glycerol treatment significantly increased performance by 5% compared with the placebo group, as assessed by total work in the variable-workload phase (P < 0.04). There were no significant differences in rectal temperature, sweat rate or cardiac frequency between trials. Data indicate that the glycerol-induced performance increase did not result from plasma volume expansion and subsequently lower core temperature or lower cardiac frequencies at a given power output as previously proposed. However, during the glycerol trial, subjects maintained a higher power output without increased perception of effort or thermal strain.

The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory, cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a cold environment in man.

During prolonged exercise in a cold environment, fatigue is generally associated with a depletion of endogenous glycogen stores. This has lead many authors to hypothesize that the carbohydrate (CHO) content of fluids ingested in cool environments should be high, yet this hypothesis has not been specifically examined. In the present study, six healthy males cycled to exhaustion at approximately 80% of their maximum oxygen consumption (V2O,max) with either no drink (ND), a 15% CHO-electrolyte drink (15% CHO) or a 2% CHO electrolyte drink (2% CHO). Dietary intake and exercise were replicated 2 days prior to each trial. Mean (S.D.) ambient temperature was 10.0 (0.3) degrees C with a relative humidity of 72 (2) % and an air velocity of approximately 0.7 m s(-1) on all trials. Weighted mean skin temperature was calculated, and rectal temperature and heart rate were recorded at rest, during exercise and at exhaustion. Venous samples were drawn before and during exercise and at exhaustion for determination of haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood metabolites and serum electrolytes and osmolality. Expired air was collected for calculation of VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio which were used to estimate rates of fuel oxidation. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained. Exercise capacity was not different (P=0.49) between trials, with median (range) times to exhaustion of 90.6 (66.8-106.0), 97.7 (60.9-112.0) and 102.0 (77.1-170.7) min for the ND, 15% CHO and 2% CHO trials, respectively. The 15% CHO drink significantly (P < 0.05) elevated blood glucose concentration and total CHO oxidation compared with the ND trial. The 2% CHO drink significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the estimated change in plasma volume and resulted in a lower serum osmolality than the other two trials. No differences were observed in any thermoregulatory or cardiorespiratory responses between trials. These data suggest that maintenance of blood-borne substrate and/or plasma volume does not influence exercise capacity in the cold, as is commonly reported during this type and intensity of exercise in warmer environments.

The effects of beverage carbonation on sensory responses and voluntary fluid intake following exercise.

The effects of carbonated beverages on sensory acceptability and voluntary fluid intake after exercise were examined. The level of carbonation in a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) electrolyte drink was systematically varied (0, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.0 volumes of CO2), and its impact was assessed in 52 adults following 30 min of exercise. The perception of carbonation intensity closely tracked the differences in physical carbonation levels presented, with all perceived intensities significantly different from each other (p < .01). Overall sensory acceptability, perceived thirst quenching, and perceived sweetness were significantly lower for 2.3-vol CO2 and 3.0-vol CO2 than for 0-vol CO2 and 1.1-vol CO2 (p < .01). Perceived throatburn was significantly higher for 2.3-vol CO2 and 3.0-vol CO2 than for 0-vol CO2 and 1.1-vol CO2 (p < .01). Total fluid intake for 0-vol CO2 and 1.1-vol CO2 was significantly higher than for 2.3-vol CO2 (p < .05), which was significantly higher than for 3.0-vol CO2 (p < .05). It was concluded that levels of carbonation equal to or in excess of 2.3-vol CO2 negatively impact drink acceptability and voluntary fluid intake.

EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION ON SOCCER SPECIFIC SKILL TESTS PERFORMED IN THE HEAT 721

The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the performance of soccer specific skills during a simulated match undertaken in hot humid conditions was evaluated. Subjects were six internationally competitive junior soccer players from the Australian Institute of Sport Soccer Team (16.8±0.5 yr; 75.8±7.1 kg; VO2peak = 56±3 ml·kg-1.min-1, mean ± SD). Subjects were familiarised with a battery of soccer-specific skill tests including a 20m sprint, ball dribbling, goal shooting, and 3 Acuvision™ tests which measured pro-action/reaction (PRO/REAC), visual concentration, and reaction time. Each subject completed 2 trials separated by one week during which these tests were performed before, during and after a 60-min treadmill protocol(=9.5 km) in hot humid conditions (32°C, 60% r.h.). The treadmill protocol was designed to simulate the typical exercise requirements of a soccer match, and consisted of exercise of varying intensities (5-19 km hr-1), with a change in running velocity each 15 sec. During each trial subjects consumed 1.6 L of either a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO) or an artificially sweetened electrolyte (PLACEBO) drink tested in a randomised counterbalanced order. Mean total sweat loss (=2.8 L) did not differ between trials. Blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher following the CHO trial (P= 0.03), although mean glucose concentrations remained above pre-exercise levels during the placebo trial. All subjects reported that they felt and performed better during the CHO trial. Despite a perception of fatigue following the treadmill run, there were no significant decrements in soccer specific performance tests with either trial with the exception of PRO/REAC scores which were significantly lower on the PLACEBO trial (50.5±4.0 v 52.2±3.2; P = 0.04). Additional research is required to understand the effects of CHO on soccer performance in hot humid conditions.

Effects of post-transport electrolyte supplementation on tissue electrolytes, hematology, urine osmolality and weight loss in beef bulls

To determine the efficacy of electrolyte supplementation in normalizing animal physiology following transport, 89 yearling beef bulls averaging 495 ± 13 kg were allocated to one of four lairage treatment groups of 0, 12, 24, or 36 h. Except for the 0-h group, all animals were given a 4-h road transport followed by 12, 24 or 36 h in lairage preslaughter without feed or water. Half of the animals in each time treatment were given free access to an electrolyte drink lairage. Transportation, handling and time off feed and water during lairage resulted in progressive increases in serum chloride ion concentration ( P = 0.03) and for, the 36-h group, an increase in blood lactate levels ( P = 0.02). Also, depletion of chloride in muscle ( P = 0.007) and an increase in urinary sodium concentration ( P = 0.0001) and osmolality ( P = 0.0001) were seen in the 12-, 24- and 36-h groups. Neutrophile: lymphocyte ratios were observed to initially rise above (12-h group, P = 0.01) and then fall below (24- and 36-h groups, P = 0.01) control values. Combined fluid and electrolyte therapy post-transport assisted in normalizing many of these parameters, especially urine osmolalities. Live animal weight loss for electrolyte treated bulls was on average 1.5% less and resulted in an improved retention of cold carcass weight of between 2.2 kg (12-h group) and 7.6 kg (36-h group, P = 0.003).

EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT AND ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATION ON ION CONCENTRATIONS, CARCASS YIELD AND QUALITY IN BULLS

Two experiments were completed to: (1) identify predictive acid-base and electrolyte parameters that might be correlated with meat quality in marketed bulls; and (2) to determine whether bulls could be treated with either glucose or electrolyte drinks while in lairage to improve electrolyte balance and meat quality. In the first experiment, 29 crossbred yearling bulls averaging 499 ± 13.4 kg were exposed to either a minimal stress of no mixing and 3 km transport (N = 13) or a moderate stress of mixing, 6 h transport 24 h off feed in lairage, plus an additional 3 km transport immediately prior to slaughter (N = 16). Animals exposed to moderate stress displayed higher serum chloride values (137 mmol L−1) compared to pre treatment control (121 mmol L−1) or minimal stress values (118 mmol L−1) (P ≤ 0.01). The moderate stress group also displayed lower blood hydrogen ion concentrations (P &lt; 0.05) and produced a high frequency of dark, firm and dry meat (9 out of 16 animals compared to 0 out of 13 in the control group). In the second experiment, 79 crossbred yearling bulls averaging 595 ± 6.5 kg were divided into treatment groups of either 19 or 20 animals each and subjected to mixing, handling and a 6-h transport period after which they were left in lairage for 18–20 h before slaughter. Treatment groups were: (1) no water during lairage; (2) water only; (3) electrolyte drink; or (4) a 5% glucose drink. Animals in exp. 2 given either water or no water displayed significantly higher serum sodium (P ≤ 0.01) and chloride ion (P ≤ 0.02) levels compared to animals offered an electrolyte or glucose drink. It was also found that the urine cation levels of animals offered no water or water only were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05). In all animals, improved electrolyte balance coincided with improved meat quality traits and carcass yield. Key words: Electrolyte balance, transport stress, bulls, carcass quality