Electrochemical Detection Of Uric Acid Research Articles

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes supported Fe nanostructured interfaces for electrochemical detection of uric acid

Uric acid (UA) levels in biological fluids are an important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for various metabolic disorders. Therefore, a convenient, facile, one-step electroreduction method to develop Fe nanostructured (FeNS) interfaces for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of UA. The synthesis process was thoroughly investigated at various deposition potentials, pH of the electrochemical bath solutions, and growth durations to attain excellent electrochemical response towards UA detection. The morphology and elemental composition of the FeNS/MWCNT were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) techniques. We observed uniform deposition of FeNSs with sizes ranging from 100 − 120 nm on tubular nanostructures. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes supported Fe nanostructured interfaces (FeNS/MWCNT) generated at a potential of –1.1 V demonstrated excellent electrochemical response towards UA with a wide linear detection range of 5 to 500 µM with a sensitivity of 6.5605 µA µM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 3.26 µM. The excellent electrochemical response was attributed to the synergistic effect of MWCNTs, which facilitated FeNSs growth, leading to increased active sites for electrocatalysis and sensitive detection of UA. The convenience of the synthesis process, tunable electrochemical response, and reliability of the detection process make FeNS interfaces a potential option for developing electrochemical UA sensors.

Laser chemical vapor deposition of nitrogen-doped SiC electrode for electrochemical detection of uric acid

Reasonable design and construction of high-performance electrodes are desirable for developing non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for uric acid (UA). Herein, N-doped SiC film was prepared as an electrochemical electrode using a novel laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) method. Compared with its undoped counterpart, the doped electrode exhibited a low detection limit of 0.77 μM and a high detection sensitivity of 9.75 µA µM-1 cm-2 owing to its large active sites and fast electron transfer rate. Furthermore, the as-developed electrode clearly exhibited immunity towards the coexisting interfering species, such as dopamine and ascorbic acid, and facilitated the quantitative analysis of UA in real-world samples. In addition, the effects of N doping on electrochemical sensing were verified via theoretical calculations by investigating adsorption energy and Bader charge. Our works verify the feasibility of introducing N into SiC to enhance UA sensing performance and fabricating on-chip electrochemical sensors, which may spur the development of advanced and portable SiC-based biosensors for health monitoring.

Graphene oxide functionalized organosilanes for electrochemical detection of uric acid in urine and water

The development of a sensitive molecular probe for recognition of uric acid is imperative because of diseases caused from change in its normal level. In the present article, new nanocomposites are developed based on graphene oxide (GO) functionalized organosilanes and applied for electrochemical detection of uric acid using GO-Silane/Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). Firstly, Isoindolone tethered organosilanes are synthesized by inserting amino phenol into pthallic anhydride followed by azide-alkyne click reaction catalyzed by [CuBr (PPh3)3]. The presence of silane unit helped in the extension of this molecular system in the material field and the prepared organosilanes have been grafted over the graphene oxide surface to get the desired probe for uric acid. The newly synthesized compounds have been well characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and mass spectral analysis. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) are used to evaluate the electrochemical signal of the prepared GO-Silane/GCE electrode. The results obtained shows excellent selectivity for uric acid against different species with a low detection limit of 65.7 nM in the linear range 2.5 μM–80.0 μM. Further, the outcome of the work suggests high specificity of the current GO-silane based receptor for uric acid in the presence of different interfering ions. Moreover, the real sample analysis of the present organosilane-based receptor in urine and water pave the way for its practical applicability.

Polythiophene-wrapped Chitosan Nanofibrils with a Bouligand Structure toward Electrochemical Macroscopic Membranes.

Exploring structural biomimicry is a great opportunity to replicate hierarchical frameworks inspired by nature in advanced functional materials for boosting new applications. In this work, we present the biomimetic integration of polythiophene into chitosan nanofibrils in a twisted Bouligand structure to afford free-standing macroscopic composite membranes with electrochemical functionality. By considering the integrity of the Bouligand structure in crab shells, we can produce large, free-standing chitosan nanofibril membranes with iridescent colors and flexible toughness. These unique structured features lead the chitosan membranes to host functional additives to mimic hierarchically layered composites. We used the iridescent chitosan nanofibrils as a photonic platform to investigate the host-guest combination between thiophene and chitosan through oxidative polymerization to fabricate homogeneous polythiophene-wrapped chitosan composites. This biomimetic incorporation fully retains the twisted Bouligand organization of nanofibrils in the polymerized assemblies, thus giving rise to free-standing macroscopic electrochemical membranes. Our further experiments are the modification of the biomimetic polythiophene-wrapped chitosan composites on a glassy carbon electrode to design a three-electrode system for simultaneous electrochemical detection of uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and caffeine at trace concentrations.

Electrochemical detection of uric acid and xanthine in human urine using the Co/UiO-66 modified glassy carbon electrode

Electrochemical detection of uric acid and xanthine in human urine using the Co/UiO-66 modified glassy carbon electrode

A highly sensitive and selective hybrid of molecularly imprinted poly(9H-carbazole-9-ethanamine) and porous CoZn-NC polyhedral nanocages for electrochemical detection of uric acid in plasma sample

A novel monomer, 9H-carbazole-9-ethanamine, was prepared in this study to prepare a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) on porous Co/Zn embedded N-doped carbon (CoZn-NC) material for the purpose of detecting uric acid (UA). The electro-polymerization of the carbazole derivatives obtained by introducing an amino group onto the rigid structure of the carbazole conjugate led to the creation of a polymer with a significant number of amino groups. This increased the number of binding sites available for the UA template and enhanced the selectivity of the sensor. Additionally, porous CoZn-NC polyhedral nanocages were used as the substrate material for the MIP sensor, which enhanced the sensing performance through a highly conductive sensing interface and an efficient UA catalytic capacity. The preparation conditions for the MIP@CoZn-NC were optimized to achieve high sensitivity in the detection of UA using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The detection range of UA is 1 to 300 μM using this method, and it exhibits good selectivity for compounds with similar structures. The developed sensor was successfully used to detect UA in rat plasma, with a recovery rate of 91.8% to 103.7%, demonstrating its potential for biomedical applications.

A Multifunctional Biosensor via MXene Assisted by Conductive Metal–Organic Framework for Healthcare Monitoring

AbstractFor real‐time care of metabolic diseases, it is highly demanded to simultaneously monitor metabolite content and diagnose muscle strength in a rapid and convenient way. However, such a biosensor with integrated functions of detecting chemical and biopotential signals at the same time has seldom been reported. In this work, a multifunctional biosensor, integrating the electrochemical detection of uric acid (UA) and glucose (Glu) in sweat, electrophysiological signal acquisition, and electrostimulation therapy, is designed. Hence, an electrophysiological MOF/MXene electrode is fabricated using highly conductive MXene and porous conductive metal–organic framework (c‐MOF, Ni3(HITP)2). Compared with commercial Ag/AgCl electrode, MOF/MXene electrode has lower electrode/skin interface impedance, higher stability and signal‐to‐noise (SNR). By utilizing the high charge storage capacity (CSC) of MOF/MXene electrode, it can realize muscle treatment by electrostimulation. Besides, with abundant active regions of c‐MOF, the electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in detecting sweat metabolites. Multimodal signals detected by such integrated biosensors are wirelessly transmitted to a mobile terminal, showing significant potential on muscle theranostics and daily non‐invasive monitoring. Additionally, they offer timely nutritional guidance for individuals dealing with hyperuricemia or hyperglycemia.

Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Ta2O5 Recovered from Ore by a Novel Method

Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Ta₂O₅ Recovered from Ore by a Novel Method

Rational construction of dairy flower-like zinc oxide-doped yttrium molybdate for the electrochemical detection of uric acid

Rational construction of dairy flower-like zinc oxide-doped yttrium molybdate for the electrochemical detection of uric acid

Cobalt doped NiFe2O4 on 3D nickel foam substrate for electrochemical detection of uric acid

The development of a facile and cost-effective uric acid (UA) sensor is of significant importance in the diagnosis of hyperuricemia so that further complications in our body can be avoided due to the early detection. Herein, pristine NiFe2O4 and cobalt-doped NiFe2O4 CoxNi1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) were synthesised and coated on nickel foam (NF) to fabricate a new electrode and was investigated for non-enzymatic UA detection in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS, pH = 7.4). The Co0.01Ni0.99Fe2O4 showed better electrochemical activity compared to the pristine NiFe2O4 due to its higher electrochemically-active surface area. The linear response for the UA sensing using amperometric studies was observed in the range of 4 μM to 5.28 mM with a short response time with a detection limit of (LoD) 6.38 μM and a sensitivity of 2.898 mA mM−1 cm−2. The selectivity of the developed biosensor was studied by adding interferents and it showed no prominent interferents as validated using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The stability, repeatability and reproducibility of the electrode was also studied. The fabricated Co0.01Ni0.99Fe2O4@NF biosensor was further used to detect UA in spot-urine samples showing recovery between 78 to 92 % and therefore it has promising applications in clinics where highly sensitive and selective biosensors are required.

Ultraflexible polyvinylidene fluoride film based amperometric enzyme-free sensor for selective detection of uric acid in a trace level.

The present invention describes a novel flexible nanosensor for the electrochemical detection of uric acid (UA) present in urine. The synthesized graphite-boron nanocomposite with an average thickness of ∼32 nm was grown up on a flexible polyvinylidene fluoride film with an average thickness of ∼50 μm and it acts as a nonenzymatic sensor for UA. The developed flexible sensor showed a prominent reduction peak in cyclic voltammetry and amperometric response with the presence of different concentrations of aqueous UA solution. In the electrochemical study, the redox peak was generated near ∼-0.42 V with a detection limit of around ∼2.09 μM as the bottom level. The high robustness of the developed sensor originated from the polymeric film base and the rapid response time of ∼0.5 s for detecting UA present in human urine. The interference property of the sensor was confirmed in the presence of bilirubin and creatinine as an eventual reference toward selectivity. The phase and morphology of the sensor surface were extensively observed before and after sensing to comprehend the electrochemical interaction between the sensor and target molecules. The generated quantitative results of the integrated system were verified by testing known and unknown concentrations of UA solutions.

Electrochemical detection of uric acid in human serum based on ultrasmall Ta2O5 nanoparticle anchored Pt atom with ultrahigh uricase and catalase activities.

The synthesis of ultrasmall Ta2O5 nanoparticle anchored Pt atom using aspartic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dot (Asp-GQD)is reported. The Asp-GQD was combined with tantalic acid and chloroplatinic acid to rapidly form water-soluble Ta-Asp-GQD and Pt-Asp-GQD complex. Followed by thermal annealing at 900 °C in N2 to obtain Ta2O5-Asp-GQD-Pt. The study shows that the introduction of Asp-GQD as a chelating agent and p-type semiconductor achieves to the formation of ultrasmall Ta2O5 nanoparticle, PN junction at the interface and Pt single atom anchored on the surface of Ta2O5 nanocrystals. The unique structure realizes ultrahigh uricase activity and catalase activities of Ta2O5-Asp-GQD-Pt. The Ta2O5-Asp-GQD-Pt was used as the bifunctional sensing material for the construction of an electrochemical uric acid sensor. The differential pulse voltammetric current at 0.45 V linearly increases with the increase of uric acid concentration in the range 0.001-5.00 mM with the detection limit of 0.41 μM (S/N = 3). The sensor exhibits a much better sensitivity compared with the reported methods for the detection of uric acid. The proposed analytical method has been applied tothe electrochemical detection of uric acid in human serum with a spiked recovery of 95-105%. The study also offers one way to design and synthesize multifunctional sensing materials with high catalytic activity.

Ultralow fouling electrochemical detection of uric acid directly in serum based on phase-transited bovine serum albumin and conducting polymer

Electrochemistry with antifouling sensing interfaces that effectively resist the adsorption of nonspecific biomolecules provides a powerful mean for the accurate and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers in complex biofluids. However, there are few strategies to acquire a stable and solid antifouling coating on any substrate by a simple way. Herein, a simple one-step assembly method has been adopted to construct phase-transited bovine serum albumin (PTB) antifouling layers. Prior to construction of the antifouling layers, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (ionic liquid, IL) were firstly electrodeposited on bare electrodes, endowing good conductivity and catalytic capability for the developed sensor. Subsequently, with the assist of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), the disulfide bonds of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were reduced to form PTB, which can be coated on the PEDOT-IL modified electrode to construct an antifouling electrochemical senor (PTB/PEDOT-IL/GCE) for the detection of uric acid (UA) in human serum. The UA sensor demonstrated a good linear range from 1.11 µmol/L to 798.9 µmol/L, with a high sensitivity of 0.556 µA µmol L−1 cm−2. The combination of conducting polymers with one-step assembly of PTB offers a universal and reliable method for the modification of various electrodes to determine target molecules in complex human body fluids.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of uric acid based on cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon

An electrochemical sensing platform based on cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon is designed for the quantitative detection of uric acid with differential pulse voltammetry.

Design of Nanostructured Hybrid Electrodes Based on a Liquid Crystalline Zn(II) Coordination Complex-Carbon Nanotubes Composition for the Specific Electrochemical Sensing of Uric Acid

A metallomesogen based on an Zn(II) coordination complex was employed as precursor to obtain a complex matrix nanoplatform for the fabrication of a high-performance electrochemical hybrid sensor. Three representative paste electrodes, which differ by the weight ratio between Zn(II) metallomesogen and carbon nanotubes (CNT), i.e., PE_01, PE_02 and PE_03, were obtained by mixing the materials in different amounts. The composition with the largest amount of CNT with respect to Zn complex, i.e., PE_03, gives the best electrochemical signal for uric acid detection by cyclic voltammetry in an alkaline medium. The amphiphilic structure of the Zn(II) coordination complex likely induces a regular separation between the metal centers favoring the redox system through their reduction, followed by stripping, and is characterized by enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards uric acid oxidation. The comparative detection of uric acid between the PE_03 paste electrode and the commercial zinc electrode demonstrated the superiority of the former, and its great potential for the development of advanced electrochemical detection of uric acid. Advanced electrochemical techniques, such as differential-pulsed voltammetry (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), allowed for the highly sensitive detection of uric acid in aqueous alkaline solutions. In addition, a good and fast amperometric signal for uric acid detection was achieved by multiple-pulsed amperometry, which was validated by urine analysis.

Uricase Crowding via Polyelectrolyte Layers Coacervation for Carbon Fiber-Based Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid

Urate oxidase (UOx) surrounded by synthetic macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is a convenient model of redox-active biomacromolecules in a crowded environment and could display high enzymatic activity towards uric acid, an important marker of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the carbon fiber electrode was modified with Prussian blue (PB) redox mediator, UOx layer, and a layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte film, which forms a complex coacervate consisting of a weakly charged polyelectrolyte (PEI or PAH) and a highly charged one (PSS). The film deposition process was controlled by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (at the stage of PB deposition) and through quartz crystal microbalance technique (at latter stages) revealed uniform distribution of the polyelectrolyte layers. Variation of the polyelectrolyte film composition derived the following statements. (1) There is a linear correlation between electrochemical signal and concentration of uric acid in the range of 10-4-10-6 M. (2) An increase in the number of polyelectrolyte layers provides more reproducible values for uric acid concentration in real urine samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients measured by electrochemical enzyme assay, which are comparable to those of spectrophotometric assay. (3) The PAH/UOx/PSS/(PAH/PSS)2-coated carbon fiber electrode displays the highest sensitivity towards uric acid. (4) There is a high enzyme activity of UOx immobilized into the hydrogel nanolayer (values of the Michaelis-Menten constant are up to 2 μM) and, consequently, high affinity to uric acid.

Electrochemical detection of uric acid in undiluted human saliva using uricase paper integrated electrodes

In this study, we introduce a uricase-immobilized paper (UOx­-paper) integrated electrochemical sensor for detection of uric acid (UA) in saliva. The UOx was immobilized on the detection zone in the wax-patterned paper substrate. This UOx-paper was integrated with a Prussian blue­-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode after electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine to construct an electrochemical cell for small-volume (20 μL) of samples. First, we optimized the fabrication conditions of UOx-paper. Next, the amperometric response of the UOx-paper-based electrochemical UA sensor was analyzed using a known concentration of UA standard solution in artificial saliva at an applied potential of − 0.1 V (versus Ag pseudo-reference electrode). The UOx-­paper based electrochemical UA sensor showed a sensitivity of 4.9 μA·mM−1 in a linear range of 50 to 1000 μM (R2 = 0.998), high selectivity and good reproducibility, as well as a limit of detection of 18.7 μM (0.31 mg/dL) UA. Finally, we quantified the UA levels in undiluted saliva samples of healthy controls (n = 20) and gout patients (n = 8). The levels were correlated with those measured with conventional salivary UA enzymatic assays as well as serum UA levels. The UOx-paper-based electrochemical UA sensor is a user-friendly and convenient tool to assess salivary UA levels.

Simultaneous electrochemical detection of uric acid and xanthine based on electrodeposited B, N co-doped reduced graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles and electropolymerized poly (L-cysteine) gradually modified electrode platform

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a nanocomposite synthesized from electropolymerized L-cysteine (poly L-cys), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and B, N co-doped reduced graphene oxide (B, N-RGO). The sensor is depicted to enable the individual and simultaneous voltammetric determination of two purine derivatives, uric acid (UA) and xanthine (XA). Under the optimal conditions, the sensor displayed a good linear relationship between 3.0 nM and 3.0 µM for UA and 0.3 nM and 3.0 µM for XN in simultaneous determination. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity are estimated to be 0.9 nM and 1.908 µA µM -1 cm−2, for UA and 90.0 pM and 0.846 µA µM−1 cm−2 for XA, respectively. The modified GCE demonstrates several benefits, including high sensitivity and selectivity, low LOD, high surface-to-volume ratio, and good electrocatalytic activity towards UA and XA. The sensor was used successfully for the simultaneous measurement of UA and XA in human blood serum samples.

Layer-by-layer sensor architecture of polymers and nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of uric acid in human urine samples

Excessive uric acid levels in the human body (hyperuricemia) are the main causes of kidney stones and diabetes. In this study, a layer-by-layer arrangement of polymers and nanocomposites is used as a new electrode sensing material for rapid and direct electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA). The electrode surface architecture was constructed by the incorporation of poly (amidoamine) dendrimer with 0.5 generation (poly (amidoamine) [PAMAM] [D-G0.5]) of multiwalled carbon nanotube-silver nanoparticles (MWCNT-AgNP) and a poly (neutral-red) (poly [NR]) polymer. The PAMAM (D-G0.5)/MWCNT-AgNP/poly (NR)-coated electrode has a good electrocatalytic activity for the determination of UA using cyclic voltammetry and showed remarkable enhancement in current response at a low-oxidation potential (0.3 V). Under optimal conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor showed an excellent and wide linear range for the determination of UA (i.e. 0.016 μM–2500 μM), and the limit of detection was found to be 0.005 μM. The modified sensor system demonstrated excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward the detection of UA in the presence of interfering substances, which are commonly found in urine and human fluid samples. Furthermore, the developed sensor has represented both reproducibility and excellent stability for the UA determination in real samples (human urine).

Alkali metal–lanthanide co-encapsulated 19-tungsto-2-selenate derivative and its electrochemical detection of uric acid

An alkali-metal–lanthanide (AM–Ln)-embedded 19-tungsto-2-selenate derivative [H2N(CH3)2]8Na[CeNa(H2O)4(OH) WO(H2O)(B-α-SeW9O33)2]·18H2O (1) was synthesized by a self-assembly reaction of Na2WO4·2H2O, Na2SeO3, Ce(NO3)3·6H2O, C2H7N·HCl and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid in the mixed solvent of water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (v:v = 8: 2). The polyoxoanion of 1 is constructed by a semilunar [Se2W19O68]14− fragment sandwiching an AM–Ln [CeNa(H2O)4(OH)]3+ dinuclear cluster. The [Se2W19O68]14− unit comprises two trivacant [B-α-SeW9O33]8− moieties and a central {WO6} bridging group, displaying an open configuration for grasping additional metal groups. Moreover, 1 was assembled with carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (CMWCNT) to fabricate the 1@CMWCNT composite, and was further modified onto glass carbon electrode (GCE) to construct 1@CMWCNT-GCE electrochemical sensor (ECS) for the detection of uric acid (UA), generating a low detection limit of 1.69 μmol/L for UA. Notably, this work expands the application of polyoxometalate-based composite materials on detecting biomolecules.