Electrode Material For Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

Zinc oxide-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as stable electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Zinc oxide-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as stable electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Development of Nd doped AlFeO3 electrode material for supercapacitor applications

The development of metal oxides nanoscale structures with enhanced chemically active surfaces, faster ion/charge transport kinetics with shorter ion-diffusion paths is demand in the field of supercapacitor. The issue of transition metal oxides has been successfully resolved through the utilization of metal doping, which concurrently enhances surface area, accelerates ion migration and enhances thermal and structural stability. The Nd doped AlFeO3 electrode substance fabricated hydrothermal process for electrochemical properties. The different analytical tools determined physical and electrochemical characteristics of prepared electrode material. Nd@AlFeO3 electrode material demonstrates specific capacitance of 1326 F/g at 1 A/g measured from galvanostatic charging/discharging plot which maintains remarkable stability after 5000th cycles. The Nyquist plot determines lower charge transfer resistance of Nd@AlFeO3 electrode material (1.15 Ω). The Nd@AlFeO3 electrode material exhibited improved electrochemical properties which makes it promising candidate for integration into supercapacitor devices.

Direct conversion of lignin-rich black liquor to activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes

The escalating industrialization trend underscores the imperative for sustainable waste management practices. The present investigation explores a sustainable methodology for managing the waste generated from the kraft process by directly converting it into activated carbon (BLAC) through a cost-effective hydrothermal-assisted activation method. The research involved a comparative analysis of BLAC with acid-washed black liquor lignin-derived activated carbon (ABLAC) and commercial lignin-derived activated carbon (SALAC). The analysis revealed that BLAC possesses a well-developed micro and mesoporous structure, yielding a significantly higher surface area of 2277.2 m2/g as compared to ABLAC (1260 m2/g) and SALAC (1558.4 m2/g). The presence of inherent alkali in the black liquor is the main factor influencing the surface area of the BLAC. Furthermore, it demonstrated impressive electrochemical performance, showing a specific capacitance value of 871.4 F/g at 1 A/g current density, positioning it as a formidable electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The proposed direct conversion strategy will eliminate the need for high-temperature pre‑carbonization and additional lignin extraction, reducing chemical usage and presenting a greener approach.

Facile sonication synthesis of MnAl2O4/ZnO nanocomposite as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Present studies on maintaining, effective energy providers and storage systems have developed because of problems with energy limitations, fossil fuel depletion and pollution. Spinel oxide nanocomposite electrode material is a superior remedy for supercapacitors (SCs). Herein, we synthesized MnAl2O4 and MnAl2O4/ZnO nanocomposites using the sonication method for energy storage devices. The manufactured material’s morphology, interfacial area and structural features were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Teller Emmett analyses (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The crystalline nature of MnAl2O4 and MnAl2O4/ZnO nanosheets was observed by the XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of the manufactured material was determined utilizing nickel foam (NF) as a conductive surface and 2.0M KOH electrolyte, galvanostatic charging-discharging (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) study. Electrochemical outcomes showed that MnAl2O4/ZnO nanocomposite exhibits specific capacitance (Cs) of 1490.07F/g at 1.0A/g with high cyclic stability over 5000th cycles. Furthermore, an energy and power density of 55.96Wh/kg and 260W/Kg, correspondingly, were exhibited by MnAl2O4/ZnO nanocomposite pseudocapacitors. Compared to MnAl2O4 (0.47 Ω) the charge transfer resistance (Rct) value for MnAl2O4/ZnO (0.12 Ω) was smaller calculated via Nyquist plot and exhibited steady behaviour for 50h. The outstanding potential of the electrode material MnAl2O4/ZnO was highlighted in this work, along with a novel method for producing multi-element composite materials at a reasonable cost and with excellent performance that could find use in a variety of supercapacitor and upcoming energy storage applications.

Home-made chemical vapor deposition-based synthesis of binder-free nanostructured magnesium-molybdenum-sulfide electrode materials for supercapacitor application

Molybdenum disulfides (MoS2) is considered as promising electrode materials (E-M) for high electrochemical performance (ECP) of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors due to their layered nanostructures. Herein, MoS2, MgS and hetrostructure MgS/MoS2 E-Ms comprising of nano-particles/sheets/needles like structures are synthesized on Nickel foam (Ni–F) by a simple home-made chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of MoS2, MgS and MgS/MoS2 polycrystalline E-Ms growing along different directions. The FESEM analysis is confirmed that the addition of MgS layer over the surface of MoS2 change the surafce morphology from nano-particles to nano-needles. The change in structural and microstructural features is indicated the appearance of defects, micro-strain and dislocations density which are fruitful for excellent ECP. The cyclic voltammetry analysis is indicated the pseudocapacitive nature of the synthesized E-Ms. The maximum specific capacitance values for MoS2/Ni–F, MgS/Ni–F and MgS/MoS2/Ni–F E-Ms are 1273, 1688 and 3934 F/g at 1 A/g respectively. Moreover, the addition of MgS layer over MoS2/Ni–F is revealed the excellent cyclic stability of 98.76 % at current density of 10 A/g after 4000 cycles, energy density values are ranged from 79 to 136 W h/kg with homologous power density of 250–2500 W/kg and very small charge transfer resistance. The simulations of Power's Law and Dunn's model is confirmed that the excellent ECP is due to both capacitive and diffusive controlled contributions of heterostructured MgS/MoS2/Ni–F E-Ms. Additionally, MgS/MoS2/Ni–F E-Ms have both battery and pseudocapacitive nature due to unique nano-needles like morphology. The excellent electrochemical properties of MgS/MoS2/Ni–F E-Ms substantiate their potential applications in portable energy storage devices.

Synthesis of Niobium Pentoxide and Its Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Enhanced Supercapacitor Applications

Synthesis of Niobium Pentoxide and Its Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Enhanced Supercapacitor Applications

Soft-template assisted morphology tuning of NiMoO4 for hybrid supercapacitors

The electrochemical performance of electrode materials depends on various physicochemical properties like particle size, morphology, porosity, etc. of materials. Herewith, a facile surfactant assisted hydrothermal route using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) is used to successfully synthesize nanostructured nickel molybdate (NiMoO4) with various morphologies. It is found that NiMoO4 possesses different morphologies when synthesized by using these surfactants. With change in morphology, there is a significant increase in diffusion coefficient for sample synthesized with CTAB. It is interesting to note that NiMoO4 synthesized by using CTAB exhibit a high specific capacitance of 947 F g−1 when cycled at 1 A g−1 in 1 M KOH solution as compared to that of 322 F g−1 (synthesized without CTAB), which can be ascribed to its flower-like shape with uniform porosity. Both Ni2+/Ni3+ and Mo6+/Mo4+ redox couples are involved in the capacitive characteristic of NiMoO4, as found from the XPS study. Additionally, a hybrid supercapacitor has been assembled using NiMoO4 as positive electrode and reduced grapgene oxide (rGO) as negative electrode, which can exhibit 107 F g−1 with an operating voltage of 1.6 V with excellent cycling stability of maintaining 94 % capacitance retention after 6000 cycles in 1 M KOH solution. The hybrid supercapacitor can possess an energy density of 37.7 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 8 kW kg−1. Thus, this study enables the importance of tuning the morphology to enhance the capacitance property of transition metal oxide based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.

Ethylenediamine-functionalized metal-organic frameworks for applications of electrochemical supercapacitors as an additive

In this study, the impact of incorporating ethylenediamine (ED)-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on enhancing the electrochemical performance of polypyrrole(PPy)-based conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrode materials was investigated. The stability of terephthalic acid-containing MOFs in different environments, including exposure to acids, relies on the specific metal ions and ligands utilized in their construction. In this research, ED treatment was chosen for its resistance to acid attack. Unlike the post-synthetic modifications observed in previous literature regarding ED-modified MOF5, this study introduces a unique approach where ED is directly integrated into the framework in a single step. The resulting materials, referred to as ED-MOF, were employed in creating a novel composite material concurrently with polypyrrole, designed for use as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. The optimal loading in the electrochemical preparation of polypyrrole-based conducting polymers was determined using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Areal capacitance for the resulting electrodes was evaluated through cyclic charge-discharge experiments. The areal capacitance of the ED-ZnMOF/1@/PPy/PGE electrode was found to be 575.2 mF.cm−2 at a charge/discharge current density of 1 mA.cm−2. This research underscores the potential advantages of combining conducting polymers and metal-organic frameworks in supercapacitors, as well as other electrochemical systems.

Synthesis of binder-free and highly conducting MoS2 sphere like electrode material for supercapacitor application

Binder free spheres like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) electrode material (E-M) is synthesized on nickel foam by chemical vapor deposition technique. The interconnected spheres like structures are responsible for maximum electrolyte-ions diffusion and control volume-expansion of MoS2 E-M. The synthesized sphere-based MoS2 E-M is exhibited specific capacitance of 4200 F/g, energy density and power density of 53–145 Wh/kg and 250–3000 W/kg. The absence of charge transfer resistance and binder free synthesis persuaded the MoS2 E-M to reveal the excellent cyclic stability of 98.76 % even after 4000 cycles. The equivalent series resistance before/after 4000 cycles of MoS2 E-M are −3.54/3.22 Ω. The constant b values are 0.721, 0.759, 0.768 and 0.771 which are greater than 0.5 but less than 1 indicating the hybrid-nature of the synthesied E-M. The diffusive and capacitive contributions are 96,78 and 4, 12 % at 5 and 200 mV/s.. The hybrid-nature of the MoS2 E-M makes it usable for the next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

Influence of different Ni:Fe molar ratios on the properties of NiFe-LDH as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are being explored as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to their cost-effectiveness, high reactivity, and environmental friendliness. Nowadays, considerable efforts about LDH as electrode material have focus on the composition of different bimetals or trimetals, and few studies on the impact of the different bimetal ratio. In this study, NiFe-LDH materials with different proportions were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. The results show that the content of Ni and Fe in NiFe-LDH has a certain effect on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. In particular, the Ni5Fe1-LDH electrode exhibits outstanding performance in terms of both specific capacity and energy density, even than some composite materials based on NiFe-LDH. Specifically, the Ni5Fe1-LDH electrode demonstrates a specific capacity of 139.83 mAh g−1at 0.5 A g−1, maintaining a cycle efficiency of 66.36 % after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, the Ni5Fe1-LDH//AC demonstrates a high energy density of 35.85 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1.

Optical and electrochemical properties of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles: Investigating the influence of calcination temperature on supercapacitor performance

In this study, we investigate the influence of calcination temperature on the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of Mn3O4 nanoparticles synthesized through a chemical co-precipitation route. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images depict the formation of highly agglomerated, spherical-shaped particles. At calcination temperatures of 700 °C and 900 °C, the observation reveals the emergence of flat pellets and rod-like structures. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the presence of the Mn3O4 phase in M0 and M1 samples. However, the sample calcined at 500 °C (M3) showed a mixed phase of Mn3O4 and Mn2O3. Upon further calcination at 700 and 900 °C, this mixed phase undergoes complete transformation into the Mn2O3 phase. The change in absorption onset and photoluminescence intensity of samples is found with an increase in calcination temperature due to the crystal growth and phase modification. Furthermore, the synthesized samples are employed as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. The sample calcined at 300 °C (M1) in three-electrode system demonstrated the specific capacitance (Csp) of 273.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g in an alkaline medium. The asymmetric cell assembled by using M1 and Hibiscus cannabinus stem-derived carbon material (HBC-900) delivered higher Csp of 205.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g. In addition, asymmetric supercapacitor device exhibited a high energy and power density of 43.1 Wh/kg and 476.2 W/kg with 82.07 % of initial Csp retention over 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g, which makes the sample M1 as the potential electrode material for supercapacitor application.

Chemically Synthesized Sb-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles for Supercapacitor Application

This study explores the potential of antimony tin oxide (ATO) as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. ATO, known for its exceptional electrical conductivity and stability, was synthesized using the coprecipitation method followed by calcination. The resulting ATO powder underwent thorough characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal morphology and phase purity of ATO nanoparticles, while SEM revealed a sphere-like structure with an irregular surface. FTIR spectroscopy identified various functional groups, including O–H stretching, C–H symmetric and asymmetric vibrations, and the characteristic–SnO2; vibration mode, providing insights into the surface properties crucial for electrochemical performance. Electrochemical evaluations, conducted through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, demonstrated a specific capacitance of 140 F/g for the ATO electrode. This notable specific capacitance highlights the potential of ATO as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitors, showcasing its suitability for applications requiring rapid charge-discharge cycles and high specific power. This research contributes to the understanding of ATO’s structural and functional aspects, emphasizing its promising role in advancing supercapacitor technology. The synthesized ATO nanoparticles, characterized by their unique morphology and enhanced electrochemical performance, pave the way for cleaner and more efficient energy storage solutions.

Battery-like supercapacitor electrodes utilizing porous hierarchical bush-like ZnO/SnS on nickel foam framework

This paper reports the electrochemical activity of mesoporous bush like ZnO/SnS nanocomposites, with a specific capacity of 523.60 C g−1, at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is higher than the specific capacities offered by pristine SnS (301.15 C g−1) and ZnO (32.67 C g−1) electrodes. The ZnO/SnS composite electrode exhibits a greater energy density of ~36.36 Wh kg−1with a power density of 250 W kg−1. The composite electrode has a cyclic stability with 56 % capacity retention for over 3500 cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance of ZnO/SnS composite structure is attributed to its bush like morphology with a large surface area (204.4 m2 g−1) which provides a greater number of electro-active sites for the absorption of ions that leads to efficient charge transportation pathways. This type of morphology is attained only when the orthorhombic SnS nanoflakes are grown over hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles, by surfactant free homogenous precipitation method. These results demonstrate that ZnO/SnS composite is an emerging electrode material for supercapacitor application.

GO optimization strategies for improved capacity retention in transition metal oxides based ternary nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors

This work presents the optimization of GO in transition metal oxide based ternary nanocomposites (NiO/ZnO@(GO)x)for electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. The nanocomposites were synthesized using a straightforward sol-gel auto combustion route followed by sonication. It was observed from XRD analysis that crystallite sizes of NiO/ZnO@(GO)x nanocomposites vary between 49 and 24 nm. According to morphological study, the TEM images depict a hybrid nanoarchitecture with NiO/ZnO nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets. The maximum specific capacitance of 1833.9Fg−1 was obtained for NZG3 (NiO/ZnO with 6% GO).Furthermore, largest capacity retention of 98.7% was achieved for NZG3 after 6000 continuous cycles. NZ demonstrated 96% capacitance retention, for NZG1 it was 97.2% and capacity retention for NZG3, it was 98.7%. Therefore,optimized concentration of GO in NiO/ZnOnancomposite to achieve maximum specific capacitance and cyclic stability was found to be forNZG3 nanocomposite. The Rs values attained were found to be 6.7 Ω, 5.8 Ω, 5.4 Ω, 4.4 Ω and 4.9 Ω for NZ, NZG1, NZG2, NZG3 and NZG4 respectively whereas Rctvalues for NZ and NZG electrodes i.e. NZG1, NZG2, NZG3 and NZG4 10.0 Ω, 9.4 Ω,8.5 Ω,7.8 Ω and 8.1 Ω respectively, demonstrating that GO plays an important role in enhancing conductivity.

Electrochemical investigation of phosphorous and boron heteroatoms incorporated reduced graphene oxide electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Graphene-based nanomaterials are becoming common components for consumer products due to their outstanding charge carrier ability, high surface area, high thermal stability, and great potential for environmental decontamination. Nowadays, heteroatoms added carbon allotropes are providing better electrochemical performances in the field of supercapacitors as an electrode material. In this present work, boron and phosphorus heteroatoms were introduced in the network of reduced graphene oxide to increase the capacitance of the supercapacitor. The B and P incorporated rGO (PB-rGO) electrode material was prepared by the hydrothermal method. The properties of the electrode material were analyzed using structural, morphological, and elemental analysis. The prepared electrode material was used as a working electrode material in supercapacitors. In 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte medium, a maximum specific capacitance of 436 F g−1 was found for PB-rGO in a three-electrode configuration. In a symmetric configuration, a power density of 394 W kg−1 and an energy density of 12.48 Wh kg−1 were observed for the PB-rGO electrode. The cyclic stability analysis showed 97.6 % retention after 10,000 cycles at the current density of 3 A g−1.

Reverse-engineered borohydride hydrolysis: Vacancy-rich cobalt aerogel nanowafers as high-efficiency electrode materials for supercapacitor applications

Transition metal oxide aerogels (AGLs) have garnered considerable attention over the past decade due to their unique and exceptional properties, including high porosity, extensive surface area, and ultra-low density. To meet the rising energy requirements and the need for renewable energy storage solutions, there is a growing demand for devices offering high energy and power densities. To realize such a device, a reverse borohydride hydrolysis method was employed in this study to synthesize oxygen vacancy-rich cobalt-based AGL (CoAGL) nanowafers with Co2+/Co3+ defect chemistry. Additionally, we annealed CoAGL samples at 400 °C (CoAGL@400) to successfully design and fabricate three-electrode supercapacitors. The characterization techniques encompassed X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron studies, shedding light on the X-ray properties of these AGLs. CoAGL demonstrated a specific capacitance (Csp) of 42.3 F/g in a device setup, displaying excellent cyclability and capacitance retention. Furthermore, it exhibited an energy density of 14.4 Wh/kg and a power density of 800 W/kg at a current density of 1 A/g, respectively. The practical application of the aerogel was demonstrated by fabricating a two-electrode device employing CoAGL as the key component.

Combustion synthesis of spinel structured NiCo2O4 nanostructures: An efficient material for gas sensing and supercapacitor electrode applications

Nanostructured spinel NiCo2O4 powder has been effectively synthesized using the solution combustion technique. The synthesized material was annealed at 500 °C and further utilised for gas sensing and energy storage applications. The thermal, structural, optical, electrical, magnetic and morphological properties of synthesized material were investigated in detail. The annealed synthesized NiCo2O4 powder was tested for the electrochemical studies with galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic stabilitytests for the supercapacitor electrode applications. The specific capacitance (CS), energy density (E) and power density (P) of the synthesized materials were estimated from the GCD plot and it was 730 F/g, 16.22 WhKg−1 and 398.71 Wkg-1 respectively at the current densities 2 A/g. The fabricated electrode from NiCo2O4 powder had an initial retention of capacitance value is 92.23 % after 5000 cycles. The synthesized material was further tested with different gases detection at various temperatures. The fabricated NiCo2O4 sensor was used for the estimation of gas sensing properties of acetone, carbon dioxide, ammonia and ethanol gases at various working temperatures. The gas-detection measurements illustrate that the NiCo2O4 material reacts differently to various gases at different temperatures and observes maximum sensitivity, superior selectivity, quick response and recovery ability for the ammonia gas as compared with other test gases. The feasible NH3 gas detection mechanism is pictorially presented in this manuscript. The present works conclude that nanostructured spinel NiCo2O4 is the promising material in the high performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications and ammonia gas sensing application.

Lanthanum-zinc mixed metal oxide as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

We report the synthesis of mixed metal oxide of lanthanum and zinc through sol-gel combustion method. Two different compositions of the mixed oxides were produced at 4 and 7 pH. The morphology, purity and crystal structure of the developed compositions were analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Further, electrodes were developed on Ni-foam substrate for both the compositions by mixing the mixed metal oxide powder with binder and additive. These electrodes were electrochemically characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for supercapacitor (SCs) applications. The electrode produced at 4 pH shows high charge storage ability as compared to 7 pH electrode and attained specific capacitance of 209.82 F/g at 2 mV/s and 188.54 F/g at 1 A/g, due to the presence of pure metal oxides and porous microstructure. In-depth study of the CV data established that the charge storage mechanism is purely diffusion base which provides the utilization of the inner surface atoms to store electrical charge. The pH 4 composition also exhibited high cyclic stability of 82 % after 5000 GCD cycles which make it a potential electrode material to be used in efficient and long life SCs devices.

Evolution of α-V2O5 into electrochemically transformed NaV3O8 structure: Structural changes and supercapacitor application

Nowadays, cost-effective and environmentally friendly supercapacitors (SCs) with high energy and power densities are gaining significant research attention since they could broaden the application of capacitors. The present study demonstrates a low-cost green synthesis technique to prepare the α-V2O5 phase using Aloe Vera leaf extract. X-ray diffraction technique confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic α-V2O5 phase. The prepared α-V2O5 was employed as an electrode material for SC application. During an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry test in Na2SO4 electrolyte, Na+ ions intercalation and de-intercalation processes resulted in a phase transformation of α-V2O5 to NaV3O8. Structural transformation (i.e., orthorhombic to monoclinic crystal structure) and morphological changes were also observed during the electrochemical phase conversion process. This electrochemical phase transformation process improved the overall supercapacitive performance of the α-V2O5 material. Such electrochemically converted NaV3O8 displayed a maximum specific capacitance of 640.1 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a long cyclic stability. Furthermore, the AC // NaV3O8 asymmetric SC coin cell device delivered a maximum energy density of 62.6 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 7.3 kW kg−1 along with an excellent cycling stability of ∼81 % over 5000 GCD cycles.

Studies on electrochemical properties of ZnO/CuMn2O4 NCs as electrode material for supercapacitor application

Studies on electrochemical properties of ZnO/CuMn2O4 NCs as electrode material for supercapacitor application