Electrode Material For Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

Combustion synthesis of spinel structured NiCo2O4 nanostructures: An efficient material for gas sensing and supercapacitor electrode applications

Nanostructured spinel NiCo2O4 powder has been effectively synthesized using the solution combustion technique. The synthesized material was annealed at 500 °C and further utilised for gas sensing and energy storage applications. The thermal, structural, optical, electrical, magnetic and morphological properties of synthesized material were investigated in detail. The annealed synthesized NiCo2O4 powder was tested for the electrochemical studies with galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic stabilitytests for the supercapacitor electrode applications. The specific capacitance (CS), energy density (E) and power density (P) of the synthesized materials were estimated from the GCD plot and it was 730 F/g, 16.22 WhKg−1 and 398.71 Wkg-1 respectively at the current densities 2 A/g. The fabricated electrode from NiCo2O4 powder had an initial retention of capacitance value is 92.23 % after 5000 cycles. The synthesized material was further tested with different gases detection at various temperatures. The fabricated NiCo2O4 sensor was used for the estimation of gas sensing properties of acetone, carbon dioxide, ammonia and ethanol gases at various working temperatures. The gas-detection measurements illustrate that the NiCo2O4 material reacts differently to various gases at different temperatures and observes maximum sensitivity, superior selectivity, quick response and recovery ability for the ammonia gas as compared with other test gases. The feasible NH3 gas detection mechanism is pictorially presented in this manuscript. The present works conclude that nanostructured spinel NiCo2O4 is the promising material in the high performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications and ammonia gas sensing application.

Lanthanum-zinc mixed metal oxide as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

We report the synthesis of mixed metal oxide of lanthanum and zinc through sol-gel combustion method. Two different compositions of the mixed oxides were produced at 4 and 7 pH. The morphology, purity and crystal structure of the developed compositions were analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Further, electrodes were developed on Ni-foam substrate for both the compositions by mixing the mixed metal oxide powder with binder and additive. These electrodes were electrochemically characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for supercapacitor (SCs) applications. The electrode produced at 4 pH shows high charge storage ability as compared to 7 pH electrode and attained specific capacitance of 209.82 F/g at 2 mV/s and 188.54 F/g at 1 A/g, due to the presence of pure metal oxides and porous microstructure. In-depth study of the CV data established that the charge storage mechanism is purely diffusion base which provides the utilization of the inner surface atoms to store electrical charge. The pH 4 composition also exhibited high cyclic stability of 82 % after 5000 GCD cycles which make it a potential electrode material to be used in efficient and long life SCs devices.

Evolution of α-V2O5 into electrochemically transformed NaV3O8 structure: Structural changes and supercapacitor application

Nowadays, cost-effective and environmentally friendly supercapacitors (SCs) with high energy and power densities are gaining significant research attention since they could broaden the application of capacitors. The present study demonstrates a low-cost green synthesis technique to prepare the α-V2O5 phase using Aloe Vera leaf extract. X-ray diffraction technique confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic α-V2O5 phase. The prepared α-V2O5 was employed as an electrode material for SC application. During an electrochemical cyclic voltammetry test in Na2SO4 electrolyte, Na+ ions intercalation and de-intercalation processes resulted in a phase transformation of α-V2O5 to NaV3O8. Structural transformation (i.e., orthorhombic to monoclinic crystal structure) and morphological changes were also observed during the electrochemical phase conversion process. This electrochemical phase transformation process improved the overall supercapacitive performance of the α-V2O5 material. Such electrochemically converted NaV3O8 displayed a maximum specific capacitance of 640.1 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a long cyclic stability. Furthermore, the AC // NaV3O8 asymmetric SC coin cell device delivered a maximum energy density of 62.6 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 7.3 kW kg−1 along with an excellent cycling stability of ∼81 % over 5000 GCD cycles.

Studies on electrochemical properties of ZnO/CuMn2O4 NCs as electrode material for supercapacitor application

Studies on electrochemical properties of ZnO/CuMn2O4 NCs as electrode material for supercapacitor application

Fabrication of Mn doped BiFeO3 as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications

Currently, supercapacitors (SCs) often recognized as electrochemical capacitor are category of energy storage devices that attained considerable attention from researchers. Perovskite materials exhibit significant potential in addressing global energy crisis concerns and act as effective electrode material for SCs application. The perovskite (bismuth ferrite) and manganese-doped (Mn-BiFeO3) nanocomposites were synthesized through the utilization of the hydrothermal method. This synthesis was conducted with the intention of exploring the potential performance of nanocomposites in the energy storage for the supercapacitor (SCs) application. In this work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to recognize the morphology of BiFeO3 nanoparticles incorporated in the transition metal (Mn). The EDX analysis confirmed the fabricated sample was pure and without any impurity. The investigation conducted on the Mn-BiFeO3 nanocomposites in the BET study has confirmed a notable surface area of around 49 m2 g−1. The investigation of energy storage applications involved the utilization of 2 M KOH electrolyte for conducting galvanic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nanocomposites consisting of BiFeO3-Mn have excellent specific capacitance (Cs) values of around 1795 F g−1 when tested at 1 A g−1, demonstrating best charge-discharge cyclic behavior; the computed values of both solution resistance Rs (1.08 Ω) and charge transfer resistance Rct (0.02 Ω) was calculated by the EIS graph. Our research findings demonstrate a method for synthesizing nanocomposites from the hydrothermal method that is efficient and scalable while also being cost-effective. These nanocomposites exhibit improved electrochemical performance, making them suitable for use for SCs applications and can used towards further energy storage devices.

Ellipsoidal shaped Co3O4 quantum dots synthesis by atmospheric microplasma discharge: An electrochemical study

Spinel Co3O4 quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized for supercapacitor application using a customized plasma discharge reactor that generates stable non-equilibrium, high-density microplasma at ambient conditions. Microplasma, generated above the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate [Co(NO3)2·6H2O] solution using argon gas at 35 W discharge power, induced particle nucleation via high-energy electron collisions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images demonstrated that Co3O4 particles had an ellipsoidal morphology with an average size of 4 nm. Electrochemical investigation exhibited pseudocapacitive behavior, yielding a significant specific capacitance of 348.5 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 current density with a notable retention capacity in 1 M KOH electrolyte. These findings confirm Co3O4 QDs suitability as electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Facile fabrication of BiFeO3/g-C3N4 nanohybrid as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitor application

The motivation for developing nanostructured electrode materials arises from the increasing demands of energy requirements of the upcoming generation due to excessive use of fossil fuels. The latest eco-friendly energy storage devices like supercapacitors that offers significant economic and environmental advantages, which possesses prolonged lifespan and a remarkable power density. In this study, structural evolution and electrochemical performance of BiFeO3@g-CN electrode material is characterized. The electrochemical properties of BiFeO3@g-CN are determined by using different analytical tests. The specific capacitance of pure BiFeO3 and BiFeO3@g-CN composite shows 557 and 1164 F/g, respectively calculating from galvanostatic charge-discharge plots. A number of factors, including the presence of several transition metal oxide, specific surface area (SSA), a nitrogen-rich structure of g-CN that allows quick ion transport which contributes to enhanced electrochemical efficiency. The material's structural stability was confirmed by its electrochemical stability after the 5000th cycle after 50 h. The BiFeO3@g-CN showed a lower charge transfer resistance (0.3 Ω) evaluated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The improvement in electrochemical properties of BiFeO3@g-CN electrode material indicates its potential suitability for integration into supercapacitors. The material's exceptional stability demonstrates its potential as a viable candidate for next-generation energy storage devices.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-Doped Co3O4 Nanotubes Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Application

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-Doped Co3O4 Nanotubes Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Application

Synthesis, magnetic properties, and electrochemical evaluation of La2NiMnO6 double perovskite as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications

Perovskite oxides have attracted significant attention in energy storage performances, because of its eccentric physical and chemical features. Herein, we aim to study the electrochemical characterization of double perovskite La2NiMnO6 (LNM) prepared through a facile sol-gel route. XRD profile portraited the formation of monoclinic structure with a space group P21/n. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy highlighted the presence of La, Ni, Mn and O ions in La2NiMnO6. SEM images validated the presence of uniformly distributed particles. The MnO6 and NiO6 octahedra's stretching “breathing” vibrations are assigned to the Ag mode, whereas the combined modes of antistretching or/and bending motions are represented by the Bg mode. Subsequent electrochemical performance evaluations of LNM electrode were conducted using cyclic voltammetry, galvanic charge-discharge studies, electroscopic Impedance spectroscopy and Ragone plot to interpret the nature of prepared sample. For a scan rate 10 mV/s, LNM shows specific capacitance of 9.16 mF/g and at current density of 0.1 A/g, it showed specific capacitance of 20.13 mF/g. The DC magnetic measurement shows the persistence of a dominating ferromagnetic long-range ordering below the Curie temperature (TC∼286 K). Hence the result provides an opportunity to develop LNM for supercapacitor applications.

Co-pyrolysis of chicken feathers and macadamia nut shells, a promising strategy to create nitrogen-enriched electrode materials for supercapacitor applications

Global food waste emits substantial quantities of nitrogen to the environment (6.3 Mtons annually), chicken feather (CF) waste is a major contributor to this. Pyrolysis, in particular co-pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich and lignocellulosic waste streams is a promising strategy to improve the extent of pyrolytic nitrogen retention by incorporating nitrogen in its solid biochar structure. As such, this biochar can serve as a precursor for nitrogen-enriched activated carbons for application in supercapacitors. Therefore, this study investigates the co-pyrolysis of CF with macadamia nut shells (MNS) to create nitrogen-rich activated carbons. Co-pyrolysis increased nitrogen retention during pyrolysis from 9 % to 18 % compared to CF mono-pyrolysis, while the porosity was maintained. After removing undesirable inorganic impurities by dilute acid washing, this led to a specific capacitance of 21F/g using a scan rate of 20 mV/s. Finally, cycling stability tests demonstrated good stability with 73 % capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles.

Electrochemical performance of Mn3O4/graphene composite deposited on nickel foam as promising electrode material for supercapacitor application

Electrochemical performance of Mn3O4/graphene composite deposited on nickel foam as promising electrode material for supercapacitor application

Fabrication of (Ag, Zn, Co) based spinel ferrites as electrode materials for high energy density hybrid supercapacitors

Three spinel ferrites, AgFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and ZnFe2O4, were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal technique and were employed as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. These spinel ferrites underwent a comprehensive assessment of their crystallinity, morphology, and electrochemical performance. The structural analysis using X-ray diffraction convincingly demonstrated the excellent crystallization of these compounds, indicating the development of single-phase spinel ferrites. A uniform cubic structure was successfully achieved. TEM analysis revealed that the as-synthesized nanomaterials exhibited a spherical shape with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm. In terms of electrochemical performance, utilizing a three-electrode configuration, the cubic spinel CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, synthesized at 200 °C, exhibited outstanding results, with a maximum specific capacitance of 2146.40 F/g at 3 mV/s, surpassing the performance of AgFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4. To create a hybrid asymmetric device utilizing all three spinel ferrites, activated carbon served as the negative electrode, while AgFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and ZnFe2O4 were employed as positive electrodes. Notably, the CoFe2O4 electrode outperformed the others, achieving a remarkable 94 % coulombic efficiency and demonstrating long-term cyclic stability with 87 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The findings of this study underscore the significant potential of the synthesized nanoparticles as promising candidates for hybrid supercapacitors and various other electrochemical applications.

Sustainable Supercapacitor Electrode Based on Activated Biochar Derived from Preserved Wood Waste

Due to the inherent metals (Cu, As and Cr) in preserved wood waste (CCA-treated wood waste) that pose a risk to both the environment and human health, it is crucial to dispose of CCA-treated wood properly. Carbon materials have received widespread attention for their high porosity, renewability and simplicity of fabrication. This work presents a simple and effective process for producing carbon materials from leftover CCA-treated wood (chromated copper arsenate). Utilizing CCA-treated wood derived carbon (CCA-BC) and activating it with KOH (CCA-AC), electrode materials for supercapacitor applications were created and its electrochemical characteristics were investigated. The resulting material combines the conductivity of the metal in preserved wood with the good porosity provided by carbon materials. Compared with common wood biomass, carbon (W-BC) and common wood activated carbon (W-AC), CCA-BC and CCA-AC have better electrochemical properties. After being pyrolyzed at 600 °C for two hours, CCA-AC performed optimally electrochemically in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, demonstrating a 72% capacity retention rate after 2000 charge and discharge cycles and a specific capacity of 76.7 F/g. This study provides a novel approach for the manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes, which also allows preserved wood waste an environmentally nondestructive form of elimination.

Carbon Nitride Supported Ultra-fine Bismuth Sulfide Based Supercapacitor for Low Frequency Oscillator Application

In this study, a high temperature in-situ route is reported for the synthesis of one dimensional carbon nitride supported bismuth sulfide nanoparticles. The x-ray diffraction study confirmed the formation of orthorhombic crystal structure of bismuth sulfide with the space group of Pnma (62). The synthesized product was used as an electrode material for supercapacitor application. Electrochemical performance of the three-electrode configuration demonstrated the specific capacitance value of 190 F.g−1 at the current density 1.5 A.g−1. A symmetric supercapacitor device, fabricated using identical synthesized material, resulted a specific capacity of 101.7 mAh.g−1 at 0.02 A.g−1, with energy and power density values of 24.35 mWh.kg−1 and 186.57 W.kg−1, respectively. The symmetric device also exhibited excellent cycling stability that retained 99% of its initial capacity after 500 cycles at 0.12 A.g−1. The coin cell based symmetric supercapacitor can generate the low frequency waveform and functioned as an oscillator.Graphical

Facile synthesis of CuMn2O4 nanoparticles for efficient of high performance electrode materials for supercapacitor application

Copper manganese oxides (CuMn2O4) were prepared through the sol-gel auto-combustion methods followed by different calcination temperatures. Further, these materials were characterized by the surface analytical techniques such as TG-DTA, XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, XPS, and BET. Additionally, the multifunctional properties of these nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated in terms of their magnetic, dielectric, and electrochemical behavior. Structural XRD reveals the spinel formation of CuMn2O4 NPs orientation along with (211) plane tetragonal structure and space group I41/amd (141). XRD shows the increasing nature of crystallite size ∼32–40 nm with calcination temperatures. Molecular vibrational by FTIR study shows two metal-oxygen bonds ∼605 and 517 cm−1 attributed to tetrahedral and octahedral sides. The XPS oxidation studies of metallic species Cu2+ and Mn2+. The NPs depicts the ferromagnetic behaviour from the hysteresis-loop. The dielectric exhibit improved AC conductivity with increasing frequency. Electrochemical of CuMn2O4 NPs as working electrode showed an enhanced specific capacitance of 822 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The electrochemical stability of the CuMn2O4 electrode material provided a good Coulombic efficiency of around 91%, even after 5000 cycles. The high energy and high power density of 18.2 W hkg−1 and 1125 W kg−1, respectively, make the CuMn2O4 NPs an effective material for supercapacitor applications.

Peanut Oil Cake Biomass‐Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon by Dual Step Activation as Potential Electrodes for Fabrication of Prototype Symmetric Supercapacitor Device

Peanut oil cake biomass is a major by‐product of oil industry and can be a suitable precursor for the production of biomass‐based porous carbon. Herein, dual‐stage activation, physical activation at 400°C, and chemical activation using KOH between 600 and 900°C are adopted to prepare hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) from peanut oil cake biomass for use as electrode material in electrochemical supercapacitors. The textural and structural properties of the HPC were evaluated by N2‐adsorption/desorption, X‐ray diffraction, Raman, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The prepared HPC inherited sufficient micropores and mesopores distribution with a maximum BET surface area of 640 m2/g. The electrochemical properties of the HPC electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis. Among different HPC electrodes prepared, the carbon prepared at 800°C (HPC‐P8) electrode material exhibited a high specific capacitance of 187 F/g at 0.5 A/g in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte in three‐electrode systems. Symmetric supercapacitors were also fabricated using HPC‐P8//HPC‐P8 as positive and negative electrodes using 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte, in a two‐electrode cell configuration via split cell method. Maximum specific capacitance of 30 F/g was achieved with superior cycle stability of 93.8% capacitance retention over 5,000 cycles for the symmetric device. The device operated at a wide potential window (0–2.0 V) resulted in appreciable specific energy and power density of 15.89 Wh/kg and 493 W/kg, respectively. HPC‐P8 had an ion diffusion coefficient of 7.79 × 10−8 cm2/s which is higher than the other prepared carbon samples. The symmetric device showed relatively high charge storage capacity and cyclic stability without any material degradation. The fabricated prototype portable supercapacitor module was tested for red LED glow with maximum intensity brightness up to 4 min. Thus, the present study reveals that HPC derived from peanut oil cake biomass can behave as a promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

High capacitive pt and NiOx loaded supercapacitors with commercial and green synthesized carbon-based materials

Supercapacitors have gained great interest due to their high-power energy density, suitability for clean energy and energy storage applications. In this study, we used commercial multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), polypyrrole (PPy) and synthesized porous carbon (PC) from Astragalus brachycalyx plant as supporting materials to prepare Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC electrodes by a straightforward method and tested their electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to characterize synthesized electrodes. The XRD results confirmed the composition and crystalline structure of related materials in the Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC electrodes. While the MWCNT supporting materials with PPy exhibited filled rod like structure, PC supporting materials showed porous surfaces according to SEM images. The EDS analysis approved chemical composition of the Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC depending on their ingredients. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were used to characterize capacitor behaviors of the electrode materials in a Swagelok-type cell. The Pt-NiOx/PPy-MWCNT and Pt-NiOx/PC materials displayed 252.36 F/g and 390.97 F/g capacitance values, respectively. The electrochemical experiments revealed that the synthesized materials can be used as energy storage electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.

Investigating electrochemical behavior of cobalt pentacyano(methylaniline)ferrate(ii) in various aqueous electrolytes for supercapacitor application

Novel Prussian blue analogue (PBA) electrode material for supercapacitor application showed high capacity in 3 M KOH and excellent performance when tested in solid-state asymmetric device with 93% capacity retention over 2000 cycles.

Novel electrospun bead-like Ag2MoO4 nanofibers coated on Ni foam for visible light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis and high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.

Novel Ag2MoO4 nanocomposite fibers were designed to enhance the photocatalytic response and supercapacitor performance of MoO3 grown via the sol-gel electrospinning technique. The Ag2MoO4 nanocomposite fibers exhibit a high specific surface area of 49.3 m2 g-1 comprising nanobeads that aggregate in the fibrous structure. The photodegradation efficiency of Ag2MoO4 was evaluated as 62% under visible light irradiation which improved to 71% with heterogeneous photocatalysis. The Ag2MoO4@Ni foam exhibited a low Rct of 19.6 Ω, and an enhanced specific capacitance of 1445 F g-1 was obtained at 1 A g-1, with 93% of its initial capacitance remaining after 5000 cycles. In addition, the Ag2MoO4//activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor possesses an excellent energy density of 76.6 W h kg-1 at 743.2 W kg-1 and a noteworthy cycling durability of 91% after 5000 cycles. Our findings demonstrate that the electrospun Ag2MoO4@Ni foam is an important and inexpensive electrode material for supercapacitor applications and visible light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis, drawing on the synergic effects of Ag and Mo to exhibit much better performance.

Tailoring a hierarchical porous carbon electrode from carbon black via 3D diatomite morphology control for enhanced electrochemical performance.

Carbon black, a nano-porous material usually derived from the pyrolysis of waste tyres possesses varied particle sizes and morphology making it a viable material for several engineering applications. However, the high tendency for CB to agglomerate remains a challenge. To address this, bio-templating has been employed to produce a nanostructured porous carbon electrode material for supercapacitor applications using diatomite as a template. Diatomite-synthesized activated carbon (DSAC) was fabricated through a three-step process involving acid treatment of diatomite, thermal activation of carbon black, and bio-template synthesis. The resulting material was thoroughly characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET analysis, and SEM imaging. Its electrochemical properties were assessed through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The DSAC material exhibited a high specific surface area of 266.867 m2 g-1, pore volume of 0.6606 cm3 g-1, and mean pore radius of 1.8943 nm. The electrochemical evaluation revealed that DSAC demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, achieving a high specific capacitance of 630.18 F g-1 and retaining 94.29% capacitance after 5000 cycles at 1 A g-1. The DSAC electrode is eco-friendly and a promising candidate for supercapacitor applications.