Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Research Articles

Copper(II)-Incorporated Porphyrin-Based Porous Organic Polymer for a Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor.

To date, the fabrication of multifunctional nanoplatforms based on a porous organic polymer for electrochemical sensing of biorelevant molecules has received considerable attention in the search for a more active, robust, and sensitive electrocatalyst. Here, in this report, we have developed a new porous organic polymer based on porphyrin (TEG-POR) from a polycondensation reaction between a triethylene glycol-linked dialdehyde and pyrrole. The Cu(II) complex of the polymer Cu-TEG-POR shows high sensitivity and a low detection limit for glucose electro-oxidation in an alkaline medium. The characterization of the as-synthesized polymer was done by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 13C CP-MAS solid-state NMR. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm was carried out at 77 K to analyze the porous property. TEG-POR and Cu-TEG-POR both show excellent thermal stability. The Cu-TEG-POR-modified GC electrode shows a low detection limit (LOD) value of 0.9 μM and a wide linear range (0.001-1.3 mM) with a sensitivity of 415.8 μA mM-1 cm-2 toward electrochemical glucose sensing. The interference of the modified electrode from ascorbic acid, dopamine, NaCl, uric acid, fructose, sucrose, and cysteine was insignificant. Cu-TEG-POR exhibits acceptable recovery for blood glucose detection (97.25-104%), suggesting its scope in the future for selective and sensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection in human blood.

Boosting Electrochemical Catalysis and Nonenzymatic Sensing Toward Glucose by Single-Atom Pt Supported on Cu@CuO Core-Shell Nanowires.

It is critical to develop high-performance electrocatalyst for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensing. In this work, a single-atom Pt supported on Cu@CuO core-shell nanowires (Pt1 /Cu@CuO NWs) for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor is designed. Pt1 /Cu@CuO NWs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic oxidation toward glucose with 70mV lower onset potential (0.131V) and 2.4 times higher response current than Cu NWs. Sensors fabricated using Pt1 /Cu@CuO NWs also show high sensitivity (852.163µA mM-1 cm-2 ), low detection limit (3.6µM), wide linear range (0.01-5.18µM), excellent selectivity, and great long-term stability. The outstanding sensing performance of Pt1 /Cu@CuO NWs, investigated by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt single atoms and Cu@CuO core-shell nanowires that generates strong binding energy of glucose on the nanowires. The work provides a new pathway for exploring highly active SACs for electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor.

High-Performance, non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Fe and Cu Doped ZnO/rGO Based Nanocomposite

In the present work, the fabrication and performance of glucose sensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and their composite is demonstrated. ZnO nanostructures possess fascinating properties like large surface area, superior crystal nature and good electrical as well as optical properties. Co-precipitation method was used to fabricate ZnO NPs, iron doped and copper doped ZnO NPs and their composite with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The structural parameters of pure and doped samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction method. Functional group study of the sample was carried out by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphological study of bare ZnO, iron doped ZnO, copper doped ZnO and their composite with rGO were studied by SEM. XRD pattern showed that ZnO had hexagonal wurtzite structure. The studies of electrochemical properties of the electrode using cyclic voltammetry showed that prepared samples were promising for the development of cost effective and non-enzymatic electrochemical based glucose sensor with excellent characteristics. The prepared iron doped ZnO/rGO based composite signify greater sensitivity and greater electrocatalytic activity than rest of the composition considered in current study.

An efficient biosensor using a functionalized microneedle of Cu2O-based CoCu-LDH for glucose detection.

Glucose detection with small and micro volume sampling has recently received increasing attention in monitoring personal health. Herein, a cauliflower-type cluster of Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) was directly deposited on the tip surface of a stainless steel acupuncture needle electrode (ANE) by electrochemical deposition, and then this pre-formed cuprous basis was used to further prepare the neatly arranged CoCu-layered double hydroxide (CoCu-LDH) nanosheets that interconnected to form nano-sized pores in the range from 100 to 500 nm. The microstructure and spectral characteristics of the surface modification materials were comprehensively characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR and TEM. Cu2O-based CoCu-LDH composites with special morphology had been proven to accelerate the rate of electron transport and provide more available active centers, and moreover, the mixed valence of Cu/Co induced an excellent synergism for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. As a result, CoCu-LDH/Cu2O/ANE as a sensitive glucose probe exhibited two wider linear ranges of 0.03-0.40 mM and 0.40-6.00 mM, with sensitivities of 116.13 μA mM-1 and 52.08 μA mM-1, respectively, and the detection limit as low as 0.46 μM (S/N = 3). The response time only took 3 s and it kept working stably in the interference of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and Cl-. In the stability test, the CoCu-LDH/Cu2O/ANE sensor exhibited a stable monitoring sensitivity after 15 days. Finally, the CoCu-LDH/Cu2O/ANE sensor had been successfully applied to glucose analysis in human serum, proving that our design was an attractive strategy for developing a portable, minimally invasive, and low-cost non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing platform.

Advances in nanostructured material-based non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors that use functional materials to directly catalyze glucose have shown great promise in diabetes management, food control, and bioprocess inspection owing to the advantages of high sensitivity, long-term stability, and low cost. Recently, in order to produce enhanced electrochemical behavior, significant efforts have been devoted to the preparation of functional materials with regular nanostructure, as it provides high specific surface area and well-defined strong active sites for electrochemical sensing. However, the structure-performance correlation in this field has not been reviewed thoroughly in the literature. This review aims to present a comprehensive report on advanced zero- to three-dimensional nanostructures based on the geometric feature and to discuss in depth their structural effects on enzyme-free electrochemical detection of glucose. It starts by illustrating the sensing principles of nanostructured materials, followed by a detailed discussion on the structural effects related to the features of each dimension. The structure-performance correlation is explored by comparing the performance derived from diverse dimensional architectures, which is beneficial for the better design of regular nanostructure to achieve efficient enzyme-free sensing of glucose. Finally, future directions of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors to solve emerging challenges and further improve the sensing performance are also proposed.

A sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on a ZnO/Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

A novel sensitive and selective ZnO/Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite was fabricated using a hydrothermal method and used as a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose.

Facile synthesis of a CuSe/PVP nanocomposite for ultrasensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensing.

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensors show high sensitivity, lower response time, wide linear range and low cost. Copper based composites show excellent electrocatalytic tunability and lead to a better charge transfer in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. In this work, a nanocomposite of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and copper selenide was synthesized by a facile one pot sol gel method. Synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, EDS and XPS techniques. Electrochemical behavior was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impendence (EIS) and chronoamperometry techniques. XRD analysis revealed a hexagonal structure and crystalline nature of CuSe/PVP. FTIR spectra depicted C-N bonding at 1284 cm-1 and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O stretching at 1634 cm-1, which indicated the presence of PVP in the nanocomposite. Stretching at 823 cm-1 was attributed to the presence of copper selenide. UV-visible absorption indicated the bandgap of copper selenide/PVP at 2.7 eV. SEM analysis revealed a flake like morphology of CuSe/PVP. EDS and XPS analysis confirmed the presence of copper and selenium in the prepared nanocomposite. Prior to employing for biosensing applications, it is important to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nanomaterials for long term use in biological in vitro testing. These materials have shown an efficient inhibition zone of 26 mm against Gram negative Pseudomonas at 50 μg ml-1 and MIC value of 10 μg ml-1. Cyclic voltammetry shows that CuSe/PVP is a promising biosensor for monitoring glucose levels in a wide linear range of 0.5 mM to 3 mM at an excellent sensitivity of 13 450 μA mM-1 cm-2 with an LOD of 0.223 μM. Chronoamperometry measurements revealed a selective behavior of CuSe/PVP for glucose biosensing amongst ascorbic acid and dopamine as common interfering molecules. The nanocomposite was stable after 8 repeated cycles with 92% retention for glucose sensing capacity. This is attributed to the stable nature of the CuSe/PVP nanocomposite as well as higher surface area of available active sites. Herein the CuSe/PVP nanocomposite offered reasonable selectivity, high sensitivity wide linear range with very low LOD, as well as being abundant in nature, this Cu based biosensor has promising applications for future point of care tests (POCT).

Phenylboronic acid conjugated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coated Ag dendrite for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing

The fern leaf-like surface topography of poly(EDOT-PBA)/Ag/Cu/GCE increases the specific surface area of the sensor, thereby enhancing the glucose sensing performance.

Controlled fabrication of nickel and cerium mixed nano-oxides supported on carbon nanotubes for glucose monitoring

Carbon nanomaterials-loaded mixed metal oxides are the promising candidates to increase the electrochemical efficacy for glucose monitoring. In this paper, we developed a new hybrid material based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-supported nickel and cerium mixed oxide nanocomposite (NiCeOx/MWCNTs) through one pot hydrogen co-reduction strategy for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing. The microscopic and spectroscopic features of as-prepared samples were thorougly characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Further, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods were applied to investigate the electrochemical efficacy of designed electrode towards glucose sensing. The results revealed that, the synergetic effect of nickel and cerium mixed oxides as well as brilliant conductivity of MWCNTs collectively enhanced the electrocatalytic activity of the designed materials for glucose oxidation. Therefore, the fabricated NiCeOx/MWCNTs-based sensor retains the excellent electrochemical efficacy towards glucose sensing as compared to their counterparts including wider linear range (0.007∼0.466 mM and 0.466∼3.44 mM), lower limit of detection (1.8 μM, S/N = 3), satisfactory sensitivities (271.53 and 429.95 μA mM−1 cm−2) as well as good reproducibility, high stability and selectivity. More specifically, the designed NiCeOx/MWCNTs-based sensor offered brilliant real time applicability to precisely monitor glucose level in diluted human serum samples. This study provided an appealing strategy for the development of simple, efficient and cost-effective non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing platform.

In-situ synthesis of Pt nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide/cellulose nanohybrid for nonenzymatic glucose sensing

In recent years, nanocellulose-based bioinorganic nanohybrids have been exploited in numerous applications due to their unique nanostructure, excellent catalytic properties, and good biocompatibility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the simple and effective synthesis of graphene/cellulose (RGO/CNC) matrix-supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing. The Pt/RGO/CNC nanohybrid presented a porous network structure, in which Pt NPs, RGO, and CNCs were integrated well. Here, cellulose nanocrystals act as a biocompatible framework for wrapped RGO and monodispersed Pt nanoparticles, effectively preventing the restacking of graphene during reduction. The superior glucose sensing performance of Pt/RGO/CNC modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) was achieved with a linear concentration range from 0.005 to 8.5 mM and a low detection limit of 2.1 μM. Moreover, the Pt/RGO/CNC/GCE showed remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, durability, and reproducibility. The obtained results indicate that the CNCs-based bioinorganic nanohybrids could be a promising electrode material in electrochemical biosensors.

Highly efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nanotubes functionalized by molybdenum disulfide and decorated with nickel nanoparticles (GCE/CNT/MoS2/NiNPs)

Glucose detection using sensing materials has lately received interest due to the increased demand for sensitive and selective glucose sensors in pharmaceutical, clinical, and industrial settings. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used intensively as a specific class of effective electrode substances in electrochemical sensing due to their large surface area and interesting physical and electrochemical characteristics. Nickel is an attractive transition metal for glucose electrooxidation with high catalytic activity. In this study, CNT/MoS2/NiNPs nanocomposites with different CNT/MoS2 ratios have been prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. The CNT/MoS2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their morphology and composition were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Electrocatalytic activity of the as-prepared nanomaterials towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry in alkaline media. An excellent sensitivity value of 1212 μA·mM−1·cm−2 with a wide linear range (0.05–0.65 mM), a low detection threshold of 0.197 μM and a short response time (3 s) were achieved by the hybrid CNT/MoS2/NiNPs sensor. Its superior catalytic activity and low cost make this hybrid very promising for applications in the direct sensing of glucose.

Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode.

This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.

Hollow Spherical NiCo2O4 and Gold Nanoparticle Composite for Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Glucose and H2O2 Sensing

A novel electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and H2O2 based on metal organic framework (MOF)-derived cobalt-nickel bimetallic oxides (NiCo2O4) and gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated in this paper. The structure and morphology of the prepared materials was successfully characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), element mapping images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity for glucose and H2O2 was investigated at the NiCo2O4/AuNPs/GCE using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric i–t technique. The catalytic currents for glucose and H2O2 are proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.2 μM–581 μM and 0.5 μM–1774.5 μM, respectively. The corresponding limits of detection (LOD) were calcuated be 0.0081 μM and 0.181 μM for glucose and H2O2. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4/AuNPs/GCE shows excellent stability, reproducibility and anti-interference ability.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on Pt2Pd1 alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets

Nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets (HIFs) have drawn considerable attention due to their large number of low coordinate atoms, as well as their remarkable electrical properties and catalysis activity. In this article, a novel non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on the Pt2Pd1 alloy nanocrystals (NCs) with HIFs was established. The mechanism of enhancing sensor performance was investigated by analyzing the composition and surface texture of Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs. The results showed that as-synthesized Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs had a larger electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). In neutral media, all the test results demonstrated the non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs showed a good linear range of 1 × 10–6 M to 4 × 10–2 M with a detection limit of 0.245 μM/L (S/N = 3), good sensitivity of 31.3 μA mM–1 cm–2 and fast response time (t < 3 s). Furthermore, the sensor also exhibited good stability, reproducibility, and excellent anti-interference performance toward ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and fructose (Fru). The HIFs and synergistic effects between Pt and Pd were key factors for sensor performance enhancement.

Au Nanoparticles-Modified NiCo₂O₄ Nanowires-Supporting Co₃O₄ Dodecahedron as High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

A hierarchically nanostructured active material composed of nanoparticles, microsized dodecahedron, and nanowires (NWs) has been successfully fabricated and used for glucose oxidation, in which the NiCo2O4 NWs were grown in situ on the carbon paper (CP) and used for supporting the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)-derived Co3O4 dodecahedron, with the Au nanoparticles (Au-Np) being further electrodeposited on their surface (Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP). The NWs effectively avoid the agglomeration of Co3O4, thus providing greater surface area for loading the Au nanoparticles. The introduction of Au can decrease the oxidation potential and enhance the catalytic current, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP-based nonenzymatic glucose sensor exhibits good sensing performance, including high sensitivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$15.3~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /cm2, outstanding response/recovery times of 2.5/4.0 s (toward 180- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> glucose), good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. Therefore, constructing a hierarchical nanocomposite is a promising strategy to develop a nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor.

Cost effective synthesis of Mn doped NiO/rGO nanocomposite for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

ABSTRACT Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation and glucose sensor study of prepared compounds and composite. The prepared samples reported here for glucose-sensing applications were doped (Mn.NiO) and un-doped metal oxide (NiO) and their composite with 2D layered material (Mn-doped-NiO/rGO). The structural analysis of the samples was done by conventional technique called as X-rays diffraction (×RD). Spectral and functional groups’ analysis was elucidated by FTIR spectroscopy. The electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological features study. The electrochemical measurements were carried out to analyse biosensing response. Carbon fibre cloth was used as a substrate material to fabricate Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite-based biosensor for glucose detection. The analytical performance of the synthesised material was evaluated in terms of electrochemical sensitivity, linear response and limit of detection (LOD). The results showed that the material exhibited an excellent electrochemical sensitivity towards glucose detection with wider range of linear responses. The LOD for Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite was 0.11 µM, regression equation for the low concentration was I(µA) = 1477.1C + 165.19 with correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.9849. Conclusively, the rGO-based Mn-doped-NiO nanocomposite experienced robust potential as non-enzymatic sensor for detection of glucose.

Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Thick Films for Glucose Sensing.

In this paper, we present the results of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on TiO2. An anatase working electrode was synthesized using the spin coating technique with the polymeric precursor method and dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles. Through scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the electrode presented an irregular surface with clusters of nanoparticles. Electrochemical characterization indicated that the response was directly related to the morphology of the electrode. In the presence of glucose, the electrode exhibited adsorption behavior toward the molecules, enabling their recognition. The electrode was tested by employing PBS (phosphate buffer solutions) with varying pH values (from 4 to 9), demonstrating its electrochemical stability, even in the presence of glucose. Amperometric characterization was used to determine that the working region appeared from 0.2 mM to 2 mM, with a sensitivity of 4.46 μAcm-2mM-1 in PBS pH 7. The obtained results suggest that TiO2-based electrodes could be used for the detection of glucose concentration in sweat (0.277-1 mM) and saliva (0.23-1.77 mM).

(Digital Presentation) Bismuth and Transition Metal-Doped Bismuth Nanoparticles As Electrochemical Biosensors

Current non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensors rely heavily on transition metal-based nanomaterials, such as Pt, Ni, Co, and Cu, for molecule adsorption and charge transfer. Although high performance (sensitivity and selectivity) was usually demonstrated, these elements are generally toxic, making them less applicable for wearable/in vivo sensors.Two general strategies are approached to address such drawbacks: minimizing their usage without sacrificing the activity and searching for other elements with lower toxicity. In this study, we demonstrated that the overlooked bismuth nanoparticles (NPs) could be used for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing with comparable performance [1]. Using a laser ablation approach (see Figure 1A), stabilizer-free Bi NPs (~10 nm diameter) were prepared, showing amperometric sensitivity of 127 µA mM−1 cm−2. The synthesis approach also enabled the one-step surface doping of the Bi NPs, producing Ni and Co-doped Bi NPs with an atomic doping ratio of ~10%, and led to further sensitivity boost to 677 and 2326 µA mM−1 cm−2 (see Figure 1B). Kinetic analysis revealed that the oxidation of Bi(III) to Bi(V) species was the key to enabling glucose electrooxidation on Bi NPs. Such results demonstrate the vast potential of the overlooked bismuth in electrochemical biosensing. Figure 1 (A) Top: illustration of the laser ablation approach of preparing Bi and metal-doped Bi NPs; Bottom: TEM images of as-prepared Bi NPs and Co-Bi NPs; (B) Amperometric correlation between glucose concentration and the current density using Bi NPs and Co-Bi NPs as sensors. Reference: Zheng, W.; Li, Y.; Lee, L. Y. S., Bismuth and metal-doped bismuth nanoparticles produced by laser ablation for electrochemical glucose sensing, Sens. Actuators, B 2022, 357, 131334. Figure 1

Sandwich structure confined gold as highly sensitive and stable electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor with low oxidation potential

• Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is prepared through a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction. • In Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH, the metallic Au intercalates between Fe 3 O 4 and LDH forming the sandwich structure. • Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH possesses high sensitivity of 6342 μA mM −1 cm −2 , broad linear detection range of 0.0375 to 15.64 mM and low limit of detection of 12.7 μM, with an extremely low oxidation potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE. • The small quantity of Au laying between LDH and Fe 3 O 4 is the active part of glucose oxidation and the existence of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles significantly improves the stability of the electrocatalyst. The preparation of highly sensitive and stable non-enzymatic glucose sensors is critical to the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is prepared through a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction. A series of structural characterizations testify the successful formation of Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst, with the Au intercalating between Fe 3 O 4 and LDH to form the sandwich structure. Cyclic voltammetry tests indicate that Au is responsible for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The characterizations of the electrochemical sensor for glucose detection indicate that Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH possesses high sensitivity of 6342 μA mM −1 cm −2 , with an extremely low oxidation potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE. Even with the high glucose concentration of 15 mM, the sensitivity remains at 4359 μA mM −1 cm −2 . Due to the broad linear detection range (0.0375 to 15.64 mM) and the low limit of detection (12.7 μM), Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is applicable towards practical application. Thanks to the sandwich structure, which confines the Au in between Fe 3 O 4 and CoFe-LDH, the Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH glucose sensor shows high long-term stability and satisfactory selectivity. The successful synthesis of the sandwich-structured Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH provides a new conception for the design of highly sensitive and stable non-enzymatic glucose electrodes.

Cover Feature: Flow Channel Architecture and Diffusion Characteristics of Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane (ChemElectroChem 20/2022)

Cover Feature: Flow Channel Architecture and Diffusion Characteristics of Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Fuel Cells with Proton Exchange Membrane (ChemElectroChem 20/2022)