Electrochemical Oxidation Of Glucose Research Articles

Facile synthesis of nickel oxide thin films from PVP encapsulated nickel sulfide thin films: an efficient material for electrochemical sensing of glucose, hydrogen peroxide and photodegradation of dye

Aerial oxidation of PVP-NiS thin films to synthesize NiO thin films; a potential material for electrochemical oxidation of glucose, reduction of peroxide and photodegradation of dye.

Monolithically integrated copper phosphide nanowire: An efficient electrocatalyst for sensitive and selective nonenzymatic glucose detection

The detection of glucose plays a significant role in diagnostics and management of diabetes and it is thus desired to develop non-noble-metal electrocatalyst for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. This work demonstrates the first use of monolithically integrated copper phosphide nanowire on copper foam (Cu3P NW/CF) as an efficient catalyst for electrochemical oxidation of glucose. As a nonenzymatic glucose sensor, this Cu3P NW/CF exhibits a low detection limit of 0.32μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 with a linear range from 0.005 to 1mM (R2=0.997). It also shows high anti-interference property to other normally co-existing electroactive species including lactose, fructose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, urea, dopiamine, and sucorse as well as excellent resistance to chloride poisoning. Its application for glucose detection in human serum sample is also demonstrated successfully.

Electrochemical oxidation of glucose and gluconate by an electrode modified with a carbon-supported Rh phthalocyanine

A carbon-supported Rh phthalocyanine catalyzed the electro-oxidation of glucose in basic solution. The overpotentials for the oxidation are lower than those with other conventional Co phthalocyanine-based catalysts. This electrocatalytic oxidation is coupled with the redox potential of Rh phthalocyanine. The introduction of an electron-donating group causes negative shift in the redox potential, and decreases the onset potential for the oxidation of glucose. The Rh phthalocyanine catalyst needs activation before the catalytic oxidation of glucose. This activation is achieved by the exposure of the catalyst to negative potentials. This catalyst also oxidizes gluconate, which is a possible 2-electron oxidation product of glucose. Electrolysis of glucose solution shows that glucose undergoes multi-electron (more than 2) oxidation by the Rh phthalocyanine.

Yolk@Shell Nanoarchitectures with Bimetallic Nanocores-Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Applications.

In the present paper, we demonstrate a versatile approach for the one-pot synthesis of metal oxide yolk@shell nanostructures filled with bimetallic nanocores. This novel approach is based on the principles of hydrophobic nanoreactor soft-templating and is exemplified for the synthesis of various AgAuNP@tin-rich ITO (AgAu@ITOTR) yolk@shell nanomaterials. Hydrophobic nanoreactor soft-templating thereby takes advantage of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpiridine) inverse micelles as two-compartment nanoreactor template, in which the core and the shell of the micelles serve as metal and metal oxide precursor reservoir, respectively. The composition, size and number of AuAg bimetallic nanoparticles incorporated within the ITOTR yolk@shell can easily be tuned. The conductivity of the ITOTR shell and the bimetallic composition of the AuAg nanoparticles, the as-synthesized AuAgNP@ITOTR yolk@shell materials could be used as efficient electrocatalysts for electrochemical glucose oxidation with improved onset potential when compared to their gold counterpart.

Mediated and Direct Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose and Cellulose: Towards Glucose and Cellulosic Air Batteries

The electrochemical oxidation of glucose has been widely explored, primarily for analytical purposes. The combustion of glucose is also well established to occur. By combining an electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation, as well as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst, it is possible to assemble air-batteries or fuel cells that can (non-enzymatically) harvest useful electrical energy from glucose. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world, is a non-food crop waste material, and is made up on glucose sub-units. By studying the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose, it is possible to develop electrochemical devices that could use cellulose (and by extension, waste lignocellulosic biomass) as a fuel. All that is required is a suitable electrolyte that can dissolve cellulose (and lignocellulosic biomass). Ionic liquids and certain aqueous hydroxides fulfil these criteria. We have been investigating the oxidation of glucose and cellulose, and developing genuine air-batteries that can exploit these materials. Focus has been upon (i) the electrolyte, which is critical in both solubilising the fuel, and in impacting electrocatalytic trends, (ii) dissolved molecules which can act as facile solution-phase electrocatalytic mediators for the oxidation processes, and (iii) nanostructured electrodes such as nanoporous gold, which can act as electrocatalytic electrodes for the direct oxidation of glucose and cellulose. In particular, it has been ensured that the electrolyte assists in the electrocatalytic processes and encourages depolymerisation of cellulose into glucose, ensuring high power electrochemical devices can be developed. Our progress in this area will be summarised.

New‐Type Nickel Oxalate Nanostructures for Ultrahigh Sensitive Electrochemical Biosensing of Glucose

This study reports a unique binder‐free nickel oxalate (NiC2O4) nanodiamond‐decorated Ni foam which is fabricated through anodization, as a new‐type electrode material for nonenzymatic glucose biosensing. The electrode presents multilinear detection ranges with ultrahigh sensitivities (up to 144.26 mA mm −1 cm−2) and an ultralow detection limit (5 × 10−9m), as well as acceptable selectivity and stability toward glucose detection. The superior sensing performance not only originates from the electrochemical catalytic activity of NiC2O4 nanodiamonds, but also associates with its in situ growth on the skeleton of Ni foam, making full use of the high conductivity of the metal substrate and the direct interface contact between the two materials and concurrently promoting superior electronic/ion conductivity of the whole electrode. Besides, a new method to determine the turnover frequency is introduced to evaluate the intrinsic chemical properties of biochemical catalysts for glucose detection. This is the first attempt to systematically illustrate that nickel oxalate can also be applied to the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. More significantly, the findings can direct the fabrication of many other oxalate‐based nanostructured glucose biosensors with high performance.

Erratum to: Mild in situ growth of platinum nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotube-poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel electrode for glucose electrochemical oxidation

This investigation describes an effective strategy to fabricate an electrochemically active hybrid hydrogel made from platinum nanoparticles that are highly dense, uniformly dispersed, and tightly embedded throughout the conducting hydrogel network for the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. A suspension of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and polyvinyl alcohol aqueous was coated on glassy carbon electrode by electrophoretic deposition and then physically crosslinked to form a three-dimensional porous conductive hydrogel network by a process of freezing and thawing. The network offered 3D interconnected mass-transport channels (around 200 nm) and confined nanotemplates for in situ growth of uniform platinum nanoparticles via the moderate reduction agent, ascorbic acid. The resulting hybrid hydrogel electrode membrane demonstrates an effective method for loading platinum nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by the electrostatic adsorption between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and platinum ions within porous hydrogel network. The average diameter of platinum nanoparticles is 37 ± 14 nm, which is less than the particle size by only using the moderate reduction agent. The hybrid hydrogel electrode membrane-coated glassy carbon electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity and good long-term stability toward glucose electrochemical oxidation. The glucose oxidation current exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of glucose in the presence of chloride ions, promising for potential applications of implantable biofuel cells, biosensors, and electronic devices.

Hierarchical 3-dimensional nickel–iron nanosheet arrays on carbon fiber paper as a novel electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Three-dimensional nickel-iron (3-D/Ni-Fe) nanostructures are exciting candidates for various applications because they produce more reaction-active sites than 1-D and 2-D nanostructured materials and exhibit attractive optical, electrical and catalytic properties. In this work, freestanding 3-D/Ni-Fe interconnected hierarchical nanosheets, hierarchical nanospheres, and porous nanospheres are directly grown on a flexible carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrate by a single-step hydrothermal process. Among the nanostructures, 3-D/Ni-Fe interconnected hierarchical nanosheets show excellent electrochemical properties because of its high conductivity, large specific active surface area, and mesopores on its walls (vide infra). The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet array modified CFP substrate is further explored as a novel electrode for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor application. The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays exhibit significant catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of glucose, as compared to the 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanospheres, and porous nanospheres. The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays can access a large amount of glucose molecules on their surface (mesopore walls) for an efficient electrocatalytic oxidation process. Moreover, 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays showed higher sensitivity (7.90 μA μM(-1) cm(-2)) with wide linear glucose concentration ranging from 0.05 μM to 0.2 mM, and the low detection limit (LOD) of 0.031 μM (S/N = 3) is achieved by the amperometry method. Further, the 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet array modified CFP electrode can be demonstrated to have excellent selectivity towards the detection of glucose in the presence of 500-fold excess of major important interferents. All these results indicate that 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays are promising candidates for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

Comparative electrodeposition of Ni–Co nanoparticles on carbon materials and their efficiency in electrochemical oxidation of glucose

The use of carbon materials (graphene, multiwall carbon nanotubes, and fullerene) as templates for comparative electrodeposition of Ni–Co nanostructures is described. Operating conditions and parameters were found to influence in a challenging manner the morphology and electrochemical activity of the electrodeposited Ni–Co nanoparticles. The electrocatalytic properties of Ni–Co/carbon material-modified electrode toward the glucose oxidation were analyzed via cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The studies showed that Ni–Co/MWNT electrode displayed the highest electrocatalytic activity, attributed to the high density of Ni–Co nanoparticles deposited on the carbon nanotubes support. A low detection limit of 1.8 μM glucose with a good sensitivity of 1868 µA mM−1 cm−2 was obtained for electrochemical detection at Ni–Co deposited on MWNT.

NiMoO4 nanofibres designed by electrospining technique for glucose electrocatalytic oxidation

Electrochemical oxidation of glucose is the guarantee to realize nonenzymatic sensing of glucose, but greatly hindered by the slow kinetics of its oxidation process. Herein, various nanomaterials were designed as catalysts to accelerate glucose oxidation reaction. However, how to effectively build an excellent platform for promoting the glucose oxidation is still a great challenge. In our work, 1D CaMoO4 and NiMoO4 nanofibres with same morphologies and sub-microstructures were fabricated by electrospinning technique in the first time, and explored to modify the detection electrodes of nonenzymatic glucose sensors. The electrochemical results indicated that the NiMoO4 based sensor exhibited a good catalytic activity toward glucose including the low response potential (0.5 V), high sensitivity(193.8 μA mM−1 cm−2) with a linear response region of 0.01–8 mM, low detection limit (4.6 μM) and fast response time (2 s), all of which are superior to the corresponding values of CaMoO4 nanofibres and even higher than those of most reported NiO and Co3O4 catalysts, which is due to the NiMoO4 nanofibres are not only advantageous to electron transfer, but can mediated the electrocatalytic reaction of glucose. This work should provide a new pathway for the design of advanced glucose catalysts for nonenzymatic sensor.

Improved D-glucose electro-oxidation at a binary catalyst of nickel and cobalt oxide modified glassy carbon electrode

The catalytic activity of a glassy carbon electrode was significantly improved by in situ oxidation of cobalt oxide by Ni2O3, with respect to glucose oxidation. The electrochemical oxidation of glucose on a glassy carbon electrode modified (GCE) by cobalt oxide (CoO x /GCE) or nickel oxide (NiO x /GCE) was examined by cyclic voltammetry, in aqueous alkaline solutions. These results were compared with those obtained on a cobalt oxide deposited on GCE previously covered by a film of nickel (CoO x /NiO x /GCE). It was found that the modified electrode by two oxides has a superior catalytic activity in the oxidation of glucose. This electrode has good linear behaviour in the concentration range of 10.0 µmol/L to 3.0 mmol/L for the quantitative analysis of glucose with a sensitivity of 79.7 mA mol–1 L. The electrode has a satisfactory stability and a long life under ambient conditions.

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO-Al2O3 oxides as energetic electro-catalytic material for glucose fuel cell

One of the thrust areas of research is to find an alternative fuel to meet the increasing demand for energy. Glucose is a good source of alternative fuel for clean energy and is easily available in abundance from both naturally occurring plants and industrial processes. Electrochemical oxidation of glucose in fuel cell requires high electro-catalytic surface of the electrode to produce the clean electrical energy with minimum energy losses in the cell. Pt and Pt based alloys exhibit high electro-catalytic properties but they are expensive. For energy synthesis at economically cheap price, non Pt based inexpensive high electro catalytic material is required. Electro synthesized ZnO-Al2O3 composite is found to exhibit high electro-catalytic properties for glucose oxidation. The Cyclic Voltammetry and Chronoamperometry curves reflect that the material is very much comparable to Pt as far as the maximum current and the steady state current delivered from the glucose oxidation are concerned. XRD image confirms the mixed oxide composite. SEM images morphology show increased 3D surface areas at higher magnification. This attributed high current delivered from electrochemical oxidation of glucose on this electrode surface.

Electrochemical oxidation of glucose on gold nanoparticle-modified reduced graphene oxide electrodes in alkaline solutions

A given amount of gold is electrodeposited on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/glassy carbon (GC) electrodes to form Au /RGO/GC electrodes, which are carried out at different potentials. The Au /RGO/GC electrode with Au loading of 250 μg cm-2 prepared at a constant potential of -0.30 V exhibits the best electrocatalytic activity to glucose oxidation in alkaline solutions because of homogeneous dispersion of gold nanoparticles with smaller sizes. This electrode shows long-term stability, rapid charge transfer ability, and higher current density compared to other gold electrodes reported previously.

Adsorption of BiIII on Pt nanoparticles leading to the enhanced electrocatalysis of glucose oxidation

The nanocomposites of BiIII/Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) were prepared using an operationally simple method, in which BiIII spontaneously adsorbed onto the surface of PtNPs to form a submonolayer by the strong interactions between BiIII and Pt. The adsorption of BiIII on PtNPs was confirmed by electrochemical studies. Without PtNPs, BiIII did not adsorb directly on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. The specific chemistry resulted in high electrocatalysis performance of the obtained nanocomposites toward glucose oxidation compared with PtNPs alone because of the dual effects of Bi(III). On the one hand, Bi tends to bind OH− from alkaline solution and then to share it with the adjacent Pt atom. This binding leads to an increase in number of hydroxylated Pt centers, which are the active species for the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. On the other hand, Bi acts as a binder to cross-link PtNPs and to immobilize them on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. The fabricated BiIII/PtNP nanocomposites may have the potential applications in the areas of electrocatalysis or electroanalysis.

Catalytic Properties of Platinum Nanoparticles Obtained in a Single Step Simultaneous Reduction of Pt(IV) Ions and Graphene Oxide

A composite material consisting of metallic platinum nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide was successfully obtained in microflow reactor. Moreover, subnanometric platinum particles were observed. Reduced graphene oxide plays an important role as a stabilizing agent for platinum nanoparticles. Reduced graphene oxide coverage and platinum particle size as well as size distribution depend mainly on initial concentration of platinum(IV) ions. High level of reduced graphene oxide coverage by platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) was obtained and is equal to 71%. This in turn effects significantly the mass ratio of reduced graphene oxide to PtNPs which is equal to 49% (w/w). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the obtained materials were performed. Also, catalytic properties of the obtained composite material consisting of PtNPs at reduced graphene oxide surface, towards electrochemical glucose oxidation, were investigated. It was found that the studied materia...

Electrochemical Glucose Oxidation Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Au‐Ag Nanoparticles: Influence of Ag Content

This paper describes the application of glassy carbon modified electrodes bearing Aux‐Agy nanoparticles to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. In particular, the paper shows the influence of the Ag content on this oxidation process. A simple method was applied to prepare the nanoparticles, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Ultraviolet‐Visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. These nanoparticles were used to modify glassy carbon electrodes. The effectiveness of these electrodes for electrochemical glucose oxidation was evaluated. The modified glassy carbon electrodes are highly sensitive to glucose oxidation in alkaline media, which could be attributed to the presence of Aux‐Agy nanoparticles on the electrode surface. The voltammetric results suggest that the glucose oxidation speed is controlled by the glucose diffusion to the electrode surface. These results also show that the catalytic activity of the electrodes depends on the Ag content of the nanoparticles. Best results were obtained for the Au80‐Ag20 nanoparticles modified electrode. This electrode could be used for Gluconic acid (GA) production.

Construction of a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper nanoparticles/poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanocomposites

An electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor was fabricated by electrodeposition of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) onto a poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) film-modified glassy carbon electrode (CuNPs/PoPD/GCE). We had studied some factors such as the pH value of supporting electrolyte, the amount of PoPD and applied potentials and optimize the experiment conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the as-obtained sensor for glucose sensing had achieved a wide linear range, low detection limit, and fast response time. The current response of the as-obtained sensor towards electrochemical oxidation of glucose was linear with the concentration of glucose in the range of 5.0 μM to 1.6 mM (R = 0.998) in the solution of 0.1 M NaOH at the applied potential of 0.5 V. The detection limit is 0.25 μM and the fast response achieves within 1 s. The sensor exhibits good sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. The proposed non-enzymatic glucose was successfully employed to determine glucose in blood samples.

A Novel Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Cobalt Nanoparticles Implantation‐Modified Indium Tin Oxide Electrode

AbstractA new type of cobalt nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode (CoNPs/ITO) was fabricated using ion implantation technique. This method is low‐cost, facile and environmentally friendly without the use of any other chemicals. Electrochemical oxidation of glucose with this sensor was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry in alkaline aqueous solutions. The proposed sensor exhibited prominent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose with a low limit of detection of 0.25 µM. Furthermore, the fabricated electrode showed excellent selectivity, good reproducibility and long‐term stability. Thus CoNPs/ITO electrode is a promising candidate in the development of non‐enzymatic glucose sensors.

Electrochemical tuning of the activity and structure of a copper-cobalt micro-nano film on a gold electrode, and its application to the determination of glucose and of Chemical Oxygen Demand.

Micro-nano structured Cu-Co was in situ fabricated on the surface of a gold electrode via electrochemical reduction of CuCl2 and Co(NO3)2. It is shown that the shape of the particles can be controlled by variation of deposition current, deposition time, pH value and the ratio of Cu(II) and Co(II) ions. If prepared under current of −200 μA in 0.1 M, pH 4.0 acetate buffer solution, the film possesses high catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of glucose at a largely increased oxidation current compared to a non-modified surface. The electrochemical activity of this sensor can be easily tuned. Glucose is a standard compound for evaluating the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and we have therefore studied the application of the sensor to the determination of this parameter. Under optimized conditions, the sensor has linear response to glucose in the 1.92-768 mg L−1 concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.609 mg L−1 (at an S/N ratio of 3). A large number of surface water samples was studied, and the results obtained by this method were found to be linearly correlated to those obtained by the dichromate method (r = 0.995; n = 33). Graphical This study describes the facile synthesis of micro-nano Cu-Co by one-step electrodeposition of Cu(II) and Co(II) on gold electrode. The alloy composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities, and was successfully applied on the COD determination of glucose and water samples. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00604-014-1353-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Flexible Electrospun PVdF-HFP/Ni/Co Membranes for Efficient and Highly Selective Enzyme Free Glucose Detection

Highly selective and efficient nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors were fabricated by using electrospun polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) composite nanofiber membranes. The homogeneous, smooth and strongly interconnected nanofibers were identified for the bare PVdF-HFP membrane and beads in the PVdF-HFP nanofibers were observed for the PVdF-HFP/Ni and PVdF-HFP/Ni/Co nanofiber membranes. The face-centered cubic structure of Ni nanoparticles doped in the PVdF-HFP nanofibers has not been altered, even after the alloy formation with Co. The electrochemical oxidation of glucose in an alkaline medium was chosen as a probe for the detection of glucose and was achieved through the fabricated nanofiber membranes. Among the fabricated nanofiber membranes, the PVdF-HFP/Ni/Co membrane exhibited an excellent sensing behavior toward glucose with the low limit of detection and linear range of 0.26 μM and 1 μM to 7 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the fabricated nanofiber membrane exhibited good selectivity, high stability and reproducibility, which promises its applications in nonenzymatic glucose sensors.